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Bio 211 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Blood is a type of

A

Connective tissue suspended in a liquid matrix

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2
Q

Importance of blood

A

1.Transports vital substances

2.Maintains stability of interstitial fluid

3.Distributes heat

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3
Q

Blood volume

A

Amount of blood varies with body size, changes in fluid concentration, changes in electrolyte concentration and amount of adipose tissue

Blood is about 8% of body weight

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4
Q

Adult blood volume is about

A

5 L

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5
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Rbcs

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6
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

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7
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Cell fragments, platelets

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8
Q

Transports O2& hormones

A

Blood

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9
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid portion of blood

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10
Q

Universal precautions in the hospital

A

Wear gloves,
dispose of sharps appropriately,
and wash your hands

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11
Q

Biconcave disc shape

A

RBCs

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12
Q

One third of RBC is hemoglobin of the following types

A

Oxyhemoglobin with O2
Deoxyhemoglobin without O2

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13
Q

Which blood cells lack nuclei and mitochondria?

A

RBCS

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14
Q

Which blood cells cannot divide?

A

RBCs

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15
Q

Which blood cells can produce ATP through glycolysis

A

RBCs

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16
Q

Protein that allows RBCs to carry O2?

A

Hemoglobin

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17
Q

RBCs only have a nucleus when?

A

They’re very young

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18
Q

Red blood cells are created in

A

Red bone marrow

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19
Q

RBCs go to ____ to die

A

Spleen

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20
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

RBC formation
Occurs in red bone marrow

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21
Q

What triggers erythropoiesis?

A

Low O2 causes the kidneys and liver to release EPO (erythropoietin) which stimulates RBC production

-controlled by negative feedback

-within a few days, many RBC appear in the blood

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22
Q

What kind of feedback mechanism controls erythropoiesis?

A

Negative feedback mechanism

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23
Q

Anemia

A

Lower level of healthy red blood cells

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24
Q

Which feedback mechanism maintains homeostasis

A

Negative feedback mechanisms

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25
Q

Vitamin B12 function

A

DNA synthesis

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26
Q

Source of vitamin B12

A

Absorbed from small intestine

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27
Q

What causes vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Damage to stomach lining

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28
Q

Function of iron

A

Hemoglobin synthesis

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29
Q

Source of iron in the body

A

Absorbed from small intestine
Conserved during red blood cell destruction
Made available for reuse

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30
Q

Folic acid source

A

Absorbed from small intestine

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31
Q

Function of folic acid

A

DNA synthesis

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32
Q

Nutritional requirements greater in women.
Vitamin C increases absorption rates

A

Iron

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33
Q

Grains/cereals fortified because of role in DNA synthesis and neural tube development of fetus

A

Folic acid

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34
Q

B12 comes from

A

Red meats

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35
Q

In pregnant women, folic acid helps with

A

Brain development

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36
Q

Anemia definition

A

Condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is reduced due to the deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin

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37
Q

Anemia definition

A

Condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is reduced due to the deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin

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38
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

Caused by: toxic chemicals, radiation

Defect: damaged bone marrow

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39
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

Caused by: toxic chemicals

Defect: red blood cells destroyed

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40
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

Cause: dietary lack of iron

Effect: hemoglobin deficiency

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41
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Cause: inability to absorb vitamin B12

Defect: Excess of large, fragile cells

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42
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

Cause: defective gene

Defect: red blood cells that are abnormally shaped

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43
Q

Thalassemia

A

Cause: defective gene

Defect: Hemoglobin deficiency, RBCs short lived

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44
Q

Function of folic acid in pregnant women

A

Brain development

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45
Q

Why is sickle cell anemia dangerous?

A

Can’t carry oxygen effectively

Recessive gene disorder

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46
Q

Microcytosis

A

Abnormal number of small RBCs

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47
Q

Hypochromia

A

Reduced hemoglobin

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48
Q

Anisocytosis

A

Excessive inequality of size of RBCs

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49
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Abnormal or large RBCs

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50
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blue or purple coloration of skin due to low O2

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51
Q

Life cycle of a RBC

A
  1. Small intestine absorbs nutrients
    2.Blood transports absorbed nutrients
  2. RBCs are produced in the red bone marrow
  3. RBCs circulate in the bloodstream for about 120 days
    5.macrophages phagocytize and break down old RBCs
  4. Hepatocytes break down hemoglobin
  5. Iron is recycled via the bloodstream. Biliverdin and bilirubin are secreted in the bile.
  6. Bile is secreted into the small intestine
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52
Q

Function of WBCs

A

Protect against disease

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53
Q

Where are WBCs produced?

A

In the red bone marrow

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54
Q

Which hormones control the production of WBCs

A

Interleukins and colony stimulating factors

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55
Q

Granulocytes

A

Have granular cytoplasm and short life spans

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56
Q

Types of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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57
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Do not have noticeable granules

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58
Q

Types of Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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59
Q

WBC responsible for inflammation

A

Basophil

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60
Q

WBC responsible for phagocytosis

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes

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61
Q

Blood Cell responsible for gas transportation

A

Erythrocyte

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62
Q

Responsible for clotting and inflammation

A

Platelets

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63
Q

WBC responsible for adaptive immunity

A

Lymphocyte

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64
Q

WBCs responsible for second line of defense

A

Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes

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65
Q

Myeloid stem cells can differentiate into

A

Platelets
Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes

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66
Q

Neutrophils

A

-first to arrive
-elevated in bacterial infections

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67
Q

Normal percentage of neutrophils

A

54-62% of leukocytes

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68
Q

Small light purple granules in acid base stain
Lobed nucleus
Strong phagocytes

A

Neutrophils

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69
Q

Which WB cells have the greatest percentage?

A

Neutrophils

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70
Q

Course granules
Stain deep red in acid stain
Bi-lobed nucleus
Moderate allergic reactions

A

Eosinophils

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71
Q

Eosinophils percentage range

A

1-3%

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72
Q

Eosinophils

A

Elevated in parasitic worm infestations and allergic reactions

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73
Q

Defend against parasitic worms

A

Eosinophils

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74
Q

Which blood cells moderate allergic reactions and defend against parasites?

A

Eosinophils

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75
Q

Large granules;
Stain deep blue in basic stain

A

Basophils

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76
Q

Function of basophils

A

Release histamine to stimulate inflammation

Release heparin to stop blood from clotting

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77
Q

Percentage of basophils

A

Less than 1% of leukocytes

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78
Q

Heparin

A

Stops blood from clotting

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79
Q

Histamine

A

Stimulate inflammation

80
Q

Normal percentage of basophils

A

Less than 1%

81
Q

Monocytes

A

Largest of the WBCs
Spherical, kidney shaped, oval or lobed nuclei

Leave bloodstream to become macrophages

Phagocytize bacteria
Dead cells
And debris

82
Q

Normal percentage of monocytes

A

3-9%

83
Q

Types of lymphocytes

A

T CELLS AND B cells

84
Q

T cells

A

Release toxin that destroys the pathogen

85
Q

T cells directly attack

A

Pathogens and tumor cells

86
Q

Function of B cells

A

Produce antibodies

87
Q

Normal percentage of lymphocytes

A

25-33%

88
Q

Antibodies

A

Y shaped Proteins that attach to pathogen and inactivate pathogen so it can be found in the spleen

89
Q

Diapedesis

A

White blood cells can squeeze between the cells of a capillary wall and leave the blood vessel, then migrate to the infection site

90
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulfing and digestion of pathogens; neutrophils and monocytes are most mobile and active phagocytes

91
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Reaction that restricts spread of infection; promoted by basophils, by secretion of heparin and histamine. Involves swelling and increased capillary permeability

92
Q

Positive chemotaxis

A

Attraction of WBCs to an infection site, by chemicals released by damaged cells

93
Q

Special feature: Bacterial infection

A

Neutrophils

94
Q

Typical WBC count

A

3500-10500

95
Q

Leukocytosis

A

High WBC count
+> 10500

96
Q

What causes leukocytosis

A

Acute infection,
Vigorous exercise,
Great loss of body fluids

97
Q

Leukopenia

A

Low WBC count -< 3500

98
Q

Causes of leukopenia

A

Typhoid fever,
Flu,
Measles,
Mumps,
Chicken pox,
AIDS,
polio,
Anemia,

99
Q

Differential WBC count

A

Lists percentages of types of leukocytes

100
Q

Neutrophils increase during

A

Bacterial infections

101
Q

Helper T cells decrease in

A

HIV infection

102
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancer of white blood cells

103
Q

Acute leukemia

A

Symptoms appear suddenly & progresses rapidly

104
Q

Chronic leukemia

A

Begins more slowly, may remain undetected for months or years

105
Q

Lymphoid leukemia

A

Cancer of lymphocytes produced in lymph nodes

106
Q

Myeloid leukemia

A

Cancer of granulocytes produced in red bone marrow

107
Q

Symptoms of leukemia

A

Excessive WBCs
Fatigue
Headache
Nosebleeds
Fever
Respiratory infections
Bone pain
Bruising
Slow blood clotting

108
Q

Treatments for leukemia

A

1.Chemo
2.Drugs that target enzymes specific to cancer cells, bone marrow or stem cells transplants, refining diagnosis

109
Q

Platelets

A

Lack a nucleus
Thrombocytes
Half the size of RBC

110
Q

Normal platelet count

A

150,000-350,000

111
Q

Function of platelets

A

Hemostasis:stoppage of bleeding in damaged blood vessels by sticking to broken surfaces

  1. Release serotonin which causes broken blood vessels to contract
112
Q

Plasma

A

clear straw colored liquid portion of blood

113
Q

Percentage of blood volume of plasma

A

55%

114
Q

Percentage of water in plasma

A

92%

115
Q

Function of plasma

A

Helps regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and maintain pH

116
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Most abundant dissolved substances in plasma

117
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Most abundant dissolved substances in plasma

118
Q

Percentage of Albumins

A

60% of plasma

119
Q

Origin of albumins

A

Liver

120
Q

Function of albumins

A

Help maintain colloid osmotic pressure

121
Q

Fibrinogen percentage

A

4%

122
Q

Origin of fibrinogen

A

Liver

123
Q

Fibrinogen function

A

Plays a key role in blood coagulation

124
Q

Most important blood gasses

A

Oxygen
CO2

125
Q

Plasma nutrients

A

1.Amino acids
2. Simple sugars
3. Nucleotides
4. Lipids:
-triglycerides
-phospholipids
-cholesterol

126
Q

Broken down proteins

A

Amino acids

127
Q

Broken down DNA

A

Nucleotides

128
Q

NPNs

A

Molecules that contain nitrogen but are not proteins

129
Q

Urea:

A

Product of protein catabolism; about 50% of NPNs

130
Q

Uric acid

A

Product of nucleic acid catabolism

131
Q

Amino acids

A

Product of protein digestion

132
Q

Creatine

A

Stores energy in phosphate bonds; regenerates ATP in muscles

133
Q

Creatinine

A

Product of creatine metabolism

134
Q

BUN

A

Blood urea nitrogen;
Indicates health of kidney.

If too high kidney is not excreting urea in normal quantity, due to impaired renal function

135
Q

Electrolytes

A

Ionize in water
Absorbed from the intestine or released as byproducts of cellular metabolism

136
Q

Most important electrolytes

A

Na, K

137
Q

Most abundant electrolytes

A

Na, Cl

138
Q

Electrolytes found in blood plasma

A

Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, HCO3, PO4, SO4

139
Q

Hemostasis

A

Refers to the stoppage of bleeding

140
Q

Actions that limit or prevent blood loss include

A

-vascular spasm
-platelet plug
-blood coagulation

Most effective in small vessel injuries

141
Q

Vascular spasm

A

Smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts rapidly

142
Q

Function of vascular spasm

A

Slows blood loss very quickly and ends of vessel may close completely

143
Q

What triggers vascular spasm

A

Stimulation of the blood vessel wall, pain receptor reflexes

144
Q

Platelet plug formation trigger

A

Triggered by exposure of platelets to collagen

Platelets adhere to rough surface to form a plug

145
Q

How is a platelet plug formed?

A
  1. Break in the vessel
  2. Blood escapes through leak
  3. Platelets adhere to each other, to the end of broken vessel and to exposed collagen

4.platelet plug helps control blood loss

146
Q

Blood coagulation

A

Most effective mechanism of hemostasis

147
Q

How is blood coagulation initiated?

A

Extrinsic or intrinsic clotting mechanisms

Vitamin K is necessary for the function of some of the clotting factors

148
Q

What is the main event of blood coagulation?

A

Conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble threads of fibrin, which traps blood cells

FIBRINOGEN TO FIBRIN

149
Q

Extrinsic clotting mechanism

A

Triggered by blood coming in contact with tissues outside of blood vessels

150
Q

How does the extrinsic clotting mechanism occur?

A

1.Damaged tissues release tissue thromboplastin, which is not found in blood
2.Thrombin converts fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads

3.Fibrin threads stick to damaged blood vessel surfaces and trap blood cells and platelets. This mass is a blood clot.

151
Q

Why is clotting a positive feedback mechanism

A

Once clotting begins, it promotes additional clotting

152
Q

Damaged tissues outside the blood vessels release

A

Thromboplastin

Ca2+?

153
Q

What converts fibrinogen to fibrin?

A

Thrombin

154
Q

Extrinsic and intrinsic clotting mechanisms are both which type of mechanism

A

Positive feedback mechanisms

155
Q

Intrinsic clotting mechanism

A

Can start without tissue damage.

Activated when blood comes into contact with a foreign substance, such as collagen

156
Q

What activates the intrinsic clotting mechanism

A

Hageman factor XII

Found inside blood

157
Q

Extrinsic triggered by

A

Thromboplastin

158
Q

Small clots disappear

A

Naturally

159
Q

Plasmin

A

Enzyme that digests fibrin threads and dissolves the blood clot

160
Q

Thrombus

A

Abnormal blood clot that forms in a blood vessel

161
Q

Embolus

A

Blood clot moving through the blood vessels

162
Q

Thrombosis

A

A blood clot in a vessel supplying a vital organ like the brain or heart

163
Q

Infarction

A

Death of tissues which blocked blood vessels due to blood clot formation

164
Q

Embolism

A

Blood clot that travels and then blocks a vessel in an organ

165
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Accumulation of fat in the arterial linings that can sometimes cause abnormal clot formation. A common form of thrombosis

166
Q

tPA

A

Tissue plasminogen activator.

Restore coronary or cerebral circulation

Given within 4 hours of onset heart attack

167
Q

Clot busting drugs

A

Streptokinase
Urokinase

Hirudomedicinalis- medicinal leech. Secretes hirudin, a powerful anticoagulant

168
Q

Antigen

A

Any molecule that evokes an immune response

169
Q

If the immune system finds a foreign antigen in the body it produces _______ against the antigen

A

Antibodies

170
Q

Antibodies

A

Proteins that react against a specific antigen

171
Q

In an incompatible blood transfusion, donor red blood cells evoke an immune response in the recipient and _______ in the recipient’s plasma agglutinate to the donor rbcs

A

Antibodies

172
Q

Agglutination

A

Clumping of the RBCs which occurs when an antibody (in the recipients plasma) encounters its specific antigen (on the donor’s RBCs)

173
Q

Antibodies made by

A

B Leukocytes

174
Q

ABO blood group

A

Based on the presence or absence of two major antigens on the red blood cell membranes: antigen A and B

175
Q

Antigens A &B are

A

Carbohydrates

176
Q

A person produces antibodies against antigens that are ____ _______ in his or her RBC membranes

A

Not present

177
Q

A blood has ____ antigens

A

A

178
Q

Blood type A makes antibodies against

A

B

179
Q

Blood type B makes ____ antigens

A

B

180
Q

Blood type B produces which antibodies

A

Anti-A

181
Q

Blood type AB has which antigens

A

AB

182
Q

Blood type AB produces which antibodies

A

Neither anti A nor anti B

183
Q

Blood type O produces which antigens

A

Neither A nor B

184
Q

Blood type O produces which antibodies

A

Both Anti A and Anti B

185
Q

Which is the universal donor and why?

A

Type O lacks A&B antigens so type O red blood cells can be donated to a person with any blood type.
Only the red blood cells are donated since plasma contains antibodies

186
Q

Which type is the universal recipient and why

A

Type A B blood lacks both anti-a and anti-b antibodies so a type AB person can receive donor red blood cells of any type

187
Q

Rh positive

A

Presence of antigen-D or other Rh antigens on RBC membranes

188
Q

Rh negative

A

Lack of Rh antigens on RBC membranes

189
Q

Anti-Rh antibodies form only in

A

Rh-negative individuals in response to the presence of red blood cells with Rh antigens

190
Q

85% of the population are Rh___

A

+

191
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

RhoGAM is given to mom so her immune system is not activated

192
Q

If you have positive blood you can receive

A

+ or - because

+&+= Doesn’t cause antibodies to attack because same antigen

+&-= the negative RBCs don’t have antigens so there won’t be immune reaction

193
Q

If you have negative blood you can receive

A

Negative blood

194
Q

RhoGAM

A

Drug given to mom to prevent immune reaction to baby different blood

195
Q

Explain RH and compatibility

A

1.Rh negative female with Rh positive fetus

  1. Rh positive fetus blood may enter the female’s bloodstream during childbirth

3.Female body makes Rh positive antibodies.

  1. In the next Rh positive pregnancy maternal antibodies attack fetal red blood cells

Bio 211 (9 decks)

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