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Bio 211 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

How many liters of blood does the heart pump each day

A

7000 liters per day

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2
Q

How many times does the heart contract in the average lifetime

A

2.5 billion

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3
Q

Cardiovascular refers to both

A

heart and blood vessels

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4
Q

Pumping action of heart transports blood through

A

Blood vessels

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5
Q

Blood vessels form 2 circuits

A
  1. Pulmonary circuit
  2. Systemic circuit
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6
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

1-Transports oxygen-poor blood from heart to lungs and back to the heart

2- in the lungs, blood picks up oxygen and drops off CO2

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7
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Transports oxygen rich blood from the heart to all body cells, and back to the heart

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8
Q

Function of blood in the systemic circuit

A

Delivers nutrients to cells and removes wastes

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9
Q

Most blood is in the ________ veins

A

Systemic

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10
Q

In the lungs, blood picks up __ and drops off __

A

O2 picks up

CO2 drops off

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11
Q

What transports blood through blood vessels?

A

Pumping action of heart

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12
Q

The left side of the heart contains

A

Oxygen rich blood

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13
Q

The right side of the heart contains

A

Oxygen-poor blood

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14
Q

Pulmonary circuit runs to

A

Lungs

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15
Q

Systemic circuit runs to

A

Body cells

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16
Q

Heart lies posterior to

A

Sternum

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17
Q

Heart rests on

A

Diaphragm

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18
Q

The heart has 3 distinct layers

A

1.Epicardium
2.Myocardium
3.Endocardium

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19
Q

Epicardium

A

Outer layer,
Also called visceral pericardium,
Thin layer

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20
Q

Outer layer.Also called visceral pericardium. Thin layer

A

Epicardium

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21
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle layer,
Composed of cardiac muscle tissue.
Thickest layer

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22
Q

Middle layer, composed of cardiac muscle tissue; thickest layer

A

Myocardium

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23
Q

Endocardium

A

Inner layer, forms inner lining of all heart chambers, thin layer

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24
Q

Inner layer, forms inner lining of all heart chambers. Thin layer

A

Endocardium

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25
Q

Serous membrane of connective tissue, covered with epithelium and including blood capillaries, lymph capillaries and nerve fibers

A

Epicardium (visceral pericardium)

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26
Q

Forms a protective outer covering; secretes serous fluid

A

Epicardium

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27
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue separated by connective tissue and including blood capillaries, lymph and nerve fibers

A

Myocardium

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28
Q

Contracts to pump blood from the heart chambers

A

Myocardium

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29
Q

Membrane of epithelium and underlying connective tissue, including blood vessels and specialized muscle fibers

A

Endocardium

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30
Q

Forms a protective inner lining of the chambers and valves

A

Endocardium

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31
Q

The heart is divided into _ chambers

A

4
(2 atria and 2 ventricles)

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32
Q

Atria

A

Thin-walled upper chambers; receive blood returning to the heart

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33
Q

Auricles

A

Flap-like projections from atria, which allow atrial expansion

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34
Q

Ventricles

A

Thick-walled lower chambers, pump blood into the arteries

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35
Q

Right atrium

A

Receives blood returning from the systemic circuit (from the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus); pumps blood to the right ventricle

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36
Q

Receives blood returning from the systemic circuit (from the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus); pumps blood to the right ventricle

A

Right atrium

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37
Q

Right ventricle

A

Receives blood from the right atrium; pumps blood to lungs

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38
Q

Receives blood from the right atrium; pumps blood to lungs

A

Right ventricle

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39
Q

Left atrium

A

Receives blood from the pulmonary veins; pumps blood the the left ventricle

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40
Q

Receives blood from the pulmonary veins; pumps blood the the left ventricle

A

Left atrium

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41
Q

Left ventricle

A

Receives blood from the left atrium; pumps blood to the systemic circuit

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42
Q

Receives blood from the left atrium; pumps blood to the systemic circuit

A

Left ventricle

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43
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Prevents blood from moving from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular contraction

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44
Q

Prevents blood from moving from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular contraction

A

Tricuspid valve

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45
Q

Prevents blood from moving from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle during ventricular relaxation

A

Pulmonary valve

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46
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

Prevents blood from moving from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle during ventricular relaxation

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47
Q

Favorite muscle of the body

A

Heart

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48
Q

Heart pumps blood through the blood vessels in this order

A

1.Arteries
2.Arterioles
3.Capillaries
4.Venules
5. Veins
6.Back to heart

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49
Q

The heart and all the ______ ________ make up the cardiovascular system

A

Heart and all blood vessels

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50
Q

Deoxygenated blood is _____ in textbooks

A

Blue

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51
Q

Oxygenated blood is ___ in textbooks

A

Red

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52
Q

Average size of heart

A

14 cm long
9 cm wide

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53
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

Outer layer of heart. Aka epicardium

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54
Q

Why is epicardium a serous membrane?

A

It has fluid to prevent friction

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55
Q

Where do heart valves form

A

Endocardium

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56
Q

Endocarditis or pericarditis

A

Infection in the epicardium.
Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart.

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57
Q

Prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular contraction

A

Mitrial valve

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58
Q

Prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular contraction

A

Mitrial valve

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59
Q

Mitrial valve

A

Prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular contraction

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60
Q

Prevents blood from moving from the aorta into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation

A

Aortic valve

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61
Q

Aortic valve

A

Prevents blood from moving from the aorta into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation

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62
Q

Location of tricuspid valve

A

Right atroventricular orifice

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63
Q

Located at the Right atroventricular orifice

A

Tricuspid valve

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64
Q

Pulmonary valve location

A

Entrance to pulmonary trunk

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65
Q

Mitrial valve location

A

Left atrioventricular orifice

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66
Q

Location of the aortic valve

A

Entrance to the aorta

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67
Q

How does blood move through the heart

A
  1. Blood enters through the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus (blood from heart)
  2. Blood goes down to right ventricle. Passes tricuspid valve to get to right ventricle
  3. Blood goes to lungs via the pulmonary trunk..Passes the pulmonary valve to get into the pulmonary trunk. Then goes to pulmonary arteries to go to lungs
  4. Blood picks up oxygen in lungs.
  5. Oxygenated blood enters back into the heart into the left atrium via the left pulmonary veins
  6. Blood goes into left ventricle, passes through bicuspid valve to go to left ventricle
  7. Blood leaves left ventricle and passes through aortic valve to go to aorta. Aorta has ascending, transverse and descending aorta
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68
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

Stringy stuff that connects valves to papillary muscles

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69
Q

Which valves have chordae tendineae

A

The bicuspid (left) and tricuspid (right) valves

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70
Q

Function of chordae tendineae

A

Helps open and close the valves

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71
Q

Pulmonary valve and aortic valve are types of ___-______ valves

A

Semi-lunar valves
Pulmonary valve and aortic valves do not have chordae tendineae

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72
Q

Name the 4 valves of heart

A

Tricuspid (right, between right atria and right ventricle)

Pulmonary valve (entrance to pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries to lungs)

Bicuspid valve (between left atrium and left ventricle)

Aortic valve (entrance to aorta from left ventricle)

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73
Q

AV valves

A

Tricuspid and bicuspid
Have chordae tendineae

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74
Q

Pulmonary circuit parts

A
  1. Blood enters pulmonary trunk
    2.Blood enters pulmonary arteries
  2. Blood enters pulmonary capillaries (lungs)
    4.Blood leaves through pulmonary veins
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75
Q

Mitrial valve is also called

A

Bicuspid

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76
Q

Artery goes ____ from heart

A

Artery goes away from the heart

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77
Q

Vein goes _____ the heart

A

Vein goes towards the heart

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78
Q

Parts of aorta

A

Ascending,
Transverse,
Descending

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79
Q

General color of arteries in textbooks

A

Red

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80
Q

General color of veins in books

A

Blue

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81
Q

General colors may not apply to

A

Pulmonary arteries and veins.

Remember pulmonary arteries go away from heart

Pulmonary veins go towards the heart

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82
Q

Which vessels supply blood to tissues of the heart

A

Left and right coronary arteries

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83
Q

Which are the first two branches of the aorta?

A

Coronary arteries

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84
Q

When blood flow through coronary arteries slows down it causes

A

Pain

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85
Q

If coronary arteries become blocked, they may cause a

A

Heart attack

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86
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Heart attack

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87
Q

Anterior atrioventricular artery

A

Goes between the ventricles
On the front (anterior)

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88
Q

Commonly gets clogged

A

Anterior atrioventricular artery

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89
Q

Why is the anterior atrioventricular artery called a ‘Widowmaker’?

A

Because it commonly clogs in men

Causes people to fall dead immediately

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90
Q

Left anterior interventricular blockage

A

‘Widowmaker’

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91
Q

Anterior interventricular artery

A

Supplies blood to both ventricles

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92
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The events of a heartbeat

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93
Q

What does the cardiac cycle control?

A

The coordinated movements of the heart

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94
Q

Heart actions are regulated so that

A

Atria contract
While ventricles relax

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95
Q

Ventricles contract while

A

Atria relax

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96
Q

Atria contract when

A

Ventricles relax

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97
Q

Atria contraction is called

A

Atrial systole

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98
Q

Atrial systole

A

Atria contraction

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99
Q

Ventricle relaxation is called

A

Ventricular diastole

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100
Q

Ventricular diastole

A

Ventricles relax

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101
Q

Ventricular contraction is called

A

Ventricular systole

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102
Q

Atria relaxation is called

A

Atrial diastole

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103
Q

Systole

A

Contraction

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104
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation

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105
Q

Sound of heart

A

Lub-Dub

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106
Q

Replacement of most of a failing heart with a donor heart

A

Heart transplant

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107
Q

Mechanical half-heart, used in some cases temporarily, until donor heart is available

A

Left ventricular assist device LVAD

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108
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue can now be cultured from altered somatic cells or stem cells. This may allow stem cell heart patches in the future

A

Stem cell technology

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109
Q

During a cardiac cycle the pressure in the heart chambers ________ and ____

A

Rises and falls

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110
Q

What is the function of pressure changes in the heart during the cardiac cycle

A

The pressure changes open and close the valves

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111
Q

What happens during atrial systole and ventricular diastole

A

1.The ventricles are relaxed
2. AV valves open and the semilunar valves close
3. Blood flows passively from Atria into ventricles
4. Ventricular pressure to increase

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112
Q

1.The ventricles are relaxed
2. AV valves open and the semilunar valves close
3. Blood flows passively from Atria into ventricles
4. Ventricular pressure to increase

A

Events of atrial systole and ventricular diastole

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113
Q

During ventricular systole and atrial diastole

A
  1. AV valves close
  2. Chordae tendineae prevent cusps of valves from bulging too far backward into the atria
  3. The atria relax
    4.Blood flows into the atria from venae cavae and pulmonary veins.
  4. Ventricular pressure increases and opens semilunar valves
    6.Blood flows into the pulmonary trunk and the aorta.
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114
Q
  1. AV valves close
  2. Chordae tendineae prevent cusps of valves from bulging too far backward into the atria
  3. The atria relax
    4.Blood flows into the atria from venae cavae and pulmonary veins.
  4. Ventricular pressure increases and opens semilunar valves
    6.Blood flows into the pulmonary trunk and the aorta.
A

Ventricular systole and atrial diastole

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115
Q

AV valves close
Happens during

A

Ventricular systole and atrial diastole

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116
Q

Chordae tendineae prevent cusps of valves from bulging too far backward into the atria
Happens during

A

Ventricular systole and atrial diastole

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117
Q

The atria relax
Happens during

A

Ventricular systole and atrial diastole

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118
Q

Blood flows into the atria from venae cavae and pulmonary veins.
Happens during

A

Ventricular systole and atrial diastole

119
Q

Ventricular pressure increases and opens semilunar valves
Happens during

A

Ventricular systole and atrial diastole

120
Q

Blood flows into the pulmonary trunk and the aorta.
Happens during

A

Ventricular systole and atrial diastole

121
Q

The ventricles are relaxed
Happens during

A

Atrial systole and ventricular diastole

122
Q

The AV valves open and the semilunar valves close
Happens during

A

Atrial systole and ventricular diastole

123
Q

Blood flows passively from the atria into the ventricles
Happens during

A

Atrial systole and ventricular diastole

124
Q

Ventricular pressure to increase happens during

A

Atrial systole and ventricular diastole

125
Q

Which is the small flex

A

Atrial systole and ventricular diastole

126
Q

Which is big flex

A

Ventricular systole and atrial diastole

127
Q

What causes the heart sounds?

A

Closing of heart valves and vibrations of slowing blood flow

128
Q

Lubb

A

1.First heart sound
2.Happens during ventricular systole
3. Associated with closing of the AV valves

129
Q

1.First heart sound
2.Happens during ventricular systole
3. Associated with closing of the AV valves

A

Lubb

130
Q

Dupp

A
  1. Second heart sound
  2. Occurs during ventricular diastole
  3. Associated with closing of the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves
131
Q
  1. Second heart sound
  2. Occurs during ventricular diastole
  3. Associated with closing of the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves
A

Dupp

132
Q

Heart murmur

A

Abnormal heart sound derived from incomplete closure of cusps of a valve

133
Q

Abnormal heart sound derived from incomplete closure of cusps of a valve

A

Heart murmur

134
Q

What lets action potentials be spread through a network of cells

A

Intercalated discs between cells that contain Gap junctions

135
Q

Functional syncytium

A

Mass of merging cells that function as a unit formed by cardiac muscle fibers

136
Q

Atrial syncytium

A

Formed by atrial walls

137
Q

Ventricular syncytium

A

In ventricular walls

138
Q

What happens when mitrial valve doesn’t close properly?

A

Blood bubbles back into the atrium.

Called mitrial valve prolapse.

139
Q

How does electricity flow through heart?

A

Electricity flows in a syncytium through heart thanks to the intercalated discs in the heart and specialized muscle fibers

140
Q

Electricity in your heart

A

Syncytium

141
Q

Cardiac impulse starts through the

A

Sinoatrial node

142
Q

A group of clumps and strands of specialized cardiac muscle tissue which initiates and distributes impulses throughout the myocardium

A

Cardiac conduction system

143
Q

Steps of cardiac conduction system

A
  1. SA node
    2.atrial syncytium
  2. Junctional fibers
    4.AV node
    5.AV bundle
  3. Bundle branches
  4. Purkinje fibers
  5. Ventricular syncytium
144
Q

SA node

A

-Pacemaker
-Indicates the impulse

145
Q

SA node is in

A

Right atrial wall

146
Q

Explain how the cardiac conduction system works

A
  1. SA node fires
  2. Excitation spreads through myocardium
    3.AV node fires
  3. Excitation spreads down AV bundle
  4. Purkinje fibers distribute excitation through ventricular myocardium
147
Q

SA node location

A

Top right atrium

148
Q

SA node location

A

Top right atrium

149
Q

Atrioventricular bundle location

A

Between both ventricles

150
Q

Describe the pathway of electricity through the heart

A
  1. The SA node starts the impulse
  2. Atrial syncytium flows down atrium
  3. impulse goes in between the ventricles
  4. Impulse goes into AV bundle of his
  5. Impulse goes down bundle branches
  6. Impulse goes up through Purkinje fibers
151
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Recording of electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle

152
Q

Uses of electrocardiogram

A

Assess heart’s ability to conduct impulses

153
Q

The deflections in the normal ECG, or waves include

A
  1. P wave
    2.QRS Complex
  2. T wave
154
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depolarization; occurs just prior to atrial contraction

155
Q

Atrial depolarization; Occurs just prior to atrial contraction

A

P wave

156
Q

QRS complex

A
  1. 3 waves
  2. Ventricular depolarization; occurs just prior to ventricular contraction.
157
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization; occurs just prior to ventricular relaxation

158
Q

Why don’t we see atrial repolarization in an EKG?

Record of atrial repolarization is “hidden” in the large QRS complex,

A

since ventricular depolarization is a much larger event

Record of atrial repolarization is “hidden” in the large QRS complex,

159
Q

U wave

A

Repolarization of the Purkinje fibers that go up the ventricles
Does not always show up

160
Q

Ventricles relax on ekg

A

T wave

161
Q

P wave occurs right before

A

Contraction
Just when electricity reaches atrium

162
Q

Measures electrical impulses

A

EKG, ECG

163
Q

Right coronary artery

A

Supplies blood to the bottom and back of the heart

164
Q

The left coronary artery supplies blood splits into 2 vessels

A

One supplies blood to front of heart, other delivers blood to left side of the heart

165
Q

What controls pumping of the heart?

A

An electric system

166
Q

Function of atrioventricular node

A

Electrical signal passes towards lower Chambers of the heart via the AV node,
Which controls the signals so the atria contract before the ventricles

167
Q

Describe the movement of electric signals that stimulate ventricular contraction

A

In the ventricles, pathways carry the signal throughout the muscle so that they contract at the same time to pump blood to the lungs and through the body

168
Q

What controls the heart rate?

A

SA node

169
Q

Which fibers modify heart rate and response to changing conditions

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

170
Q

Conditions that may cause the heart rate to change

A

1.Physical exercise
2.Body temperature
3. fight or flight
4.concentration of ions like K+ and Ca2+

171
Q

How do parasympathetic impulses travel through the heart

A

Travel via Vagus nerves decrease heart rate due to influence on SA and AV nodes

172
Q

How do sympathetic impulses travel through the heart

A

Via accelerator nerves that increase heart rate, due to influence on SA and AV nodes and ventricular myocardium

173
Q

Where do baroreceptor reflexes come from?

A

Cardiac control center in medulla oblongata

174
Q

What is the function of the baroreceptor reflexes

A

Balance inhibitory and excitatory effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers

175
Q

Regulates autonomic impulses to the heart

A

Cardiac control center

176
Q

Brain and hormones can both control heart?

A

True

177
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Altered heart rhythms, several types.

178
Q

Fibrillation

A

Uncoordinated chaotic contraction of small areas of myocardium

179
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

Not life-threatening

180
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

Fatal

181
Q

Tachycardia

A

Abnormally fast heartbeat over 100 beats per minute at rest

182
Q

Bradycardia

A

Abnormally slow heartbeat less than 60 beats per minute at rest

183
Q

Flutter

A

Rapid regular contraction of a heart chamber 250 to 350 beats per minute

184
Q

Premature beat

A

Beat that occurs before expected in normal cardiac cycle

Often originates from ectopic regions of the heart other than the SA node

185
Q

Ectopic pacemaker

A

Damage to SA node may lead to AV node taking over and acting as a secondary pacemaker 40-60/min instead of 70-80/min

186
Q

Artificial pacemaker

A

Device used to treat disorders of cardiac conduction system implantable and battery-powered

187
Q

Beat before the lub dub

A

Premature beat

188
Q

Ectopic pacemaker location

A

On the outside

189
Q

Blood vessels form a closed circuit meaning…

A

Transport blood from the heart to body cells or lungs and back to the heart

190
Q

Carry blood away from the ventricles of the heart

A

Arteries

191
Q

Receive blood from the arteries and carry it to the capillaries

A

Arterioles

192
Q

Arterioles

A

Receive blood from the arteries and carry it to the capillaries

193
Q

Arterioles

A

Receive blood from the arteries and carry it to the capillaries

194
Q

Capillaries

A

Site of exchange of substances between the blood and the body cells

195
Q

Venules

A

Receive blood from the capillaries and conduct it to the veins

196
Q

Receive blood from venules and carry it to the Atria of the heart

A

Veins

197
Q

From where do veins receive blood

A

Venules

198
Q

Where do veins carry blood to

A

The Atria of the heart

199
Q

What happens at the capillaries in terms of gas exchange

A

O2 is dropped off and CO2 is picked up at body cells

200
Q

What happens at the capillaries in terms of gas exchange

A

O2 is dropped off and CO2 is picked up at body cells

201
Q

Arteries branch off into

A

Arterioles

202
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Formation of new blood vessels

203
Q

Angiogenesis is controlled by which chemical

A

Vascular Endothelial growth Factor

VEGF

204
Q

Why does angiogenesis have to be regulated in the body?

A

Excess, inappropriate or deficient blood vessel formation can cause common diseases

205
Q

When does the body promote angiogenesis?

A

-body secretes VEGF in response to blocked coronary artery
-a person may get VEGF in time-release capsules

206
Q

When do we need to prevent angiogenesis?

A

-Tumors secrete VEGF to nourish themselves
-Antiangiogenesis drugs are used to treat cancer and age-related macular degeneration

207
Q

Macular degeneration

A

An eye disease that causes vision loss

208
Q

Smallest arterioles only have a few ________ muscle fibers

A

Smooth

209
Q

Both arteries and arterioles can undergo ____________ and ____________

A

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation

210
Q

Speed in the arteries is directly related to the

A

Heart pump

211
Q

Capillaries don’t have which muscles

A

The muscles that surround the smooth muscle cells

212
Q

Smallest diameter blood vessels

A

Capillaries

213
Q

Capillaries connect to

A

The smallest arterioles and the smallest venules

214
Q

Walls of capillaries are made of ______________ only

A

Endothelium only (simple squamous epithelium)

215
Q

Capillaries are semi-__________

A

Permeable

216
Q

Capillary blood flow is regulated by

A

Precapillary sphincters

217
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

Smooth muscle surrounding capillary when it branches off arteriole or metarteriole

218
Q

Precapillary sphincters function

A

May close capillary
Responds to cellular needs

219
Q

What do the capillaries do when the body needs O2 and nutrients

A

The precapillary sphincters relax

220
Q

Metarterioles

A

Branches from arterioles
Blood bypasses capillaries. Some connect arterioles directly to venule

221
Q

Met-

A

In between

222
Q

How are Veins different than arteries

A

1.Thinner walls than arteries
2.Carry blood under relatively low pressure
3. Have flap-like valves

223
Q

Which blood vessels function as blood reservoirs

A

Veins

224
Q

The speed of the blood in the veins is not a direct relationship to the

A

Heart action

225
Q

Valves help push blood in which direction

A

Valves help push blood back to the heart

226
Q

How much blood is in the systemic veins?

A

60-70%

227
Q

About ______ of blood is in veins and venules at any time

A

2/3

228
Q

Three layers of the walls of an artery

A

-endothelial lining,
-middle smooth muscle
-outer layer of connective tissue

229
Q

Carries blood under high pressure from the heart to the arterioles

A

Artery

230
Q

Arteriole parts

A

3 layers
-thinner wall than artery
1. Endothelial lining
2.smooth muscle
3.small amount of connective tissue

231
Q

Connects an artery to a capillary, helps control the flow of blood into a capillary by vasoconstricting or vasodilating

A

Arteriole

232
Q

Capillary parts

A

Single layer of squamous epithelium

233
Q

Allows nutrients, gases and wastes to be exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid. Connects an arteriole to a venule

A

Capillary

234
Q

Describe a venule wall

A

Thinner wall than an arteriole, less smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue

235
Q

Connects a capillary to a vein

A

Venule

236
Q

Vein wall

A

Thinner wall than an artery but with similar layers, the middle layer is more poorly developed. Some have flap-like valves

237
Q

Carries blood under relatively low pressure from a venule to the heart.Valves prevent a backflow of blood and serve as a blood reservoir

A

Vein

238
Q

Lungs hold what percentage of blood

A

10-12%

239
Q

Percentage of blood in heart

A

8-11%

240
Q

Percentage of blood in the systemic arteries

A

10-12%

241
Q

Percentage of blood in capillaries

A

4-5%

242
Q

Blood pressure decreases as

A

Blood moves through the arterial system and into the capillary network so little pressure remains at the venous ends of capillaries

243
Q

Venous blood flow depends on

A

-heart action (only partly)
-skeletal muscle contraction
-breathing movements
-vasoconstriction of veins

244
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Deposits of cholesterol plaque form in inner lining of walls of arteries

245
Q

Aneurysm

A

Bulge in the wall of an artery formed when blood pressure dilates a weakened area of the vessel. Can burst wall of artery

246
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein. common disorder

247
Q

Varicose veins

A

Abnormal and irregular dilations in superficial veins most common in legs

248
Q

Blood pressure

A

The force blood exerts against the inner walls of blood vessels

249
Q

What circulates the blood?

A

Blood pressure

250
Q

The term blood pressure most commonly refers to pressure in

A

Systemic arteries

251
Q

Throughout the system blood moves from ________ to _________ pressure

A

Higher to lower

252
Q

What happens to arterial blood pressure when the ventricles contract

A

Arterial blood pressure rises when the ventricles contract

253
Q

What happens to arterial blood pressure when the ventricles relax

A

Arterial blood pressure falls when the ventricles relax

254
Q

Systolic pressure SP

A

The maximum pressure reached during ventricular contraction

255
Q

Diastolic pressure DP

A

The minimum pressure remaining before the next ventricular contraction

256
Q

Pulse pressure PP

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures SP - DP

257
Q

Mean arterial pressure MAP

A

Average pressure in the arterial system; represents average force driving blood to tissues DP+1/3PP

258
Q

Blood pressure is stated as a fraction whose formula is

A

SP/DP

259
Q

Units of blood pressure

A

mmHg

260
Q

Normal BP

A

120/80 mmHg

261
Q

Arterial BP is typically measured with

A

Sphygmomanometer

262
Q

What happens to blood pressure as the distance from the left ventricle increases

A

Blood pressure decreases as distance from the left ventricle increases

263
Q

Sites where pulse is most easily detected

A

Temporal
Carotid
Facial
Femoral
Brachial
Radial
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis

264
Q

Things that increase BP

A
  1. Blood volume
  2. Heart rate
  3. Stroke volume
    4.Blood viscosity
    5.Peripheral resistance
265
Q

Viscosity

A

Difficulty of blood flow

Greater viscosity causes greater resistance to blood flow

266
Q

What increases the viscosity of blood?

A

Blood cells and plasma proteins increase the viscosity of blood flow

267
Q

How does anemia affect viscosity of blood flow

A

1.Anemia lowers concentration of blood cells
2.Lowers blood viscosity
3. Lowers the blood pressure

268
Q

Hypertension

A

Long lasting elevated blood pressure

269
Q

What causes hypertension?

A

Increase sodium intake
Stress
Kidney disease

270
Q

Why is hypertension called a silent killer?

A

May not cause ay direct symptoms

271
Q

Effects of hypertension

A

-Atherosclerosis
-thrombosis
-embolism
-TIA, CVA
-hemmorage

272
Q

Prevention of hypertension

A

Healthy diet
Regular exercise
Limit Na+

273
Q

How is hypertension treated?

A

Diuretics, sympathetic inhibitors

274
Q

Symptom of hypertension

A

Swelling

275
Q

Why do people who exercise have slower pulses?

A

Their heart is stronger

276
Q

For exercise to benefit the cardiovascular system

A
  1. Heart rate must increase 70 to 85% of maximum (220-age)
  2. Exercise must last 30 to 60 minutes
  3. Exercise must occur 3 to 4 times a week
277
Q

Cardiovascular system adapts to aerobic exercise in the following ways

A

Increase pumping efficiency blood volume hemoglobin and number of mitochondria

Heart may enlarge 40% or more
Stroke volume increases
Heart rate and blood pressure decrease

278
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

Disease involving high cholesterol
Cholesterol plaque in inner walls of coronary arteries
Major contributor of MI

279
Q

Largest artery in the body

A

Aorta, supplies blood to all systemic arteries

280
Q

Brachial artery in upper arm

A

Major artery in upper arm

281
Q

Which artery takes blood to the reproductive organs?

A

Gonadal artery

282
Q

Which arteries supply blood to the brain, head and neck?

A

Subclavian and common carotid arteries

283
Q

Subclavian artery

A

Gives off branches in the neck and then continues into the arm

284
Q

External iliac arteries

A

Provide the major blood supply to the lower limbs

285
Q

External jugular veins

A

Drain blood from the face, scalp and superficial neck

286
Q

Internal jugular veins

A

Drain blood from the brain and the deep portions of the face and neck

287
Q

Deep set of veins that drain the upper limb and shoulder

A

Digital veins, radial and ulnar veins and brachial veins

288
Q

Superficial set of veins that drain the upper limb and shoulder

A

Anatosmoses-> basilic and cephalic

289
Q

Basilic vein joins

A

Brachial vein
Cephalic vein joins axillary vein

290
Q

Lifespan changes

A

-Cholesterol deposition in blood vessels
-Narrowed coronary arteries
-Heart may shrink or enlarge due to disease
-Cardiac muscle declines
-increase in adipose tissue of the heart

291
Q

Which heart sound happens during ventricular systole

A

Lubb

292
Q

Which heart sound happens during ventricular diastole

A

Dupp

293
Q

Cephalic vein joins

A

axillary vein

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