Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
How many liters of blood does the heart pump each day
A
7000 liters per day
2
Q
How many times does the heart contract in the average lifetime
A
2.5 billion
3
Q
Cardiovascular refers to both
A
heart and blood vessels
4
Q
Pumping action of heart transports blood through
A
Blood vessels
5
Q
Blood vessels form 2 circuits
A
- Pulmonary circuit
- Systemic circuit
6
Q
Pulmonary circuit
A
1-Transports oxygen-poor blood from heart to lungs and back to the heart
2- in the lungs, blood picks up oxygen and drops off CO2
7
Q
Systemic circuit
A
Transports oxygen rich blood from the heart to all body cells, and back to the heart
8
Q
Function of blood in the systemic circuit
A
Delivers nutrients to cells and removes wastes
9
Q
Most blood is in the ________ veins
A
Systemic
10
Q
In the lungs, blood picks up __ and drops off __
A
O2 picks up
CO2 drops off
11
Q
What transports blood through blood vessels?
A
Pumping action of heart
12
Q
The left side of the heart contains
A
Oxygen rich blood
13
Q
The right side of the heart contains
A
Oxygen-poor blood
14
Q
Pulmonary circuit runs to
A
Lungs
15
Q
Systemic circuit runs to
A
Body cells
16
Q
Heart lies posterior to
A
Sternum
17
Q
Heart rests on
A
Diaphragm
18
Q
The heart has 3 distinct layers
A
1.Epicardium
2.Myocardium
3.Endocardium
19
Q
Epicardium
A
Outer layer,
Also called visceral pericardium,
Thin layer
20
Q
Outer layer.Also called visceral pericardium. Thin layer
A
Epicardium
21
Q
Myocardium
A
Middle layer,
Composed of cardiac muscle tissue.
Thickest layer
22
Q
Middle layer, composed of cardiac muscle tissue; thickest layer
A
Myocardium
23
Q
Endocardium
A
Inner layer, forms inner lining of all heart chambers, thin layer
24
Q
Inner layer, forms inner lining of all heart chambers. Thin layer
A
Endocardium
25
Serous membrane of connective tissue, covered with epithelium and including blood capillaries, lymph capillaries and nerve fibers
Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
26
Forms a protective outer covering; secretes serous fluid
Epicardium
27
Cardiac muscle tissue separated by connective tissue and including blood capillaries, lymph and nerve fibers
Myocardium
28
Contracts to pump blood from the heart chambers
Myocardium
29
Membrane of epithelium and underlying connective tissue, including blood vessels and specialized muscle fibers
Endocardium
30
Forms a protective inner lining of the chambers and valves
Endocardium
31
The heart is divided into _ chambers
4
(2 atria and 2 ventricles)
32
Atria
Thin-walled upper chambers; receive blood returning to the heart
33
Auricles
Flap-like projections from atria, which allow atrial expansion
34
Ventricles
Thick-walled lower chambers, pump blood into the arteries
35
Right atrium
Receives blood returning from the systemic circuit (from the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus); pumps blood to the right ventricle
36
Receives blood returning from the systemic circuit (from the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus); pumps blood to the right ventricle
Right atrium
37
Right ventricle
Receives blood from the right atrium; pumps blood to lungs
38
Receives blood from the right atrium; pumps blood to lungs
Right ventricle
39
Left atrium
Receives blood from the pulmonary veins; pumps blood the the left ventricle
40
Receives blood from the pulmonary veins; pumps blood the the left ventricle
Left atrium
41
Left ventricle
Receives blood from the left atrium; pumps blood to the systemic circuit
42
Receives blood from the left atrium; pumps blood to the systemic circuit
Left ventricle
43
Tricuspid valve
Prevents blood from moving from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular contraction
44
Prevents blood from moving from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular contraction
Tricuspid valve
45
Prevents blood from moving from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle during ventricular relaxation
Pulmonary valve
46
Pulmonary valve
Prevents blood from moving from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle during ventricular relaxation
47
Favorite muscle of the body
Heart
48
Heart pumps blood through the blood vessels in this order
1.Arteries
2.Arterioles
3.Capillaries
4.Venules
5. Veins
6.Back to heart
49
The heart and all the ______ ________ make up the cardiovascular system
Heart and all blood vessels
50
Deoxygenated blood is _____ in textbooks
Blue
51
Oxygenated blood is ___ in textbooks
Red
52
Average size of heart
14 cm long
9 cm wide
53
Visceral pericardium
Outer layer of heart. Aka epicardium
54
Why is epicardium a serous membrane?
It has fluid to prevent friction
55
Where do heart valves form
Endocardium
56
Endocarditis or pericarditis
Infection in the epicardium.
Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart.
57
Prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular contraction
Mitrial valve
58
Prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular contraction
Mitrial valve
59
Mitrial valve
Prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular contraction
60
Prevents blood from moving from the aorta into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation
Aortic valve
61
Aortic valve
Prevents blood from moving from the aorta into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation
62
Location of tricuspid valve
Right atroventricular orifice
63
Located at the Right atroventricular orifice
Tricuspid valve
64
Pulmonary valve location
Entrance to pulmonary trunk
65
Mitrial valve location
Left atrioventricular orifice
66
Location of the aortic valve
Entrance to the aorta
67
How does blood move through the heart
1. Blood enters through the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus (blood from heart)
2. Blood goes down to right ventricle. Passes tricuspid valve to get to right ventricle
3. Blood goes to lungs via the pulmonary trunk..Passes the pulmonary valve to get into the pulmonary trunk. Then goes to pulmonary arteries to go to lungs
4. Blood picks up oxygen in lungs.
5. Oxygenated blood enters back into the heart into the left atrium via the left pulmonary veins
6. Blood goes into left ventricle, passes through bicuspid valve to go to left ventricle
7. Blood leaves left ventricle and passes through aortic valve to go to aorta. Aorta has ascending, transverse and descending aorta
68
Chordae tendineae
Stringy stuff that connects valves to papillary muscles
69
Which valves have chordae tendineae
The bicuspid (left) and tricuspid (right) valves
70
Function of chordae tendineae
Helps open and close the valves
71
Pulmonary valve and aortic valve are types of ___-______ valves
Semi-lunar valves
Pulmonary valve and aortic valves do not have chordae tendineae
72
Name the 4 valves of heart
Tricuspid (right, between right atria and right ventricle)
Pulmonary valve (entrance to pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries to lungs)
Bicuspid valve (between left atrium and left ventricle)
Aortic valve (entrance to aorta from left ventricle)
73
AV valves
Tricuspid and bicuspid
Have chordae tendineae
74
Pulmonary circuit parts
1. Blood enters pulmonary trunk
2.Blood enters pulmonary arteries
3. Blood enters pulmonary capillaries (lungs)
4.Blood leaves through pulmonary veins
75
Mitrial valve is also called
Bicuspid
76
Artery goes ____ from heart
Artery goes away from the heart
77
Vein goes _____ the heart
Vein goes towards the heart
78
Parts of aorta
Ascending,
Transverse,
Descending
79
General color of arteries in textbooks
Red
80
General color of veins in books
Blue
81
General colors may not apply to
Pulmonary arteries and veins.
Remember pulmonary arteries go away from heart
Pulmonary veins go towards the heart
82
Which vessels supply blood to tissues of the heart
Left and right coronary arteries
83
Which are the first two branches of the aorta?
Coronary arteries
84
When blood flow through coronary arteries slows down it causes
Pain
85
If coronary arteries become blocked, they may cause a
Heart attack
86
Myocardial infarction
Heart attack
87
Anterior atrioventricular artery
Goes between the ventricles
On the front (anterior)
88
Commonly gets clogged
Anterior atrioventricular artery
89
Why is the anterior atrioventricular artery called a 'Widowmaker'?
Because it commonly clogs in men
Causes people to fall dead immediately
90
Left anterior interventricular blockage
'Widowmaker'
91
Anterior interventricular artery
Supplies blood to both ventricles
92
What is the cardiac cycle?
The events of a heartbeat
93
What does the cardiac cycle control?
The coordinated movements of the heart
94
Heart actions are regulated so that
Atria contract
While ventricles relax
95
Ventricles contract while
Atria relax
96
Atria contract when
Ventricles relax
97
Atria contraction is called
Atrial systole
98
Atrial systole
Atria contraction
99
Ventricle relaxation is called
Ventricular diastole
100
Ventricular diastole
Ventricles relax
101
Ventricular contraction is called
Ventricular systole
102
Atria relaxation is called
Atrial diastole
103
Systole
Contraction
104
Diastole
Relaxation
105
Sound of heart
Lub-Dub
106
Replacement of most of a failing heart with a donor heart
Heart transplant
107
Mechanical half-heart, used in some cases temporarily, until donor heart is available
Left ventricular assist device LVAD
108
Cardiac muscle tissue can now be cultured from altered somatic cells or stem cells. This may allow stem cell heart patches in the future
Stem cell technology
109
During a cardiac cycle the pressure in the heart chambers ________ and ____
Rises and falls
110
What is the function of pressure changes in the heart during the cardiac cycle
The pressure changes open and close the valves
111
What happens during atrial systole and ventricular diastole
1.The ventricles are relaxed
2. AV valves open and the semilunar valves close
3. Blood flows passively from Atria into ventricles
4. Ventricular pressure to increase
112
1.The ventricles are relaxed
2. AV valves open and the semilunar valves close
3. Blood flows passively from Atria into ventricles
4. Ventricular pressure to increase
Events of atrial systole and ventricular diastole
113
During ventricular systole and atrial diastole
1. AV valves close
2. Chordae tendineae prevent cusps of valves from bulging too far backward into the atria
3. The atria relax
4.Blood flows into the atria from venae cavae and pulmonary veins.
5. Ventricular pressure increases and opens semilunar valves
6.Blood flows into the pulmonary trunk and the aorta.
114
1. AV valves close
2. Chordae tendineae prevent cusps of valves from bulging too far backward into the atria
3. The atria relax
4.Blood flows into the atria from venae cavae and pulmonary veins.
5. Ventricular pressure increases and opens semilunar valves
6.Blood flows into the pulmonary trunk and the aorta.
Ventricular systole and atrial diastole
115
AV valves close
Happens during
Ventricular systole and atrial diastole
116
Chordae tendineae prevent cusps of valves from bulging too far backward into the atria
Happens during
Ventricular systole and atrial diastole
117
The atria relax
Happens during
Ventricular systole and atrial diastole
118
Blood flows into the atria from venae cavae and pulmonary veins.
Happens during
Ventricular systole and atrial diastole
119
Ventricular pressure increases and opens semilunar valves
Happens during
Ventricular systole and atrial diastole
120
Blood flows into the pulmonary trunk and the aorta.
Happens during
Ventricular systole and atrial diastole
121
The ventricles are relaxed
Happens during
Atrial systole and ventricular diastole
122
The AV valves open and the semilunar valves close
Happens during
Atrial systole and ventricular diastole
123
Blood flows passively from the atria into the ventricles
Happens during
Atrial systole and ventricular diastole
124
Ventricular pressure to increase happens during
Atrial systole and ventricular diastole
125
Which is the small flex
Atrial systole and ventricular diastole
126
Which is big flex
Ventricular systole and atrial diastole
127
What causes the heart sounds?
Closing of heart valves and vibrations of slowing blood flow
128
Lubb
1.First heart sound
2.Happens during ventricular systole
3. Associated with closing of the AV valves
129
1.First heart sound
2.Happens during ventricular systole
3. Associated with closing of the AV valves
Lubb
130
Dupp
1. Second heart sound
2. Occurs during ventricular diastole
3. Associated with closing of the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves
131
1. Second heart sound
2. Occurs during ventricular diastole
3. Associated with closing of the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves
Dupp
132
Heart murmur
Abnormal heart sound derived from incomplete closure of cusps of a valve
133
Abnormal heart sound derived from incomplete closure of cusps of a valve
Heart murmur
134
What lets action potentials be spread through a network of cells
Intercalated discs between cells that contain Gap junctions
135
Functional syncytium
Mass of merging cells that function as a unit formed by cardiac muscle fibers
136
Atrial syncytium
Formed by atrial walls
137
Ventricular syncytium
In ventricular walls
138
What happens when mitrial valve doesn't close properly?
Blood bubbles back into the atrium.
Called mitrial valve prolapse.
139
How does electricity flow through heart?
Electricity flows in a syncytium through heart thanks to the intercalated discs in the heart and specialized muscle fibers
140
Electricity in your heart
Syncytium
141
Cardiac impulse starts through the
Sinoatrial node
142
A group of clumps and strands of specialized cardiac muscle tissue which initiates and distributes impulses throughout the myocardium
Cardiac conduction system
143
Steps of cardiac conduction system
1. SA node
2.atrial syncytium
3. Junctional fibers
4.AV node
5.AV bundle
6. Bundle branches
7. Purkinje fibers
8. Ventricular syncytium
144
SA node
-Pacemaker
-Indicates the impulse
145
SA node is in
Right atrial wall
146
Explain how the cardiac conduction system works
1. SA node fires
2. Excitation spreads through myocardium
3.AV node fires
4. Excitation spreads down AV bundle
5. Purkinje fibers distribute excitation through ventricular myocardium
147
SA node location
Top right atrium
148
SA node location
Top right atrium
149
Atrioventricular bundle location
Between both ventricles
150
Describe the pathway of electricity through the heart
1. The SA node starts the impulse
2. Atrial syncytium flows down atrium
3. impulse goes in between the ventricles
4. Impulse goes into AV bundle of his
5. Impulse goes down bundle branches
6. Impulse goes up through Purkinje fibers
151
Electrocardiogram
Recording of electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle
152
Uses of electrocardiogram
Assess heart's ability to conduct impulses
153
The deflections in the normal ECG, or waves include
1. P wave
2.QRS Complex
3. T wave
154
P wave
Atrial depolarization; occurs just prior to atrial contraction
155
Atrial depolarization; Occurs just prior to atrial contraction
P wave
156
QRS complex
1. 3 waves
2. Ventricular depolarization; occurs just prior to ventricular contraction.
157
T wave
Ventricular repolarization; occurs just prior to ventricular relaxation
158
Why don't we see atrial repolarization in an EKG?
Record of atrial repolarization is "hidden" in the large QRS complex,
since ventricular depolarization is a much larger event
Record of atrial repolarization is "hidden" in the large QRS complex,
159
U wave
Repolarization of the Purkinje fibers that go up the ventricles
Does not always show up
160
Ventricles relax on ekg
T wave
161
P wave occurs right before
Contraction
Just when electricity reaches atrium
162
Measures electrical impulses
EKG, ECG
163
Right coronary artery
Supplies blood to the bottom and back of the heart
164
The left coronary artery supplies blood splits into 2 vessels
One supplies blood to front of heart, other delivers blood to left side of the heart
165
What controls pumping of the heart?
An electric system
166
Function of atrioventricular node
Electrical signal passes towards lower Chambers of the heart via the AV node,
Which controls the signals so the atria contract before the ventricles
167
Describe the movement of electric signals that stimulate ventricular contraction
In the ventricles, pathways carry the signal throughout the muscle so that they contract at the same time to pump blood to the lungs and through the body
168
What controls the heart rate?
SA node
169
Which fibers modify heart rate and response to changing conditions
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
170
Conditions that may cause the heart rate to change
1.Physical exercise
2.Body temperature
3. fight or flight
4.concentration of ions like K+ and Ca2+
171
How do parasympathetic impulses travel through the heart
Travel via Vagus nerves decrease heart rate due to influence on SA and AV nodes
172
How do sympathetic impulses travel through the heart
Via accelerator nerves that increase heart rate, due to influence on SA and AV nodes and ventricular myocardium
173
Where do baroreceptor reflexes come from?
Cardiac control center in medulla oblongata
174
What is the function of the baroreceptor reflexes
Balance inhibitory and excitatory effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers
175
Regulates autonomic impulses to the heart
Cardiac control center
176
Brain and hormones can both control heart?
True
177
Arrhythmia
Altered heart rhythms, several types.
178
Fibrillation
Uncoordinated chaotic contraction of small areas of myocardium
179
Atrial fibrillation
Not life-threatening
180
Ventricular fibrillation
Fatal
181
Tachycardia
Abnormally fast heartbeat over 100 beats per minute at rest
182
Bradycardia
Abnormally slow heartbeat less than 60 beats per minute at rest
183
Flutter
Rapid regular contraction of a heart chamber 250 to 350 beats per minute
184
Premature beat
Beat that occurs before expected in normal cardiac cycle
Often originates from ectopic regions of the heart other than the SA node
185
Ectopic pacemaker
Damage to SA node may lead to AV node taking over and acting as a secondary pacemaker 40-60/min instead of 70-80/min
186
Artificial pacemaker
Device used to treat disorders of cardiac conduction system implantable and battery-powered
187
Beat before the lub dub
Premature beat
188
Ectopic pacemaker location
On the outside
189
Blood vessels form a closed circuit meaning...
Transport blood from the heart to body cells or lungs and back to the heart
190
Carry blood away from the ventricles of the heart
Arteries
191
Receive blood from the arteries and carry it to the capillaries
Arterioles
192
Arterioles
Receive blood from the arteries and carry it to the capillaries
193
Arterioles
Receive blood from the arteries and carry it to the capillaries
194
Capillaries
Site of exchange of substances between the blood and the body cells
195
Venules
Receive blood from the capillaries and conduct it to the veins
196
Receive blood from venules and carry it to the Atria of the heart
Veins
197
From where do veins receive blood
Venules
198
Where do veins carry blood to
The Atria of the heart
199
What happens at the capillaries in terms of gas exchange
O2 is dropped off and CO2 is picked up at body cells
200
What happens at the capillaries in terms of gas exchange
O2 is dropped off and CO2 is picked up at body cells
201
Arteries branch off into
Arterioles
202
Angiogenesis
Formation of new blood vessels
203
Angiogenesis is controlled by which chemical
Vascular Endothelial growth Factor
VEGF
204
Why does angiogenesis have to be regulated in the body?
Excess, inappropriate or deficient blood vessel formation can cause common diseases
205
When does the body promote angiogenesis?
-body secretes VEGF in response to blocked coronary artery
-a person may get VEGF in time-release capsules
206
When do we need to prevent angiogenesis?
-Tumors secrete VEGF to nourish themselves
-Antiangiogenesis drugs are used to treat cancer and age-related macular degeneration
207
Macular degeneration
An eye disease that causes vision loss
208
Smallest arterioles only have a few ________ muscle fibers
Smooth
209
Both arteries and arterioles can undergo ____________ and ____________
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
210
Speed in the arteries is directly related to the
Heart pump
211
Capillaries don't have which muscles
The muscles that surround the smooth muscle cells
212
Smallest diameter blood vessels
Capillaries
213
Capillaries connect to
The smallest arterioles and the smallest venules
214
Walls of capillaries are made of ______________ only
Endothelium only (simple squamous epithelium)
215
Capillaries are semi-__________
Permeable
216
Capillary blood flow is regulated by
Precapillary sphincters
217
Precapillary sphincters
Smooth muscle surrounding capillary when it branches off arteriole or metarteriole
218
Precapillary sphincters function
May close capillary
Responds to cellular needs
219
What do the capillaries do when the body needs O2 and nutrients
The precapillary sphincters relax
220
Metarterioles
Branches from arterioles
Blood bypasses capillaries. Some connect arterioles directly to venule
221
Met-
In between
222
How are Veins different than arteries
1.Thinner walls than arteries
2.Carry blood under relatively low pressure
3. Have flap-like valves
223
Which blood vessels function as blood reservoirs
Veins
224
The speed of the blood in the veins is not a direct relationship to the
Heart action
225
Valves help push blood in which direction
Valves help push blood back to the heart
226
How much blood is in the systemic veins?
60-70%
227
About ______ of blood is in veins and venules at any time
2/3
228
Three layers of the walls of an artery
-endothelial lining,
-middle smooth muscle
-outer layer of connective tissue
229
Carries blood under high pressure from the heart to the arterioles
Artery
230
Arteriole parts
3 layers
-thinner wall than artery
1. Endothelial lining
2.smooth muscle
3.small amount of connective tissue
231
Connects an artery to a capillary, helps control the flow of blood into a capillary by vasoconstricting or vasodilating
Arteriole
232
Capillary parts
Single layer of squamous epithelium
233
Allows nutrients, gases and wastes to be exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid. Connects an arteriole to a venule
Capillary
234
Describe a venule wall
Thinner wall than an arteriole, less smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue
235
Connects a capillary to a vein
Venule
236
Vein wall
Thinner wall than an artery but with similar layers, the middle layer is more poorly developed. Some have flap-like valves
237
Carries blood under relatively low pressure from a venule to the heart.Valves prevent a backflow of blood and serve as a blood reservoir
Vein
238
Lungs hold what percentage of blood
10-12%
239
Percentage of blood in heart
8-11%
240
Percentage of blood in the systemic arteries
10-12%
241
Percentage of blood in capillaries
4-5%
242
Blood pressure decreases as
Blood moves through the arterial system and into the capillary network so little pressure remains at the venous ends of capillaries
243
Venous blood flow depends on
-heart action (only partly)
-skeletal muscle contraction
-breathing movements
-vasoconstriction of veins
244
Atherosclerosis
Deposits of cholesterol plaque form in inner lining of walls of arteries
245
Aneurysm
Bulge in the wall of an artery formed when blood pressure dilates a weakened area of the vessel. Can burst wall of artery
246
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein. common disorder
247
Varicose veins
Abnormal and irregular dilations in superficial veins most common in legs
248
Blood pressure
The force blood exerts against the inner walls of blood vessels
249
What circulates the blood?
Blood pressure
250
The term blood pressure most commonly refers to pressure in
Systemic arteries
251
Throughout the system blood moves from ________ to _________ pressure
Higher to lower
252
What happens to arterial blood pressure when the ventricles contract
Arterial blood pressure rises when the ventricles contract
253
What happens to arterial blood pressure when the ventricles relax
Arterial blood pressure falls when the ventricles relax
254
Systolic pressure SP
The maximum pressure reached during ventricular contraction
255
Diastolic pressure DP
The minimum pressure remaining before the next ventricular contraction
256
Pulse pressure PP
Difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures SP - DP
257
Mean arterial pressure MAP
Average pressure in the arterial system; represents average force driving blood to tissues DP+1/3PP
258
Blood pressure is stated as a fraction whose formula is
SP/DP
259
Units of blood pressure
mmHg
260
Normal BP
120/80 mmHg
261
Arterial BP is typically measured with
Sphygmomanometer
262
What happens to blood pressure as the distance from the left ventricle increases
Blood pressure decreases as distance from the left ventricle increases
263
Sites where pulse is most easily detected
Temporal
Carotid
Facial
Femoral
Brachial
Radial
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
264
Things that increase BP
1. Blood volume
2. Heart rate
3. Stroke volume
4.Blood viscosity
5.Peripheral resistance
265
Viscosity
Difficulty of blood flow
Greater viscosity causes greater resistance to blood flow
266
What increases the viscosity of blood?
Blood cells and plasma proteins increase the viscosity of blood flow
267
How does anemia affect viscosity of blood flow
1.Anemia lowers concentration of blood cells
2.Lowers blood viscosity
3. Lowers the blood pressure
268
Hypertension
Long lasting elevated blood pressure
269
What causes hypertension?
Increase sodium intake
Stress
Kidney disease
270
Why is hypertension called a silent killer?
May not cause ay direct symptoms
271
Effects of hypertension
-Atherosclerosis
-thrombosis
-embolism
-TIA, CVA
-hemmorage
272
Prevention of hypertension
Healthy diet
Regular exercise
Limit Na+
273
How is hypertension treated?
Diuretics, sympathetic inhibitors
274
Symptom of hypertension
Swelling
275
Why do people who exercise have slower pulses?
Their heart is stronger
276
For exercise to benefit the cardiovascular system
1. Heart rate must increase 70 to 85% of maximum (220-age)
2. Exercise must last 30 to 60 minutes
3. Exercise must occur 3 to 4 times a week
277
Cardiovascular system adapts to aerobic exercise in the following ways
Increase pumping efficiency blood volume hemoglobin and number of mitochondria
Heart may enlarge 40% or more
Stroke volume increases
Heart rate and blood pressure decrease
278
Coronary artery disease
Disease involving high cholesterol
Cholesterol plaque in inner walls of coronary arteries
Major contributor of MI
279
Largest artery in the body
Aorta, supplies blood to all systemic arteries
280
Brachial artery in upper arm
Major artery in upper arm
281
Which artery takes blood to the reproductive organs?
Gonadal artery
282
Which arteries supply blood to the brain, head and neck?
Subclavian and common carotid arteries
283
Subclavian artery
Gives off branches in the neck and then continues into the arm
284
External iliac arteries
Provide the major blood supply to the lower limbs
285
External jugular veins
Drain blood from the face, scalp and superficial neck
286
Internal jugular veins
Drain blood from the brain and the deep portions of the face and neck
287
Deep set of veins that drain the upper limb and shoulder
Digital veins, radial and ulnar veins and brachial veins
288
Superficial set of veins that drain the upper limb and shoulder
Anatosmoses-> basilic and cephalic
289
Basilic vein joins
Brachial vein
Cephalic vein joins axillary vein
290
Lifespan changes
-Cholesterol deposition in blood vessels
-Narrowed coronary arteries
-Heart may shrink or enlarge due to disease
-Cardiac muscle declines
-increase in adipose tissue of the heart
291
Which heart sound happens during ventricular systole
Lubb
292
Which heart sound happens during ventricular diastole
Dupp
293
Cephalic vein joins
axillary vein
