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Bio 211 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Digestion

A

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that cell membranes can absorb

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2
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Breaks down large particles into smaller ones but does not change chemical composition

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3
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Breaks down food particles by changing them into simpler chemicals

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4
Q

Functions of organs of the digestive system

A

Ingestion
propulsion
absorption and
defecation

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5
Q

The digestive system consists of the _________ canal and the ___________organs

A

The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and accessory organs

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6
Q

Things we can make thanks to digestion

A

Proteins
DNA
New cells

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7
Q

Two forms of metabolism

A

Catabolism
Anabolism

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8
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown

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9
Q

Anabolism

A

Build up

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10
Q

Anabolism

A

Build up

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11
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Organs that extend from the mouth to the anus; the food passageway

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12
Q

Accessory organs

A

Consists of organs that empty secretions into the alimentary canal; food does not pass through them

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13
Q

Two portions of the digestive system

A

The alimentary canal and the accessory organs

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14
Q

Pathway of food

A

1.Mouth
2. Esophagus
3. Stomach
4.Small intestine
5. Large intestine
6. Out

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15
Q

First digestive accessory organ

A

Liver

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16
Q

Underneath liver

A

Gallbladder

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17
Q

Accessory organs of digestive system

A

-salivary glands
-liver
-gallbladder
-pancreas
-appendix

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18
Q

Small intestine is longer than

A

Small intestine is longer than large intestine

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19
Q

Four layers of alimentary canal

A
  1. Mucosa
    2.Submucosa
  2. Muscularis
  3. Serosa
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20
Q

Mucosa

A

Innermost layer, mucous membrane

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21
Q

Submucosa

A

Nourishes cells, transports absorbed food molecules

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22
Q

Muscularis

A

Muscle tissue moves tube and food materials

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23
Q

Serosa

A

Outermost layer; serous fluid eliminates friction

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24
Q

Which layer of the alimentary canal had blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves

A

Submucosa

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25
Q

Composition of mucosa layer

A

Epithelium, connective tissue, smooth muscle

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26
Q

Composition of muscularis

A

Smooth muscle cells in singular and longitudinal groups

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27
Q

Serosa composition

A

Epithelium, connective tissue

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28
Q

Serosa composition

A

Epithelium, connective tissue

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29
Q

Function of mucosa layer

A

Protection, secretion and absorption

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30
Q

Function of submucosa layer

A

Nourishes surrounding tissues, transports absorbed materials

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31
Q

Function of muscularis

A

Movements of the tube and its contents

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32
Q

Functions of serosa

A

Protection, lubrication

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33
Q

Villi

A

Hair like projections on the surface of the alimentary canal. Help with absorption

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34
Q

Lacteals location

A

In villi

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35
Q

Lacteals

A

Help absorb fat

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36
Q

Types of movements in the alimentary canal

A

Mixing movements and propelling movements

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37
Q

Mixing movements

A

-Muscle in small sections contracts rhythmically
- Does not move materials in one direction

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38
Q

Segmentation is a type of

A

Mixing movement

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39
Q

Propelling movements

A

-Moves materials in one direction
- peristalsis: ring of contraction progresses down tube; propels food particles down the tract

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40
Q

Peristalsis

A

Ring of contraction progresses down tube; propels food particles down the tract

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41
Q

Chyme

A

Processed food in stomach. Watery substance

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42
Q

Movement that occurs through esophagus and small and large intestine

A

Peristalsis

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43
Q

Mixing movement occurs in the

A

Stomach

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44
Q

Bolus

A

Ball of chewed up food from the mouth to the stomach

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45
Q

Branches of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system extensively innervate the

A

Alimentary canal

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46
Q

Submucosal plexus

A

Controls secretions

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47
Q

Myenteric plexus

A

Controls gastrointestinal motility

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48
Q

Autonomic control of digestive activity parasympathetic impulses

A

Increase activities of digestive system (secretion and motility)

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49
Q

Autonomic control of digestive activity sympathetic impulses

A

Inhibit digestive actions secretion and motility

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50
Q

Where does digestion start?

A

In the mouth

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51
Q

Mouth

A

First part of alimentary canal ingests food,
mastication takes place here

Chemical digestion and mechanical digestion

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52
Q

Mastication

A

Mechanical breakdown of solid particles mixes them with saliva

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53
Q

Hardest structures in the body

A

Teeth

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54
Q

Sympathetic impulses may increase

A

Storage of food

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55
Q

Deciduous teeth

A

20
Teeth that fall out

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56
Q

Secondary permanent teeth

A

32

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57
Q

Pulp

A

Nerve and blood within teeth

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58
Q

Enamel

A

Has 2 layers.
Outer layer can be fixed . Inside layer cannot be fixed

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59
Q

Root

A

Root canal: root gets infected so it’s rotting and dying. Root is removed. Hurts because tissue around it is still living

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60
Q

Salivary glands

A

Secrete saliva
Moistens food particles and brings them together. Has enzymes and bicarbonate ions.

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61
Q

Enzymes

A

Begin chemical digestion of carbohydrates

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62
Q

Bicarbonate ions

A

Keep pH favorable for enzyme activity and protect teeth from acidic foods

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63
Q

Three pairs of major salivary glands

A

Parotid glands submandibular glands sublingual glands

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64
Q

Bicarbonate ions

A

Regulate pH

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65
Q

Parotid

A

In front of ear

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66
Q

Submandibular glands

A

Below the mandible

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67
Q

Sublingual glands

A

Below the tongue

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68
Q

Parotid glands

A

-Largest in the body
-anterior/ inferior to the ear -saliva contains amylase

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69
Q

Submandibular glands

A

-Serous fluid some mucus
-floor of mouth

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70
Q

Sublingual glands

A

Under tongue
Mainly mucous glands
(Most viscous)

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71
Q

Clear watery serous fluid rich in salivary amylase

A

Parotid glands

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72
Q

Some Serous fluid with some mucus more viscous than parotid glands

A

Submandibular glands

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73
Q

Some Serous fluid with some mucus more viscous than parotid glands

A

Submandibular glands

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74
Q

Primarily thick stringy mucus

A

Sublingual glands

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75
Q

Ducts pass through the buccinator muscles and enter the mouth opposite the second upper molars

A

Parotid glands

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76
Q

Ducts open inferior to the tongue near the frenulum

A

Submandibular glands

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77
Q

Many separate ducts

A

Sublingual glands

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78
Q

Amylase

A

Enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates
Breaks down amylose

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79
Q

-Ose

A

Sugar

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80
Q

Tongue pushes food into

A

Pharynx

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81
Q

Esophagus

A

A muscular food passageway from the pharynx to the stomach

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82
Q

Esophageal hiatus

A

The esophagus penetrates the diaphragm through the esophageal hiatus

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83
Q

The esophagus contains mucus glands in

A

Submucosa layer

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84
Q

Lower esophageal cardiac sphincter regulates food passage into

A

Stomach

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85
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

Portion of stomach protrudes through weakened esophageal hiatus into thorax

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86
Q

Effects of a hiatal hernia

A

Reflux, heartburn, difficulty swallowing, ulceration because of gastric juices in the esophagus

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87
Q

Cardiac sphincter location

A

Where esophagus and stomach meet

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88
Q

Stomach

A

J shaped pouch like organ
Has rugae

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89
Q

Stomach location

A

Inferior to the diaphragm in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity

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90
Q

Rugae

A

Folds of mucosa and submucosa that allow for distension

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91
Q

stomach functions

A
  1. Receives food from the esophagus
    2 mixes food with gastric juice
  2. initiates protein digestion 4.has limited absorption 5.moves food into the small intestine
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92
Q

Mucus in stomach function

A

Protects stomach from damaging itself

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93
Q

Fundus

A

Top part of stomach that is curved. Looks like fetal head

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94
Q

Body of stomach

A

Middle part of stomach

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95
Q

Pylorus of stomach

A

Pointy part of bottom
Imagine where the feet would touch the stomach

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96
Q

4 parts of stomach

A

1.cardia
2.Fundus
3.body
4. Pylorus

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97
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Between stomach and duodenum

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98
Q

Gastric glands contain three types of secretory cells which produce a mixture called

A

Gastric juice

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99
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Inactive form of pepsin secreted by Chief cells

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100
Q

Pepsin

A

Active enzyme that breaks down proteins into polypeptides.forms from pepsinogen in the presence of hydrochloric acid

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101
Q

How is pepsinogen activated

A

Pepsinogen is activated when it comes into contact with hydrochloric acid

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102
Q

Gastric lipase

A

Fat splitting enzyme found in small quantities. action inhibited by low ph

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103
Q

What inhibits the action of gastric lipase

A

It is inhibited by low pH

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104
Q

Hydrochloric acid

A

Produced by parietal cells converts pepsinogen into pepsin

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105
Q

Which cells secrete pepsinogen

A

Chief cells secrete pepsinogen

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106
Q

What kind of cells produce hydrochloric acid

A

Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid

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107
Q

What kind of cells secrete mucus

A

Mucosal cells secrete mucus

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108
Q

Mucus

A

Provide lubrication and protects the stomach lining

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109
Q

Intrinsic factor is produced by which cells

A

Intrinsic factor is produced by parietal cells

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110
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

Required for the absorption of vitamin B12

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111
Q

-Ogen

A

Inactive form

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112
Q

Source of b12

A

Red meats

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113
Q

Gastric lipase comes from which cells

A

Chief

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114
Q

Gastric juice is produced

A

Gastric juice is produced continuously

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115
Q

What controls the rate of production of gastric juice

A

Neural and hormonal control

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116
Q

Somatostatin

A

Inhibits hydrochloric acid secretion

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117
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

Released by small intestine cells when proteins and fat enter the small intestine decreases gastric motility

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118
Q

Gastrin

A

Increases gastric juice secretion

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119
Q

Gastrin

A

Increases gastric juice secretion

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120
Q

CCK also stimulates which action from gall bladder

A

Release of bile

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121
Q

Describe the steps of regulation of gastric secretions

A
  1. Impulses conducted by the parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fiber in vagus nerve
  2. Parasympathetic postganglionic impulses stimulate the release of gastric juice from gastric glands
  3. Impulses stimulate the release of gastrin into the bloodstream
  4. Gastrin stimulates glands to release more gastric juice
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122
Q

Why is absorption in the stomach limited

A

The wall of the stomach is not well adapted to absorb digestive products.
Gastric enzyme pepsin begins breaking down proteins

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123
Q

What does the stomach absorb

A

-Some Water
-certain salts
- certain lipid-soluble drugs
- some alcohol

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124
Q

How is chyme produced in the stomach

A

The mixing of food in the stomach with gastric juice produces a semifluid paste called chyme

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125
Q

Peristaltic waves push chyme towards the __________ of the stomach

A

Peristaltic waves push chyme towards the pylorus of the stomach

Small amount of chyme is transported through pyloric sphincter at a time

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126
Q

Pyloric sphincter relaxes and

A

Allows chyme to enter the duodenum in small amounts at a time

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127
Q

Duodenum

A

1st part of small intestine

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128
Q

What causes heartburn

A

Eating a lot of food too quickly.it takes 20 minutes for the hypothalamus to sense full stomach. Excess fullness leads to abdominal pain and gastric reflux

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129
Q

Esophagitis

A

Stomach contents in the esophagus cause inflammation. Heartburn

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130
Q

Gastralgia

A

Stomach pain

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131
Q

Pancreas function in digestive system

A

Secretes digestive fluid called pancreatic juice into small intestine.

Secretes insulin and glucagon in the endocrine system

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132
Q

Pancreatic duct

A

Along with the common bile duct from the liver and gallbladder. empties into the duodenum of the small intestine

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133
Q

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

Pancreatic duct and common bile duct join at the dilated tube called the Hepatopancreatic ampulla

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134
Q

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

Surrounds ampulla. controls movement of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum

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135
Q

Ampulla

A

Opening

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136
Q

Location of the pancreas

A

The pancreas has a large head that fits into the curvature of the duodenum the tail of the pancreas lies against the spleen

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137
Q

Pancreatic juice

A

Contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates fats proteins and nucleic acids

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138
Q

Pancreatic amylase

A

Splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides

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139
Q

Pancreatic lipase

A

Breaks down triglycerides

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140
Q

Trypsin

A

Digest proteins.
released as inactive trypsinogen which is activated by enterokinase in the small intestine

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141
Q

Chymotrypsin

A

Digest proteins.
released as inactive. activated by trypsin

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142
Q

Carboxypeptidase

A

-Digests proteins
-released as inactive -activated by trypsin

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143
Q

Digest nucleic acids

A

Nucleases

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144
Q

Bicarbonate ions

A

Make pancreatic juice alkaline.
buffer stomach acid

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145
Q

What activates trypsin in the small intestine

A

Enterokinase in the small intestine activates trypsinogen

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146
Q

What things does the pancreas break down

A

4 macromolecules and it regulates pH

Carbohydrates
fats
proteins
nucleic acids

Regulates PH

147
Q

Nucleic acids

A

DNA

148
Q

Regulation of Pancreatic secretion

A
  1. Acid chyme enters the duodenum
  2. Intestinal mucosa releases secretin into the bloodstream
  3. Secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions
  4. Pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions passes down pancreatic ducts into the duodenum
  5. Bicarbonate ions neutralize acid chyme
149
Q

Largest internal organ

A

Liver

150
Q

Location of the liver

A

Upper right abdominal quadrant just beneath the diaphragm

151
Q

Appearance of the liver

A

Reddish brown organ. Well supplied with blood vessels
Liver is hard

152
Q

How many lobes does the liver have

A

4

153
Q

Right lobe

A

Largest

154
Q

Left lobe

A

Smaller than the right lobe

155
Q

Quadrate lobe

A

Minor lobe, near gallbladder

156
Q

Caudate lobe

A

Minor lobe, near inferior vena cava

157
Q

Ligament function

A

Attach liver to diaphragm

158
Q

Liver functions

A

1.Carbohydrate metabolism
2.Lipid metabolism
3.Protein metabolism
4.Storage
5.blood filtering
6. Detoxification
7. Secretion

159
Q

Secretion function of liver

A

Produces and secretes bile

160
Q

Detoxification function of liver

A

Removes toxins from blood

161
Q

Blood filtering of liver

A

Removes damaged RBCs and foreign substances by phagocytosis

162
Q

Storage function of liver

A

Stores glycogen, vitamins a, d, B12, iron and blood

163
Q

Explain carbohydrate metabolism of the liver

A

1.Polymerizes glucose to glycogen
2. breaks down glycogen to glucose
3.converts non-carbohydrates to glucose

164
Q

Explain lipid metabolism of the liver

A

1.Oxidizes fatty acids 2.synthesizes lipoproteins phospholipids and cholesterol
3.converts excess portions of carbohydrate molecules into fat molecules

165
Q

Explain protein metabolism function of the liver

A

-Deaminates amino acids -forms urea
- synthesizes plasma proteins convert certain amino acids into other amino acids

166
Q

Regeneration of the liver

A

The liver is required to maintain life. it can be regenerated if 25 to 30% of it is healthy

167
Q

What happens if cancer spreads to the liver

A

Life can continue only weeks or months

168
Q

Donor can donate part of

A

Liver as regeneration can occur

169
Q

ELAD

A

Temporarily perform blood cleansing functions of the liver until the liver becomes available

Patients blood plasma pass through the ELAD we’re toxins are removed and liver secretions are added then plasma is return to the patient

170
Q

Bile

A

Yellowish green liquid that hepatic cells continuously secrete

171
Q

Components of bile

A

Water and bile salts

Bile pigments, cholesterol, electrolytes

172
Q

Bile salts

A

Produced from cholesterol, emulsify fats only bile component that have digestive function

173
Q

Bile salts are produced from

A

Cholesterol

174
Q

Bile salts function

A

Emulsify fats

175
Q

Bile pigments

A

Bilirubin
Biliverdin
Derived from hemoglobin breakdown

176
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver
Many types vary and severity
most common cause is one of several types of viruses
Some people have symptoms some do not

177
Q

Hepatitis c

A

Accounts for half of all known cases of hepatitis

178
Q

Viral hepatitis

A

Antibiotics are not effective against viral hepatitis

179
Q

Some forms of hepatitis are

A

Blood borne
Others can be transmitted by contact with food body fluids or objects contaminated with feces that contain the virus

180
Q

Most common cause of hepatitis

A

Virus

181
Q

HEP B

A

Viruses

182
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowish skin, sclera and mucous membranes due to bile pigments

183
Q

Obstructive jaundice

A

Blocked bile ducts gallstones or tumors

184
Q

Hepatocellular jaundice

A

Liver disease cirrhosis or hepatitis

185
Q

Hemolytic jaundice

A

Red blood cells destroyed too rapidly, improper blood transfusion or infections, malaria

186
Q

Infantile jaundice

A

Can be corrected by tanning bed

187
Q

Gallbladder

A

Pear-shaped sac on inferior surface of liver.
stores and concentrates bile

188
Q

Common bile duct

A

Cystic duct from gallbladder joins with common hepatic duct from liver to form common bile duct

189
Q

Bile duct empties into the

A

Duodenum via the
Hepatopancreatic ampulla

190
Q

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

Regulates release of bile into the duodenum

191
Q

Cystic duct

A

From gall bladder

192
Q

Common hepatic duct

A

From liver

193
Q

Gallbladder regular function

A

Gallbladder normally concentrates bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol

194
Q

How are gallstones formed

A

Cholesterol precipitates to form solid crystals that enlarge and form gallstones

195
Q

Causes of gallstones

A

1.Excess bile concentration, 2.too much cholesterol secretion by liver,
3.or inflammation of the gallbladder

196
Q

High fat causes release of

A

Bile. Bile emulsifies fat

197
Q

Regulation of bile release

A

The hormone cck cholecystokinin causes the gallbladder to contract in response to fats entering the duodenum. The bile is then released into the duodenum

198
Q

Fatty chyme enters duodenum and stimulates

A

CCK

199
Q

CCK stimulates

A

Gallbladder to release bile

200
Q

Important hormones of digestive tract

A

Gastrin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin
Somatostatin

201
Q

Describe the function of gastrin

A

Increases secretory activity of gastric glands

202
Q

Describe the function of intestinal gastrin

A

Increases secretory activity of gastric glands

203
Q

Describe the function of somatostatin

A

Inhibits the secretion of acid by parietal cells

204
Q

Describe the function of somatostatin

A

Inhibits the secretion of acid by parietal cells

205
Q

Describe the function of cholecystokinin

A

Decreases secretory activity of gastric glands and inhibits gastric motility. Stimulates pancreas to secrete fluid with a high digestive enzyme concentration. Stimulates gallbladder to contract and release bile

206
Q

Describe the function of cholecystokinin

A

Decreases secretory activity of gastric glands and inhibits gastric motility. Stimulates pancreas to secrete fluid with a high digestive enzyme concentration. Stimulates gallbladder to contract and release bile

207
Q

Secretin function

A

Stimulates pancreas to secrete fluid with a high bicarbonate ion concentration

208
Q

What is the source of gastrin

A

Gastric cells in response to food

209
Q

What is the source of intestinal gastrin

A

Cells of the small intestine in response to chyme

210
Q

What is the source of somatostatin

A

Gastric cells

211
Q

What is the source of intestinal somatostatin

A

Intestinal wall cells in response to fats

212
Q

What is the source of cholecystokinin

A

Intestinal wall cells in response to proteins and fats in the small intestine

213
Q

What is the source of cholecystokinin

A

Intestinal wall cells in response to proteins and fats in the small intestine

214
Q

What is the source of secretin

A

Cells in the duodenal wall in response to acidic chyme entering the small intestine

215
Q

What is the source of secretin

A

Cells in the duodenal wall in response to acidic chyme entering the small intestine

216
Q

Hormone from stomach and small intestine stimulates gastric juice

A

Gastrin

217
Q

Stimulates pancreas and gallbladder , stomach

A

Cck

218
Q

Slows down secretion of acid by parietal cells

A

Somatostatin

219
Q

Comes from the stomach and slows down secretion of acid

A

SS

220
Q

Emulsification

A

Break up large fat globules into smaller droplets and aid fat digestion by increasing surface area accessible to the enzyme lipase

221
Q

Chylomicrons (absorbed by lacteals)

A

Formed by bile salts to enhance absorption of fatty acids and cholesterol

222
Q

Bile salts function in regards to vitamins

A

Help absorb fat soluble vitamins ADEK

223
Q

What happens to bile salts after usage

A

Almost all bile salts are recycled

224
Q

fatty acids and bile salts form

A

Chylomicrons

225
Q

Describe the symptoms of gallbladder disease

A

Pain in right upper abdominal quadrant, back and right shoulder, perhaps nausea and sweating

226
Q

Tests to observe the gallbladder

A

Ultrasonography of the bladder or an x-ray called a cholecystogram

227
Q

In which locations can you find gallstones

A

Gallbladder ,
cystic duct ,
hepatic ducts,
common bile duct

228
Q

Cholecystectomy

A

Surgical removal of the gallbladder

229
Q

Endoscopy use for gallbladder

A

Find stones or remove them from certain areas

230
Q

Cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gallbladder
Pain

231
Q

Small intestine

A

Tubular organ that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine

232
Q

Which organ fills most of the abdominal cavity

A

The small intestine

233
Q

What does the small intestine receive

A

Chyme from stomach and liver and pancreatic secretions

234
Q

What completes digestion of the nutrients in chyme

A

The small intestine

235
Q

Organ responsible for absorbing the products of digestion

A

Small intestine

236
Q

Which organ transports the remaining residue to the large intestine

A

Small intestine

237
Q

Describe the functions of the small intestine

A

1.Receives chyme from stomach, liver and pancreatic secretions 2.completes digestion of nutrients in chyme
3. absorbs products of digestion
4. transports remaining residue to the large intestine

238
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

239
Q

Duodenum

A

Shortest and most fixed portion of the small intestine

240
Q

Jejunum

A

Middle portion, thicker and more active than ileum

241
Q

Jejunum

A

Middle portion, thicker and more active than ileum

242
Q

Ileum

A

Distal portion, contains Peyer’s patches

243
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

Lymph nodules in the small intestine

244
Q

Mesentery

A

Transports blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves to the wall of the intestine

245
Q

Double layered fold of the peritoneum suspends the jejunum and ileum

A

Mesentery

246
Q

Greater omentum

A

Double fold of the peritoneum, drapes down from stomach over large intestine and folds of small intestine

247
Q

The greater omentum is very high in

A

Lymphatics
Looks like fat

248
Q

Long active part of small intestine

A

Jejunum

249
Q

Greater omentum helps stop

A

Infections

250
Q

Greater omentum helps stop

A

Infections

251
Q

Villi

A

Tiny projections of the mucosa. greatly increase the surface area for absorption of digestive end products

252
Q

Each villus consists of

A

Simple columnar epithelium with a core of connective tissue with blood vessels, a lacteal and nerve fibers

253
Q

Microvilli

A

Free surfaces of epithelial cells which also increase surface area for absorption

254
Q

Intestinal glands/ crypts of lieberkuhn

A

Located between bases of villi

255
Q

Plicae circulares

A

Circular folds of mucosa which also increase surface area in the small intestine

256
Q

On the villi there are

A

Microvilli

257
Q

Mesentery connects the

A

Jejunum and ileum

258
Q

Greater omentum description

A

Drapes over front

259
Q

Brunner’s glands

A

Secrete a thick alkaline mucus in response to certain stimuli

260
Q

Intestinal glands

A

Secretes a watery fluid that picks up digestion products and transports them into villi contains no digestive enzymes

261
Q

Enzymes in membranes of the microvilli

A

Peptidase sucrase maltase lactase lipase

262
Q

Peptidase

A

Break down peptides into amino acids

263
Q

Sucrase maltase lactase

A

Breakdown disaccharides into monosaccharides

264
Q

Lipase

A

Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. fatty acids are broken down into chylomicrons

265
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Fatty acids are broken down into chylomicrons

266
Q

Salivary amylase

A

Carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starch and glycogen to disaccharides

267
Q

Pepsin digestive action

A

begins protein digestion

268
Q

Gastric lipase

A

Begins butterfat digestion

269
Q

Pepsin and gastric lipase come from which glands

A

The gastric glands

270
Q

The pancreas produces which enzymes

A

Pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsin chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase,
Nucleases

271
Q

Pancreatic amylase digestive action

A

Breaks down starch and glycogen into disaccharides

272
Q

Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

A

Pancreatic lipase

273
Q

Trypsin and chymotrypsin digestive action

A

Breaks down proteins or partially digested proteins into peptides

274
Q

Carboxypeptidase digestive action

A

Breaks down peptides into amino acids

275
Q

Nuclease digestive action

A

Breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides

276
Q

Intestinal enzymes

A

Peptidase
Sucrase Maltase lactase
intestinal lipase enterokinase

277
Q

Source of intestinal enzymes

A

Mucosal cells

278
Q

Peptidase

A

Breaks down peptides into amino acids

279
Q

Sucrase, maltase, lactase

A

Breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides

280
Q

Intestinal lipase

A

Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

281
Q

Enterokinase

A

Converts trypsinogen into trypsin

282
Q

Monosaccharides absorption mechanism

A

Facilitated diffusion and active transport

283
Q

How are monosaccharides circulated

A

Blood in capillaries

284
Q

How are amino acids absorbed

A

Active transport

285
Q

How are amino acids circulated

A

Blood in capillaries

286
Q

How are fatty acids and glycerol absorbed

A

-Most are resynthesized into fats and incorporated in chylomicrons
-some fatty acids with short carbon chains are absorbed without being changed back into fats

287
Q

How are chylomicrons circulated

A

Lymph in lacteals

288
Q

How are unchanged fatty acids circulated in blood

A

Blood in capillaries

289
Q

How are electrolytes absorbed

A

Diffusion and active transport

290
Q

How are electrolytes circulated in the body

A

Blood in capillaries

291
Q

How is water absorbed

A

Osmosis

292
Q

How is water circulated throughout the body

A

Blood in capillaries

293
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water through a membrane. Does not require energy

294
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of a substance from higher concentration to lower concentration. Does not require energy

295
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Uses protein channel

296
Q

Active transport

A

Requires energy

297
Q

Wave-like pushing movements that propel chyme in proper direction down the small intestine

A

Peristalsis

298
Q

Ring like contractions that move chyme back and forth mixing movement

A

Segmentation

299
Q

Part of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates mixing and peristaltic movements

A

Parasympathetic impulses

300
Q

Part of the autonomic nervous system that inhibits mixing and peristaltic movements

A

Sympathetic impulses

301
Q

Diarrhea cause

A

Small intestine becomes over distended or irritated causing a strong peristaltic Rush

302
Q

Ileocecal sphincter

A

Joins ileum of small intestine to cecum of large intestine and helps regulate flow of chyme

303
Q

Overdistension of small intestine occurs during

A

Blockage

304
Q

Majority of water is absorbed in

A

Small intestine

305
Q

Celiac disease

A

Inability to digest gluten wheat and rye

306
Q

Explain the cause of celiac disease

A

Microvilli damaged or destroyed

307
Q

Explain the symptoms of celiac disease

A

Diarrhea, weight loss, weakness

308
Q

What is the treatment for celiac disease

A

No wheat or rye in diet

309
Q

Diverticulosis

A

Outward pouches form in the small intestine weakening the intestinal wall

310
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation of the small intestine

311
Q

What are the symptoms of diverticulitis

A

Abdominal pain

312
Q

What are the causes of diverticulitis

A

Lack of dietary fiber

313
Q

What is the treatment of diverticulitis

A

Antibiotics or surgical removal of inflamed parts

314
Q

Large intestine is called large because

A

It’s diameter is greater than the small intestine

315
Q

What is located at the distal end of the large intestine

A

At the distal end, the large intestine opens outside of the body through the anus

316
Q

Functions of the large intestine

A

-Absorbs some water and electrolytes
-Reabsorbs and recycles water and digestive secretions
-forms and stores feces

317
Q

Absorbs majority of water

A

Small intestine

318
Q

Parts of large intestine

A

Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal

319
Q

Cecum

A

Pouch forms beginning of large intestine

320
Q

Appendix

A

Attached to cecum
Contains lymphatic tissue

321
Q

Colon

A

Ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid

322
Q

Rectum

A

Extends from sigmoid colon to anal canal

323
Q

Anal canal

A

Last 2.5-4 cm of large intestine; opens to outside as anus.
Internal and external sphincters line anus

324
Q

Sigmoid colon in shape of

A

S

325
Q

Parts of large intestine in order

A

1.Cecum
2.ascending colon
3.transverse colon
4.descending colon
5. Sigmoid colon
6. Rectum
7.anus

326
Q

Flexure

A

Turn

327
Q

Hepatic flexure

A

Right colic.
Right turn of large intestine

328
Q

Left colic

A

Splenic flexure,
Left turn of large intestine

329
Q

Appendix

A

Where small intestine and large intestine meet. Pinky-like structure.
Doesn’t have any digestive function to it . Has lots of lymphatic tissue

330
Q

Functions of large intestine

A

-Has little digestive function
-absorbs water and electrolytes
-contains glands that secrete mucus only significant secretion
- houses intestinal flora
-makes feces

331
Q

Function of large intestinal flora

A

Break down cellulose, produce vitamins K, B12, thiamine

332
Q

Cellulose

A

Insoluble fiber..found in bread

333
Q

Movements of large intestine are similar to

A

Movements of small intestine. Slower and less frequent

334
Q

Types of movements in large intestine

A

Mixing and peristalsis

335
Q

Peristalsis in large intestine occurs how many times

A

2-3 times a day

336
Q

Peristaltic waves produce

A

Strong mass movements, which usually follow meals

337
Q

Defecation reflex

A

Relaxes the internal and external anal sphincter

338
Q

Components of feces

A

Water (75%)
Electrolytes
Mucus
Bacteria
Bile pigments(provide color after bacterial alteration)

339
Q

inflammatory bowel disease

A

Ulcerative colitis
Crohn’s disease

340
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

Affects mucosa and submucosa of large intestine; causes bloody diarrhea and cramps

341
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

More serious; affects all layers and occurs in both small and large intestines; causes diarrhea and pain

342
Q

Colorectal cancer

A

Cancer inside of large intestine or rectum
Fourth most common cancer in US

343
Q

Colorectal cancer

A

Cancer inside of large intestine or rectum
Fourth most common cancer in US

344
Q

Screening tests for colorectal cancer include

A

Fecal occult blood test and colonoscopy

345
Q

Polyps

A

Projection that could become cancer

346
Q

Slowing peristalsis may lead to

A

Heartburn

347
Q

When is cholecystokinin released?

A

When fat and proteins enter the small intestine

348
Q

What does CCK cause

A

Decrease GI motility
Release of bile from gallbladder

349
Q

What does CCK cause

A

Decrease GI motility

350
Q

Largest salivary glands are the

A

Parotid glands

351
Q

Glands located in floor of mouth

A

Submandibular glands

352
Q

Glands located in floor of mouth

A

Submandibular glands

353
Q

Trypsin is released as

A

released as inactive trypsinogen

354
Q

Trypsin is released as

A

released as inactive trypsinogen

355
Q

What activates trypsinogen into trypsin

A

Enterokinase

356
Q

Bile pigments are derived from

A

Hemoglobin breakdown

357
Q

Bile pigments are derived from

A

Hemoglobin breakdown

358
Q

Cystic duct joins with

A

Common hepatic duct

359
Q

Chief cells secrete which substances

A

Pepsinogen and gastric lipase

360
Q

Parietal cells secrete

A

HCL and intrinsic factor

361
Q

Gastric cells secrete

A

Gastrin and somatostatin

362
Q

Mucosal cells secrete

A

Mucus

363
Q

Types of cells in gastric wall

A

Chief cells
Parietal cells
Gastric cells
Mucosal cells

Bio 211 (9 decks)

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