Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
Digestion
A
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that cell membranes can absorb
2
Q
Mechanical digestion
A
Breaks down large particles into smaller ones but does not change chemical composition
3
Q
Chemical digestion
A
Breaks down food particles by changing them into simpler chemicals
4
Q
Functions of organs of the digestive system
A
Ingestion
propulsion
absorption and
defecation
5
Q
The digestive system consists of the _________ canal and the ___________organs
A
The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and accessory organs
6
Q
Things we can make thanks to digestion
A
Proteins
DNA
New cells
7
Q
Two forms of metabolism
A
Catabolism
Anabolism
8
Q
Catabolism
A
Breakdown
9
Q
Anabolism
A
Build up
10
Q
Anabolism
A
Build up
11
Q
Alimentary canal
A
Organs that extend from the mouth to the anus; the food passageway
12
Q
Accessory organs
A
Consists of organs that empty secretions into the alimentary canal; food does not pass through them
13
Q
Two portions of the digestive system
A
The alimentary canal and the accessory organs
14
Q
Pathway of food
A
1.Mouth
2. Esophagus
3. Stomach
4.Small intestine
5. Large intestine
6. Out
15
Q
First digestive accessory organ
A
Liver
16
Q
Underneath liver
A
Gallbladder
17
Q
Accessory organs of digestive system
A
-salivary glands
-liver
-gallbladder
-pancreas
-appendix
18
Q
Small intestine is longer than
A
Small intestine is longer than large intestine
19
Q
Four layers of alimentary canal
A
- Mucosa
2.Submucosa - Muscularis
- Serosa
20
Q
Mucosa
A
Innermost layer, mucous membrane
21
Q
Submucosa
A
Nourishes cells, transports absorbed food molecules
22
Q
Muscularis
A
Muscle tissue moves tube and food materials
23
Q
Serosa
A
Outermost layer; serous fluid eliminates friction
24
Q
Which layer of the alimentary canal had blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
A
Submucosa
25
Composition of mucosa layer
Epithelium, connective tissue, smooth muscle
26
Composition of muscularis
Smooth muscle cells in singular and longitudinal groups
27
Serosa composition
Epithelium, connective tissue
28
Serosa composition
Epithelium, connective tissue
29
Function of mucosa layer
Protection, secretion and absorption
30
Function of submucosa layer
Nourishes surrounding tissues, transports absorbed materials
31
Function of muscularis
Movements of the tube and its contents
32
Functions of serosa
Protection, lubrication
33
Villi
Hair like projections on the surface of the alimentary canal. Help with absorption
34
Lacteals location
In villi
35
Lacteals
Help absorb fat
36
Types of movements in the alimentary canal
Mixing movements and propelling movements
37
Mixing movements
-Muscle in small sections contracts rhythmically
- Does not move materials in one direction
38
Segmentation is a type of
Mixing movement
39
Propelling movements
-Moves materials in one direction
- peristalsis: ring of contraction progresses down tube; propels food particles down the tract
40
Peristalsis
Ring of contraction progresses down tube; propels food particles down the tract
41
Chyme
Processed food in stomach. Watery substance
42
Movement that occurs through esophagus and small and large intestine
Peristalsis
43
Mixing movement occurs in the
Stomach
44
Bolus
Ball of chewed up food from the mouth to the stomach
45
Branches of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system extensively innervate the
Alimentary canal
46
Submucosal plexus
Controls secretions
47
Myenteric plexus
Controls gastrointestinal motility
48
Autonomic control of digestive activity parasympathetic impulses
Increase activities of digestive system (secretion and motility)
49
Autonomic control of digestive activity sympathetic impulses
Inhibit digestive actions secretion and motility
50
Where does digestion start?
In the mouth
51
Mouth
First part of alimentary canal ingests food,
mastication takes place here
Chemical digestion and mechanical digestion
52
Mastication
Mechanical breakdown of solid particles mixes them with saliva
53
Hardest structures in the body
Teeth
54
Sympathetic impulses may increase
Storage of food
55
Deciduous teeth
20
Teeth that fall out
56
Secondary permanent teeth
32
57
Pulp
Nerve and blood within teeth
58
Enamel
Has 2 layers.
Outer layer can be fixed . Inside layer cannot be fixed
59
Root
Root canal: root gets infected so it's rotting and dying. Root is removed. Hurts because tissue around it is still living
60
Salivary glands
Secrete saliva
Moistens food particles and brings them together. Has enzymes and bicarbonate ions.
61
Enzymes
Begin chemical digestion of carbohydrates
62
Bicarbonate ions
Keep pH favorable for enzyme activity and protect teeth from acidic foods
63
Three pairs of major salivary glands
Parotid glands submandibular glands sublingual glands
64
Bicarbonate ions
Regulate pH
65
Parotid
In front of ear
66
Submandibular glands
Below the mandible
67
Sublingual glands
Below the tongue
68
Parotid glands
-Largest in the body
-anterior/ inferior to the ear -saliva contains amylase
69
Submandibular glands
-Serous fluid some mucus
-floor of mouth
70
Sublingual glands
Under tongue
Mainly mucous glands
(Most viscous)
71
Clear watery serous fluid rich in salivary amylase
Parotid glands
72
Some Serous fluid with some mucus more viscous than parotid glands
Submandibular glands
73
Some Serous fluid with some mucus more viscous than parotid glands
Submandibular glands
74
Primarily thick stringy mucus
Sublingual glands
75
Ducts pass through the buccinator muscles and enter the mouth opposite the second upper molars
Parotid glands
76
Ducts open inferior to the tongue near the frenulum
Submandibular glands
77
Many separate ducts
Sublingual glands
78
Amylase
Enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates
Breaks down amylose
79
-Ose
Sugar
80
Tongue pushes food into
Pharynx
81
Esophagus
A muscular food passageway from the pharynx to the stomach
82
Esophageal hiatus
The esophagus penetrates the diaphragm through the esophageal hiatus
83
The esophagus contains mucus glands in
Submucosa layer
84
Lower esophageal cardiac sphincter regulates food passage into
Stomach
85
Hiatal hernia
Portion of stomach protrudes through weakened esophageal hiatus into thorax
86
Effects of a hiatal hernia
Reflux, heartburn, difficulty swallowing, ulceration because of gastric juices in the esophagus
87
Cardiac sphincter location
Where esophagus and stomach meet
88
Stomach
J shaped pouch like organ
Has rugae
89
Stomach location
Inferior to the diaphragm in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity
90
Rugae
Folds of mucosa and submucosa that allow for distension
91
stomach functions
1. Receives food from the esophagus
2 mixes food with gastric juice
3. initiates protein digestion 4.has limited absorption 5.moves food into the small intestine
92
Mucus in stomach function
Protects stomach from damaging itself
93
Fundus
Top part of stomach that is curved. Looks like fetal head
94
Body of stomach
Middle part of stomach
95
Pylorus of stomach
Pointy part of bottom
Imagine where the feet would touch the stomach
96
4 parts of stomach
1.cardia
2.Fundus
3.body
4. Pylorus
97
Pyloric sphincter
Between stomach and duodenum
98
Gastric glands contain three types of secretory cells which produce a mixture called
Gastric juice
99
Pepsinogen
Inactive form of pepsin secreted by Chief cells
100
Pepsin
Active enzyme that breaks down proteins into polypeptides.forms from pepsinogen in the presence of hydrochloric acid
101
How is pepsinogen activated
Pepsinogen is activated when it comes into contact with hydrochloric acid
102
Gastric lipase
Fat splitting enzyme found in small quantities. action inhibited by low ph
103
What inhibits the action of gastric lipase
It is inhibited by low pH
104
Hydrochloric acid
Produced by parietal cells converts pepsinogen into pepsin
105
Which cells secrete pepsinogen
Chief cells secrete pepsinogen
106
What kind of cells produce hydrochloric acid
Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid
107
What kind of cells secrete mucus
Mucosal cells secrete mucus
108
Mucus
Provide lubrication and protects the stomach lining
109
Intrinsic factor is produced by which cells
Intrinsic factor is produced by parietal cells
110
Intrinsic factor
Required for the absorption of vitamin B12
111
-Ogen
Inactive form
112
Source of b12
Red meats
113
Gastric lipase comes from which cells
Chief
114
Gastric juice is produced
Gastric juice is produced continuously
115
What controls the rate of production of gastric juice
Neural and hormonal control
116
Somatostatin
Inhibits hydrochloric acid secretion
117
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Released by small intestine cells when proteins and fat enter the small intestine decreases gastric motility
118
Gastrin
Increases gastric juice secretion
119
Gastrin
Increases gastric juice secretion
120
CCK also stimulates which action from gall bladder
Release of bile
121
Describe the steps of regulation of gastric secretions
1. Impulses conducted by the parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fiber in vagus nerve
2. Parasympathetic postganglionic impulses stimulate the release of gastric juice from gastric glands
3. Impulses stimulate the release of gastrin into the bloodstream
4. Gastrin stimulates glands to release more gastric juice
122
Why is absorption in the stomach limited
The wall of the stomach is not well adapted to absorb digestive products.
Gastric enzyme pepsin begins breaking down proteins
123
What does the stomach absorb
-Some Water
-certain salts
- certain lipid-soluble drugs
- some alcohol
124
How is chyme produced in the stomach
The mixing of food in the stomach with gastric juice produces a semifluid paste called chyme
125
Peristaltic waves push chyme towards the __________ of the stomach
Peristaltic waves push chyme towards the pylorus of the stomach
Small amount of chyme is transported through pyloric sphincter at a time
126
Pyloric sphincter relaxes and
Allows chyme to enter the duodenum in small amounts at a time
127
Duodenum
1st part of small intestine
128
What causes heartburn
Eating a lot of food too quickly.it takes 20 minutes for the hypothalamus to sense full stomach. Excess fullness leads to abdominal pain and gastric reflux
129
Esophagitis
Stomach contents in the esophagus cause inflammation. Heartburn
130
Gastralgia
Stomach pain
131
Pancreas function in digestive system
Secretes digestive fluid called pancreatic juice into small intestine.
Secretes insulin and glucagon in the endocrine system
132
Pancreatic duct
Along with the common bile duct from the liver and gallbladder. empties into the duodenum of the small intestine
133
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
Pancreatic duct and common bile duct join at the dilated tube called the Hepatopancreatic ampulla
134
Hepatopancreatic sphincter
Surrounds ampulla. controls movement of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum
135
Ampulla
Opening
136
Location of the pancreas
The pancreas has a large head that fits into the curvature of the duodenum the tail of the pancreas lies against the spleen
137
Pancreatic juice
Contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates fats proteins and nucleic acids
138
Pancreatic amylase
Splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides
139
Pancreatic lipase
Breaks down triglycerides
140
Trypsin
Digest proteins.
released as inactive trypsinogen which is activated by enterokinase in the small intestine
141
Chymotrypsin
Digest proteins.
released as inactive. activated by trypsin
142
Carboxypeptidase
-Digests proteins
-released as inactive -activated by trypsin
143
Digest nucleic acids
Nucleases
144
Bicarbonate ions
Make pancreatic juice alkaline.
buffer stomach acid
145
What activates trypsin in the small intestine
Enterokinase in the small intestine activates trypsinogen
146
What things does the pancreas break down
4 macromolecules and it regulates pH
Carbohydrates
fats
proteins
nucleic acids
Regulates PH
147
Nucleic acids
DNA
148
Regulation of Pancreatic secretion
1. Acid chyme enters the duodenum
2. Intestinal mucosa releases secretin into the bloodstream
3. Secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions
4. Pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions passes down pancreatic ducts into the duodenum
5. Bicarbonate ions neutralize acid chyme
149
Largest internal organ
Liver
150
Location of the liver
Upper right abdominal quadrant just beneath the diaphragm
151
Appearance of the liver
Reddish brown organ. Well supplied with blood vessels
Liver is hard
152
How many lobes does the liver have
4
153
Right lobe
Largest
154
Left lobe
Smaller than the right lobe
155
Quadrate lobe
Minor lobe, near gallbladder
156
Caudate lobe
Minor lobe, near inferior vena cava
157
Ligament function
Attach liver to diaphragm
158
Liver functions
1.Carbohydrate metabolism
2.Lipid metabolism
3.Protein metabolism
4.Storage
5.blood filtering
6. Detoxification
7. Secretion
159
Secretion function of liver
Produces and secretes bile
160
Detoxification function of liver
Removes toxins from blood
161
Blood filtering of liver
Removes damaged RBCs and foreign substances by phagocytosis
162
Storage function of liver
Stores glycogen, vitamins a, d, B12, iron and blood
163
Explain carbohydrate metabolism of the liver
1.Polymerizes glucose to glycogen
2. breaks down glycogen to glucose
3.converts non-carbohydrates to glucose
164
Explain lipid metabolism of the liver
1.Oxidizes fatty acids 2.synthesizes lipoproteins phospholipids and cholesterol
3.converts excess portions of carbohydrate molecules into fat molecules
165
Explain protein metabolism function of the liver
-Deaminates amino acids -forms urea
- synthesizes plasma proteins convert certain amino acids into other amino acids
166
Regeneration of the liver
The liver is required to maintain life. it can be regenerated if 25 to 30% of it is healthy
167
What happens if cancer spreads to the liver
Life can continue only weeks or months
168
Donor can donate part of
Liver as regeneration can occur
169
ELAD
Temporarily perform blood cleansing functions of the liver until the liver becomes available
Patients blood plasma pass through the ELAD we're toxins are removed and liver secretions are added then plasma is return to the patient
170
Bile
Yellowish green liquid that hepatic cells continuously secrete
171
Components of bile
Water and bile salts
Bile pigments, cholesterol, electrolytes
172
Bile salts
Produced from cholesterol, emulsify fats only bile component that have digestive function
173
Bile salts are produced from
Cholesterol
174
Bile salts function
Emulsify fats
175
Bile pigments
Bilirubin
Biliverdin
Derived from hemoglobin breakdown
176
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver
Many types vary and severity
most common cause is one of several types of viruses
Some people have symptoms some do not
177
Hepatitis c
Accounts for half of all known cases of hepatitis
178
Viral hepatitis
Antibiotics are not effective against viral hepatitis
179
Some forms of hepatitis are
Blood borne
Others can be transmitted by contact with food body fluids or objects contaminated with feces that contain the virus
180
Most common cause of hepatitis
Virus
181
HEP B
Viruses
182
Jaundice
Yellowish skin, sclera and mucous membranes due to bile pigments
183
Obstructive jaundice
Blocked bile ducts gallstones or tumors
184
Hepatocellular jaundice
Liver disease cirrhosis or hepatitis
185
Hemolytic jaundice
Red blood cells destroyed too rapidly, improper blood transfusion or infections, malaria
186
Infantile jaundice
Can be corrected by tanning bed
187
Gallbladder
Pear-shaped sac on inferior surface of liver.
stores and concentrates bile
188
Common bile duct
Cystic duct from gallbladder joins with common hepatic duct from liver to form common bile duct
189
Bile duct empties into the
Duodenum via the
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
190
Hepatopancreatic sphincter
Regulates release of bile into the duodenum
191
Cystic duct
From gall bladder
192
Common hepatic duct
From liver
193
Gallbladder regular function
Gallbladder normally concentrates bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol
194
How are gallstones formed
Cholesterol precipitates to form solid crystals that enlarge and form gallstones
195
Causes of gallstones
1.Excess bile concentration, 2.too much cholesterol secretion by liver,
3.or inflammation of the gallbladder
196
High fat causes release of
Bile. Bile emulsifies fat
197
Regulation of bile release
The hormone cck cholecystokinin causes the gallbladder to contract in response to fats entering the duodenum. The bile is then released into the duodenum
198
Fatty chyme enters duodenum and stimulates
CCK
199
CCK stimulates
Gallbladder to release bile
200
Important hormones of digestive tract
Gastrin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin
Somatostatin
201
Describe the function of gastrin
Increases secretory activity of gastric glands
202
Describe the function of intestinal gastrin
Increases secretory activity of gastric glands
203
Describe the function of somatostatin
Inhibits the secretion of acid by parietal cells
204
Describe the function of somatostatin
Inhibits the secretion of acid by parietal cells
205
Describe the function of cholecystokinin
Decreases secretory activity of gastric glands and inhibits gastric motility. Stimulates pancreas to secrete fluid with a high digestive enzyme concentration. Stimulates gallbladder to contract and release bile
206
Describe the function of cholecystokinin
Decreases secretory activity of gastric glands and inhibits gastric motility. Stimulates pancreas to secrete fluid with a high digestive enzyme concentration. Stimulates gallbladder to contract and release bile
207
Secretin function
Stimulates pancreas to secrete fluid with a high bicarbonate ion concentration
208
What is the source of gastrin
Gastric cells in response to food
209
What is the source of intestinal gastrin
Cells of the small intestine in response to chyme
210
What is the source of somatostatin
Gastric cells
211
What is the source of intestinal somatostatin
Intestinal wall cells in response to fats
212
What is the source of cholecystokinin
Intestinal wall cells in response to proteins and fats in the small intestine
213
What is the source of cholecystokinin
Intestinal wall cells in response to proteins and fats in the small intestine
214
What is the source of secretin
Cells in the duodenal wall in response to acidic chyme entering the small intestine
215
What is the source of secretin
Cells in the duodenal wall in response to acidic chyme entering the small intestine
216
Hormone from stomach and small intestine stimulates gastric juice
Gastrin
217
Stimulates pancreas and gallbladder , stomach
Cck
218
Slows down secretion of acid by parietal cells
Somatostatin
219
Comes from the stomach and slows down secretion of acid
SS
220
Emulsification
Break up large fat globules into smaller droplets and aid fat digestion by increasing surface area accessible to the enzyme lipase
221
Chylomicrons (absorbed by lacteals)
Formed by bile salts to enhance absorption of fatty acids and cholesterol
222
Bile salts function in regards to vitamins
Help absorb fat soluble vitamins ADEK
223
What happens to bile salts after usage
Almost all bile salts are recycled
224
fatty acids and bile salts form
Chylomicrons
225
Describe the symptoms of gallbladder disease
Pain in right upper abdominal quadrant, back and right shoulder, perhaps nausea and sweating
226
Tests to observe the gallbladder
Ultrasonography of the bladder or an x-ray called a cholecystogram
227
In which locations can you find gallstones
Gallbladder ,
cystic duct ,
hepatic ducts,
common bile duct
228
Cholecystectomy
Surgical removal of the gallbladder
229
Endoscopy use for gallbladder
Find stones or remove them from certain areas
230
Cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
Pain
231
Small intestine
Tubular organ that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine
232
Which organ fills most of the abdominal cavity
The small intestine
233
What does the small intestine receive
Chyme from stomach and liver and pancreatic secretions
234
What completes digestion of the nutrients in chyme
The small intestine
235
Organ responsible for absorbing the products of digestion
Small intestine
236
Which organ transports the remaining residue to the large intestine
Small intestine
237
Describe the functions of the small intestine
1.Receives chyme from stomach, liver and pancreatic secretions 2.completes digestion of nutrients in chyme
3. absorbs products of digestion
4. transports remaining residue to the large intestine
238
What are the parts of the small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
239
Duodenum
Shortest and most fixed portion of the small intestine
240
Jejunum
Middle portion, thicker and more active than ileum
241
Jejunum
Middle portion, thicker and more active than ileum
242
Ileum
Distal portion, contains Peyer's patches
243
Peyer's patches
Lymph nodules in the small intestine
244
Mesentery
Transports blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves to the wall of the intestine
245
Double layered fold of the peritoneum suspends the jejunum and ileum
Mesentery
246
Greater omentum
Double fold of the peritoneum, drapes down from stomach over large intestine and folds of small intestine
247
The greater omentum is very high in
Lymphatics
Looks like fat
248
Long active part of small intestine
Jejunum
249
Greater omentum helps stop
Infections
250
Greater omentum helps stop
Infections
251
Villi
Tiny projections of the mucosa. greatly increase the surface area for absorption of digestive end products
252
Each villus consists of
Simple columnar epithelium with a core of connective tissue with blood vessels, a lacteal and nerve fibers
253
Microvilli
Free surfaces of epithelial cells which also increase surface area for absorption
254
Intestinal glands/ crypts of lieberkuhn
Located between bases of villi
255
Plicae circulares
Circular folds of mucosa which also increase surface area in the small intestine
256
On the villi there are
Microvilli
257
Mesentery connects the
Jejunum and ileum
258
Greater omentum description
Drapes over front
259
Brunner's glands
Secrete a thick alkaline mucus in response to certain stimuli
260
Intestinal glands
Secretes a watery fluid that picks up digestion products and transports them into villi contains no digestive enzymes
261
Enzymes in membranes of the microvilli
Peptidase sucrase maltase lactase lipase
262
Peptidase
Break down peptides into amino acids
263
Sucrase maltase lactase
Breakdown disaccharides into monosaccharides
264
Lipase
Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. fatty acids are broken down into chylomicrons
265
Chylomicrons
Fatty acids are broken down into chylomicrons
266
Salivary amylase
Carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starch and glycogen to disaccharides
267
Pepsin digestive action
begins protein digestion
268
Gastric lipase
Begins butterfat digestion
269
Pepsin and gastric lipase come from which glands
The gastric glands
270
The pancreas produces which enzymes
Pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsin chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase,
Nucleases
271
Pancreatic amylase digestive action
Breaks down starch and glycogen into disaccharides
272
Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Pancreatic lipase
273
Trypsin and chymotrypsin digestive action
Breaks down proteins or partially digested proteins into peptides
274
Carboxypeptidase digestive action
Breaks down peptides into amino acids
275
Nuclease digestive action
Breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides
276
Intestinal enzymes
Peptidase
Sucrase Maltase lactase
intestinal lipase enterokinase
277
Source of intestinal enzymes
Mucosal cells
278
Peptidase
Breaks down peptides into amino acids
279
Sucrase, maltase, lactase
Breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides
280
Intestinal lipase
Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
281
Enterokinase
Converts trypsinogen into trypsin
282
Monosaccharides absorption mechanism
Facilitated diffusion and active transport
283
How are monosaccharides circulated
Blood in capillaries
284
How are amino acids absorbed
Active transport
285
How are amino acids circulated
Blood in capillaries
286
How are fatty acids and glycerol absorbed
-Most are resynthesized into fats and incorporated in chylomicrons
-some fatty acids with short carbon chains are absorbed without being changed back into fats
287
How are chylomicrons circulated
Lymph in lacteals
288
How are unchanged fatty acids circulated in blood
Blood in capillaries
289
How are electrolytes absorbed
Diffusion and active transport
290
How are electrolytes circulated in the body
Blood in capillaries
291
How is water absorbed
Osmosis
292
How is water circulated throughout the body
Blood in capillaries
293
Osmosis
Movement of water through a membrane. Does not require energy
294
Diffusion
Movement of a substance from higher concentration to lower concentration. Does not require energy
295
Facilitated diffusion
Uses protein channel
296
Active transport
Requires energy
297
Wave-like pushing movements that propel chyme in proper direction down the small intestine
Peristalsis
298
Ring like contractions that move chyme back and forth mixing movement
Segmentation
299
Part of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates mixing and peristaltic movements
Parasympathetic impulses
300
Part of the autonomic nervous system that inhibits mixing and peristaltic movements
Sympathetic impulses
301
Diarrhea cause
Small intestine becomes over distended or irritated causing a strong peristaltic Rush
302
Ileocecal sphincter
Joins ileum of small intestine to cecum of large intestine and helps regulate flow of chyme
303
Overdistension of small intestine occurs during
Blockage
304
Majority of water is absorbed in
Small intestine
305
Celiac disease
Inability to digest gluten wheat and rye
306
Explain the cause of celiac disease
Microvilli damaged or destroyed
307
Explain the symptoms of celiac disease
Diarrhea, weight loss, weakness
308
What is the treatment for celiac disease
No wheat or rye in diet
309
Diverticulosis
Outward pouches form in the small intestine weakening the intestinal wall
310
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of the small intestine
311
What are the symptoms of diverticulitis
Abdominal pain
312
What are the causes of diverticulitis
Lack of dietary fiber
313
What is the treatment of diverticulitis
Antibiotics or surgical removal of inflamed parts
314
Large intestine is called large because
It's diameter is greater than the small intestine
315
What is located at the distal end of the large intestine
At the distal end, the large intestine opens outside of the body through the anus
316
Functions of the large intestine
-Absorbs some water and electrolytes
-Reabsorbs and recycles water and digestive secretions
-forms and stores feces
317
Absorbs majority of water
Small intestine
318
Parts of large intestine
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal
319
Cecum
Pouch forms beginning of large intestine
320
Appendix
Attached to cecum
Contains lymphatic tissue
321
Colon
Ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid
322
Rectum
Extends from sigmoid colon to anal canal
323
Anal canal
Last 2.5-4 cm of large intestine; opens to outside as anus.
Internal and external sphincters line anus
324
Sigmoid colon in shape of
S
325
Parts of large intestine in order
1.Cecum
2.ascending colon
3.transverse colon
4.descending colon
5. Sigmoid colon
6. Rectum
7.anus
326
Flexure
Turn
327
Hepatic flexure
Right colic.
Right turn of large intestine
328
Left colic
Splenic flexure,
Left turn of large intestine
329
Appendix
Where small intestine and large intestine meet. Pinky-like structure.
Doesn't have any digestive function to it . Has lots of lymphatic tissue
330
Functions of large intestine
-Has little digestive function
-absorbs water and electrolytes
-contains glands that secrete mucus only significant secretion
- houses intestinal flora
-makes feces
331
Function of large intestinal flora
Break down cellulose, produce vitamins K, B12, thiamine
332
Cellulose
Insoluble fiber..found in bread
333
Movements of large intestine are similar to
Movements of small intestine. Slower and less frequent
334
Types of movements in large intestine
Mixing and peristalsis
335
Peristalsis in large intestine occurs how many times
2-3 times a day
336
Peristaltic waves produce
Strong mass movements, which usually follow meals
337
Defecation reflex
Relaxes the internal and external anal sphincter
338
Components of feces
Water (75%)
Electrolytes
Mucus
Bacteria
Bile pigments(provide color after bacterial alteration)
339
inflammatory bowel disease
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn's disease
340
Ulcerative colitis
Affects mucosa and submucosa of large intestine; causes bloody diarrhea and cramps
341
Crohn's disease
More serious; affects all layers and occurs in both small and large intestines; causes diarrhea and pain
342
Colorectal cancer
Cancer inside of large intestine or rectum
Fourth most common cancer in US
343
Colorectal cancer
Cancer inside of large intestine or rectum
Fourth most common cancer in US
344
Screening tests for colorectal cancer include
Fecal occult blood test and colonoscopy
345
Polyps
Projection that could become cancer
346
Slowing peristalsis may lead to
Heartburn
347
When is cholecystokinin released?
When fat and proteins enter the small intestine
348
What does CCK cause
Decrease GI motility
Release of bile from gallbladder
349
What does CCK cause
Decrease GI motility
350
Largest salivary glands are the
Parotid glands
351
Glands located in floor of mouth
Submandibular glands
352
Glands located in floor of mouth
Submandibular glands
353
Trypsin is released as
released as inactive trypsinogen
354
Trypsin is released as
released as inactive trypsinogen
355
What activates trypsinogen into trypsin
Enterokinase
356
Bile pigments are derived from
Hemoglobin breakdown
357
Bile pigments are derived from
Hemoglobin breakdown
358
Cystic duct joins with
Common hepatic duct
359
Chief cells secrete which substances
Pepsinogen and gastric lipase
360
Parietal cells secrete
HCL and intrinsic factor
361
Gastric cells secrete
Gastrin and somatostatin
362
Mucosal cells secrete
Mucus
363
Types of cells in gastric wall
Chief cells
Parietal cells
Gastric cells
Mucosal cells
