Blood Flashcards
Blood is a type of
Connective tissue suspended in a liquid matrix
Importance of blood
1.Transports vital substances
2.Maintains stability of interstitial fluid
3.Distributes heat
Blood volume
Amount of blood varies with body size, changes in fluid concentration, changes in electrolyte concentration and amount of adipose tissue
Blood is about 8% of body weight
Adult blood volume is about
5 L
Erythrocytes
Rbcs
Leukocytes
White blood cells
Thrombocytes
Cell fragments, platelets
Transports O2& hormones
Blood
Plasma
Liquid portion of blood
Universal precautions in the hospital
Wear gloves,
dispose of sharps appropriately,
and wash your hands
Biconcave disc shape
RBCs
One third of RBC is hemoglobin of the following types
Oxyhemoglobin with O2
Deoxyhemoglobin without O2
Which blood cells lack nuclei and mitochondria?
RBCS
Which blood cells cannot divide?
RBCs
Which blood cells can produce ATP through glycolysis
RBCs
Protein that allows RBCs to carry O2?
Hemoglobin
RBCs only have a nucleus when?
They’re very young
Red blood cells are created in
Red bone marrow
RBCs go to ____ to die
Spleen
Erythropoiesis
RBC formation
Occurs in red bone marrow
What triggers erythropoiesis?
Low O2 causes the kidneys and liver to release EPO (erythropoietin) which stimulates RBC production
-controlled by negative feedback
-within a few days, many RBC appear in the blood
What kind of feedback mechanism controls erythropoiesis?
Negative feedback mechanism
Anemia
Lower level of healthy red blood cells
Which feedback mechanism maintains homeostasis
Negative feedback mechanisms
Vitamin B12 function
DNA synthesis
Source of vitamin B12
Absorbed from small intestine
What causes vitamin B12 deficiency
Damage to stomach lining
Function of iron
Hemoglobin synthesis
Source of iron in the body
Absorbed from small intestine
Conserved during red blood cell destruction
Made available for reuse
Folic acid source
Absorbed from small intestine
Function of folic acid
DNA synthesis
Nutritional requirements greater in women.
Vitamin C increases absorption rates
Iron
Grains/cereals fortified because of role in DNA synthesis and neural tube development of fetus
Folic acid
B12 comes from
Red meats
In pregnant women, folic acid helps with
Brain development
Anemia definition
Condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is reduced due to the deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin
Anemia definition
Condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is reduced due to the deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin
Aplastic Anemia
Caused by: toxic chemicals, radiation
Defect: damaged bone marrow
Hemolytic anemia
Caused by: toxic chemicals
Defect: red blood cells destroyed
Iron deficiency anemia
Cause: dietary lack of iron
Effect: hemoglobin deficiency
Pernicious anemia
Cause: inability to absorb vitamin B12
Defect: Excess of large, fragile cells
Sickle cell disease
Cause: defective gene
Defect: red blood cells that are abnormally shaped
Thalassemia
Cause: defective gene
Defect: Hemoglobin deficiency, RBCs short lived
Function of folic acid in pregnant women
Brain development
Why is sickle cell anemia dangerous?
Can’t carry oxygen effectively
Recessive gene disorder
Microcytosis
Abnormal number of small RBCs
Hypochromia
Reduced hemoglobin
Anisocytosis
Excessive inequality of size of RBCs
Poikilocytosis
Abnormal or large RBCs
Cyanosis
Blue or purple coloration of skin due to low O2
Life cycle of a RBC
- Small intestine absorbs nutrients
2.Blood transports absorbed nutrients - RBCs are produced in the red bone marrow
- RBCs circulate in the bloodstream for about 120 days
5.macrophages phagocytize and break down old RBCs - Hepatocytes break down hemoglobin
- Iron is recycled via the bloodstream. Biliverdin and bilirubin are secreted in the bile.
- Bile is secreted into the small intestine
Function of WBCs
Protect against disease
Where are WBCs produced?
In the red bone marrow
Which hormones control the production of WBCs
Interleukins and colony stimulating factors
Granulocytes
Have granular cytoplasm and short life spans
Types of granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranulocytes
Do not have noticeable granules
Types of Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
WBC responsible for inflammation
Basophil
WBC responsible for phagocytosis
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Blood Cell responsible for gas transportation
Erythrocyte
Responsible for clotting and inflammation
Platelets
WBC responsible for adaptive immunity
Lymphocyte
WBCs responsible for second line of defense
Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Myeloid stem cells can differentiate into
Platelets
Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Neutrophils
-first to arrive
-elevated in bacterial infections
Normal percentage of neutrophils
54-62% of leukocytes
Small light purple granules in acid base stain
Lobed nucleus
Strong phagocytes
Neutrophils
Which WB cells have the greatest percentage?
Neutrophils
Course granules
Stain deep red in acid stain
Bi-lobed nucleus
Moderate allergic reactions
Eosinophils
Eosinophils percentage range
1-3%
Eosinophils
Elevated in parasitic worm infestations and allergic reactions
Defend against parasitic worms
Eosinophils
Which blood cells moderate allergic reactions and defend against parasites?
Eosinophils
Large granules;
Stain deep blue in basic stain
Basophils
Function of basophils
Release histamine to stimulate inflammation
Release heparin to stop blood from clotting
Percentage of basophils
Less than 1% of leukocytes
Heparin
Stops blood from clotting
Histamine
Stimulate inflammation
Normal percentage of basophils
Less than 1%
Monocytes
Largest of the WBCs
Spherical, kidney shaped, oval or lobed nuclei
Leave bloodstream to become macrophages
Phagocytize bacteria
Dead cells
And debris
Normal percentage of monocytes
3-9%
Types of lymphocytes
T CELLS AND B cells
T cells
Release toxin that destroys the pathogen
T cells directly attack
Pathogens and tumor cells
Function of B cells
Produce antibodies
Normal percentage of lymphocytes
25-33%
Antibodies
Y shaped Proteins that attach to pathogen and inactivate pathogen so it can be found in the spleen
Diapedesis
White blood cells can squeeze between the cells of a capillary wall and leave the blood vessel, then migrate to the infection site
Phagocytosis
Engulfing and digestion of pathogens; neutrophils and monocytes are most mobile and active phagocytes
Inflammatory response
Reaction that restricts spread of infection; promoted by basophils, by secretion of heparin and histamine. Involves swelling and increased capillary permeability
Positive chemotaxis
Attraction of WBCs to an infection site, by chemicals released by damaged cells
Special feature: Bacterial infection
Neutrophils
Typical WBC count
3500-10500
Leukocytosis
High WBC count
+> 10500
What causes leukocytosis
Acute infection,
Vigorous exercise,
Great loss of body fluids
Leukopenia
Low WBC count -< 3500
Causes of leukopenia
Typhoid fever,
Flu,
Measles,
Mumps,
Chicken pox,
AIDS,
polio,
Anemia,
Differential WBC count
Lists percentages of types of leukocytes
Neutrophils increase during
Bacterial infections
Helper T cells decrease in
HIV infection
Leukemia
Cancer of white blood cells
Acute leukemia
Symptoms appear suddenly & progresses rapidly
Chronic leukemia
Begins more slowly, may remain undetected for months or years
Lymphoid leukemia
Cancer of lymphocytes produced in lymph nodes
Myeloid leukemia
Cancer of granulocytes produced in red bone marrow
Symptoms of leukemia
Excessive WBCs
Fatigue
Headache
Nosebleeds
Fever
Respiratory infections
Bone pain
Bruising
Slow blood clotting
Treatments for leukemia
1.Chemo
2.Drugs that target enzymes specific to cancer cells, bone marrow or stem cells transplants, refining diagnosis
Platelets
Lack a nucleus
Thrombocytes
Half the size of RBC
Normal platelet count
150,000-350,000
Function of platelets
Hemostasis:stoppage of bleeding in damaged blood vessels by sticking to broken surfaces
- Release serotonin which causes broken blood vessels to contract
Plasma
clear straw colored liquid portion of blood
Percentage of blood volume of plasma
55%
Percentage of water in plasma
92%
Function of plasma
Helps regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and maintain pH
Plasma proteins
Most abundant dissolved substances in plasma
Plasma proteins
Most abundant dissolved substances in plasma
Percentage of Albumins
60% of plasma
Origin of albumins
Liver
Function of albumins
Help maintain colloid osmotic pressure
Fibrinogen percentage
4%
Origin of fibrinogen
Liver
Fibrinogen function
Plays a key role in blood coagulation
Most important blood gasses
Oxygen
CO2
Plasma nutrients
1.Amino acids
2. Simple sugars
3. Nucleotides
4. Lipids:
-triglycerides
-phospholipids
-cholesterol
Broken down proteins
Amino acids
Broken down DNA
Nucleotides
NPNs
Molecules that contain nitrogen but are not proteins
Urea:
Product of protein catabolism; about 50% of NPNs
Uric acid
Product of nucleic acid catabolism
Amino acids
Product of protein digestion
Creatine
Stores energy in phosphate bonds; regenerates ATP in muscles
Creatinine
Product of creatine metabolism
BUN
Blood urea nitrogen;
Indicates health of kidney.
If too high kidney is not excreting urea in normal quantity, due to impaired renal function
Electrolytes
Ionize in water
Absorbed from the intestine or released as byproducts of cellular metabolism
Most important electrolytes
Na, K
Most abundant electrolytes
Na, Cl
Electrolytes found in blood plasma
Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, HCO3, PO4, SO4
Hemostasis
Refers to the stoppage of bleeding
Actions that limit or prevent blood loss include
-vascular spasm
-platelet plug
-blood coagulation
Most effective in small vessel injuries
Vascular spasm
Smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts rapidly
Function of vascular spasm
Slows blood loss very quickly and ends of vessel may close completely
What triggers vascular spasm
Stimulation of the blood vessel wall, pain receptor reflexes
Platelet plug formation trigger
Triggered by exposure of platelets to collagen
Platelets adhere to rough surface to form a plug
How is a platelet plug formed?
- Break in the vessel
- Blood escapes through leak
- Platelets adhere to each other, to the end of broken vessel and to exposed collagen
4.platelet plug helps control blood loss
Blood coagulation
Most effective mechanism of hemostasis
How is blood coagulation initiated?
Extrinsic or intrinsic clotting mechanisms
Vitamin K is necessary for the function of some of the clotting factors
What is the main event of blood coagulation?
Conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble threads of fibrin, which traps blood cells
FIBRINOGEN TO FIBRIN
Extrinsic clotting mechanism
Triggered by blood coming in contact with tissues outside of blood vessels
How does the extrinsic clotting mechanism occur?
1.Damaged tissues release tissue thromboplastin, which is not found in blood
2.Thrombin converts fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads
3.Fibrin threads stick to damaged blood vessel surfaces and trap blood cells and platelets. This mass is a blood clot.
Why is clotting a positive feedback mechanism
Once clotting begins, it promotes additional clotting
Damaged tissues outside the blood vessels release
Thromboplastin
Ca2+?
What converts fibrinogen to fibrin?
Thrombin
Extrinsic and intrinsic clotting mechanisms are both which type of mechanism
Positive feedback mechanisms
Intrinsic clotting mechanism
Can start without tissue damage.
Activated when blood comes into contact with a foreign substance, such as collagen
What activates the intrinsic clotting mechanism
Hageman factor XII
Found inside blood
Extrinsic triggered by
Thromboplastin
Small clots disappear
Naturally
Plasmin
Enzyme that digests fibrin threads and dissolves the blood clot
Thrombus
Abnormal blood clot that forms in a blood vessel
Embolus
Blood clot moving through the blood vessels
Thrombosis
A blood clot in a vessel supplying a vital organ like the brain or heart
Infarction
Death of tissues which blocked blood vessels due to blood clot formation
Embolism
Blood clot that travels and then blocks a vessel in an organ
Atherosclerosis
Accumulation of fat in the arterial linings that can sometimes cause abnormal clot formation. A common form of thrombosis
tPA
Tissue plasminogen activator.
Restore coronary or cerebral circulation
Given within 4 hours of onset heart attack
Clot busting drugs
Streptokinase
Urokinase
Hirudomedicinalis- medicinal leech. Secretes hirudin, a powerful anticoagulant
Antigen
Any molecule that evokes an immune response
If the immune system finds a foreign antigen in the body it produces _______ against the antigen
Antibodies
Antibodies
Proteins that react against a specific antigen
In an incompatible blood transfusion, donor red blood cells evoke an immune response in the recipient and _______ in the recipient’s plasma agglutinate to the donor rbcs
Antibodies
Agglutination
Clumping of the RBCs which occurs when an antibody (in the recipients plasma) encounters its specific antigen (on the donor’s RBCs)
Antibodies made by
B Leukocytes
ABO blood group
Based on the presence or absence of two major antigens on the red blood cell membranes: antigen A and B
Antigens A &B are
Carbohydrates
A person produces antibodies against antigens that are ____ _______ in his or her RBC membranes
Not present
A blood has ____ antigens
A
Blood type A makes antibodies against
B
Blood type B makes ____ antigens
B
Blood type B produces which antibodies
Anti-A
Blood type AB has which antigens
AB
Blood type AB produces which antibodies
Neither anti A nor anti B
Blood type O produces which antigens
Neither A nor B
Blood type O produces which antibodies
Both Anti A and Anti B
Which is the universal donor and why?
Type O lacks A&B antigens so type O red blood cells can be donated to a person with any blood type.
Only the red blood cells are donated since plasma contains antibodies
Which type is the universal recipient and why
Type A B blood lacks both anti-a and anti-b antibodies so a type AB person can receive donor red blood cells of any type
Rh positive
Presence of antigen-D or other Rh antigens on RBC membranes
Rh negative
Lack of Rh antigens on RBC membranes
Anti-Rh antibodies form only in
Rh-negative individuals in response to the presence of red blood cells with Rh antigens
85% of the population are Rh___
+
erythroblastosis fetalis
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
RhoGAM is given to mom so her immune system is not activated
If you have positive blood you can receive
+ or - because
+&+= Doesn’t cause antibodies to attack because same antigen
+&-= the negative RBCs don’t have antigens so there won’t be immune reaction
If you have negative blood you can receive
Negative blood
RhoGAM
Drug given to mom to prevent immune reaction to baby different blood
Explain RH and compatibility
1.Rh negative female with Rh positive fetus
- Rh positive fetus blood may enter the female’s bloodstream during childbirth
3.Female body makes Rh positive antibodies.
- In the next Rh positive pregnancy maternal antibodies attack fetal red blood cells
