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Bio 211 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Mitosis meiosis similarities

A

-Both are cell division

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2
Q

Mitosis

A

-Division of body cells (diploid cells)

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3
Q

Diploid cells

A

-Body cells
-2 pairs of every single chromosome

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4
Q

Meiosis

A

Division of sex cells (gametes)
-diploid cell divides twice and makes 4 haploid cells

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5
Q

Gametes

A

Division of sex cells

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6
Q

Haploid cells

A

Sex cells, gametes
-1 copy of each chromosome

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7
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are in human cells?

A

23 pairs

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8
Q

How many chromosomes in human cells

A

46 chromosomes

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9
Q

How many chromosomes in human cells

A

46 chromosomes

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10
Q

How many chromosomes in haploid cells?

A

23

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11
Q

Why do gametes have one set of each chromosome?

A

To combine genetic material of sperm and egg

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12
Q

A zygote is a type of

A

Diploid cell

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13
Q

Zygote forms when

A

Sperm enters egg

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14
Q

The 4 haploid cells made during meiosis are all

A

Different

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15
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

To increase genetic variation

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16
Q

Increases genetic variation

A

Meiosis

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17
Q

How does meiosis increase genetic variation?

A

Crossing over
(Happens during meiosis)
The DNA of both chromosomes combines

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18
Q

Created identical cells

A

Mitosis

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19
Q

Example of cells made by mitosis

A

Bone cells,
Muscle cells,
Brain cells

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20
Q

Reproduction of cells that creates variation?

A

Meiosis

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21
Q

Crossing over happens in

A

Meiosis

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22
Q

Scrotum

A

Sac around testes

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23
Q

Epididymis

A

-Above testes
-Where sperm mature

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24
Q

Ductus (Vas) deferens

A

Sperm travel
-gets cut during vasectomy

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25
Q

Seminal vesicle location and function

A

-Behind bladder
-at the end of ductus deferens,
-helps contribute semen

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26
Q

After seminal vesicle, sperm moves to

A

Prostate gland

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27
Q

After prostate gland is

A

Urethra

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28
Q

Urethra

A

-exit for semen and urine

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29
Q

Bulbourethral glands location

A

Below prostate and lateral to urethra

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30
Q

When do the testes fall?

A

Eighth gestational month

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31
Q

Where do the testes develop

A

Near a kidney

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32
Q

Inguinal canal

A

Testes descend through the inguinal canal to enter the scrotum

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33
Q

Gubernaculum

A

-is a connective tissue cord
-guides testes into scrotum as they drop down

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34
Q

Sac-like pouch that holds testes?

A

Scrotum

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35
Q

Types of cells in the testes

A

Seminiferous tubules
Interstitial cells

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36
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Where sperm is produced

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37
Q

Interstitial cells

A

Make testosterone

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38
Q

Cells of leydig

A

Interstitial cells

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39
Q

Makes sperm

A

Seminiferous tubules

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40
Q

Cells that make testosterone

A

Interstitial cells, cells of Leydig

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41
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Testes fail to drop

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42
Q

How can cryptoorchidism be corrected

A

Surgery

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43
Q

Sterile

A

Can’t have children

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44
Q

If cryptorchidism is not fixed, the male will become

A

Sterile

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45
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Making sperm cells

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46
Q

-genesis

A

Making

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47
Q

How do we make sperm and egg cells?

A

Meiosis

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48
Q

Oogenesis

A

Making egg cells

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49
Q

How many sperm does spermatogenesis make?

A

4

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50
Q

In females, how many cells made by oogenesis are viable?

A

1,
Other 3 aren’t good

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51
Q

Polar bodies

A

Unviable egg cells made by oogenesis that can’t develop

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52
Q

How many eggs are made by oogenesis

A

1

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53
Q

Males start making sperm when

A

They hit puberty

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54
Q

How long can men make sperm?

A

For the rest of their life

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55
Q

Why can’t women get pregnant when they’re older?

A

Because women are born with all the eggs they will have in their lifetime

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56
Q

Eggs are made before

A

The girl was born

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57
Q

When do women have high likelyhood of birth defects?

A

After age 35

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58
Q

Spermatogenesis starts with a _______ cell and makes ___ ______

A

A diploid cell
Makes 4 sperm

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59
Q

Oogenesis starts with , ends with

A

A diploid cell , 3 polar bodies and 1 viable egg

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60
Q

A sperm can survive for how long?

A

24-48 hrs

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61
Q

A sperm can survive for how long?

A

24-48 hrs

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62
Q

Tip of sperm is called

A

Acrosome

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63
Q

Parts of the head of sperm

A

Acrosome
Nucleus

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64
Q

Midpiece of sperm contains

A

Mitochondria

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65
Q

Acrosome

A

Tip of sperm that has enzymes to help penetrate the egg

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66
Q

Crossing over

A

-Mix up of genetic traits.
-One homologous chromosome comes from the father and one from the mother
-The genetic information in sperm cells and egg cells varies from cell to cell.

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67
Q

Crossing over happens in

A

Meiosis

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68
Q

Tightly coiled tubes connected to ducts within testis

A

Epididymis

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69
Q

Function of epididymes

A

Promote maturation of sperm cells

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70
Q

Connects to bladder from seminiferous tubules in the testes

A

Epididymis

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71
Q

After epididymis sperm goes to

A

Vas deferens

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72
Q

Seminal vesicles look like

A

Angry bird eyes

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73
Q

Vasa deferentia tubes made of?

A

Muscle, they are muscular tubes

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74
Q

Length of vasa deferentia

A

45 cm each

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75
Q

Vasa deferentia extends from

A

Epididymis to ejaculatory duct

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76
Q

What is cut during a vasectomy?

A

Vasa deferentia is cut and the ends are burned off, tied during vasectomy

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77
Q

Is semen inhibited during vasectomy?

A

No

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78
Q

Sperm can also mature at

A

Vas deferens

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79
Q

Seminal vesicles are attached to

A

Vas deferens near the base of the bladder

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80
Q

What do seminal vesicles secrete?

A

Alkaline fluid, fructose, prostaglandins

81
Q

Contents of the seminal vesicles empty into

A

Ejaculatory duct

82
Q

What makes sperm more basic?

A

Alkaline fluid of the seminal vesicles

83
Q

Why do the seminal vesicles secrete fructose?

A

To give nutrients to the sperm

84
Q

Prostate gland location

A

Surrounds proximal portion of the urethra

85
Q

Ducts of the prostate gland open into

A

The urethra

86
Q

What does the prostate gland secrete?

A

Thin, milky alkaline fluid

87
Q

What does the prostate gland secretion enhance?

A

Fluid mobility

88
Q

Composition of the prostate gland

A

-tubular glands in connective tissue
- has smooth muscle

89
Q

Structure that surrounds proximal urethra in the male

A

Prostate gland

90
Q

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

A

Prostate enlargement. Happens in most men over 50

91
Q

BPH symptom

A

Frequent urination

92
Q

Risk factors for prostate enlargement

A

1.Fatty diet
2. vasectomy
3. having a gene that causes breast cancer
4.exposure to certain environmental factors

93
Q

Treatment for a prostate enlargement

A
  1. Surgical removal
  2. Drugs
  3. insertion of a balloon into the urethra
    4.freezing of tumor
  4. Putting a stent between the lobes of the prostate to relieve pressure on urethra
94
Q

Benign

A

Not cancerous

95
Q

Bulbourethral gland location

A

Inferior to the prostate gland

96
Q

Function of the bulbourethral glands

A

Secrete mucus-like fluid in response to sexual stimulation

97
Q

Semen contents

A
  1. Sperm cells
  2. Prostaglandins
  3. Nutrients
98
Q

What things form the secretions of semen

A
  1. Seminal vesicles
  2. prostate gland 3.bulbourethral glands
99
Q

pH of semen

A

Slightly alkaline
7.5

100
Q

How many sperm cells per milliliter

A

120 million
Of those about 90 million are probably viable

101
Q

Feedback mechanism that controls sperm

A

Negative feedback

102
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Hormone-like substances

103
Q

Wrinkly sac around the testes

A

Scrotum

104
Q

Datos muscle

A

Smooth muscle in subcutaneous tissue, contracts to cause wrinkling of the scrotum

105
Q

Medial septum

A

Divides the scrotum into two Chambers

106
Q

The chambers of the scrotum are lined with

A

Serous membrane

107
Q

Each chamber of the scrotum houses

A

A testis and epididymis

108
Q

Pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue

A

Scrotum

109
Q

Penis

A

-Conveys urine and semen
-becomes erect for insertion into the vagina

110
Q

Urethra lets out

A

Urine and semen

111
Q

Corpus spongiosum of penis

A

Tissue that surrounds urethra

112
Q

What causes an Erection

A

-Parasympathetic impulses -blood accumulates in the erectile tissues

113
Q

Orgasm

A

-Culmination of sexual stimulation
-accompanied by emission and ejaculation

114
Q

Ejaculation

A

-Movement of semen out of urethra
-largely depends on sympathetic nerve impulses

115
Q

Emmission

A

Movement of semen into the urethra

116
Q

Why does the parasympathetic system cause erection?

A

Blood vessels are relaxed& dialated so that blood can flow to the penis

117
Q

Parasympathetic system releases

A

Nitric oxide

118
Q

Nitric oxide effects

A

-Dilation of small arteries to penis
-VASODILATOR

119
Q

Hypothalamus function in male reproduction

A

-controls maturation of sperm cells
-development of secondary sex characteristics

120
Q

What controls the concentration of testosterone?

A

-negative feedback among the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and testes

121
Q

Actions of testosterone

A

-increases growth of body hair
-sometimes decreases scalp hair growth
-enlargement of larynx and thickening of vocal cords
-thickening of skin
-increased muscular growth
-thickening and strengthening of bones

122
Q

Made in the interstitial cells of the testes

A

Testosterone

123
Q

Which cells make testosterone

A

Interstitial cells

124
Q

List 3 actions of testosterone on the male

A

-body hair
-deep voice
-enlargement of larynx
-increased muscular growth

125
Q

Cervix

A

Inferior opening of the uterus

126
Q

Oogenesis

A

Making eggs
-only one viable egg

127
Q

Differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis

A

Sperm are created after males go through puberty whereas, eggs are created before birth
- spermatogenesis makes 4 sperm whereas oogenesis makes one egg
-men can make sperm throughout the rest of their lives, women have a limited supply of eggs.

128
Q

Follicle maturation

A

Makes the egg drop

129
Q

Ovulation

A

After the egg has matured, where there’s high levels of LH make ovulation occur

130
Q

High levels of which hormone cause ovulation to occur?

A

LH

131
Q

Uterine tubes location

A

Connects ovaries to uterus, fallopian tubes

132
Q

Uterine tubes

A

-WHERE FERTILIZATION OCCURS
-conveys eggs toward the uterus

133
Q

Pathway of sperm in female body

A

-vagina
- cervix
- uterus
-Fallopian tube

134
Q

Where does fertilization happen?

A

In the uterine tube

135
Q

Parts of uterine wall

A

Lumen
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

136
Q

Endometriosis

A

Uterine lining growing in areas outside the uterus

137
Q

Endometriosis

A

Uterine lining growing in areas outside the uterus

138
Q

Egg should implant into

A

Uterine wall

139
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

Egg implants outside of uterus

140
Q

Uterine wall produces

A

Estrogen and progesterone

141
Q

Hollow muscular organ that receives the embryo that has been fertilized in the uterine tube

A

Uterus

142
Q

Implantation happens in

A

Uterine wall

143
Q

Vagina

A

Fibromuscular tube that conveys uterine secretions receives penis during intercourse and provides an open channel for offspring

144
Q

Produces oocytes and female sex hormones

A

Ovary

145
Q

Convey secondary oocyte toward the uterus
site of fertilization conveys developing embryo to uterus

A

Uterine tube

146
Q

Protects and sustains embryo during pregnancy

A

Uterus

147
Q

Enclose and protect other external reproductive organs

A

Labia majora

148
Q

Forms margins of vestibule protects openings of vagina and urethra

A

Labia minora

149
Q

Produces feelings of pleasure during sexual stimulation due to abundant sensory nerve endings in glans

A

Clitoris

150
Q

Space between labia minora that contains vaginal and urethral openings

A

Vestibule

151
Q

Secretes fluid that moistens and lubricates the vestibule

A

Vestibular glands

152
Q

Can the vagina expand and elongate?

A

Yes

153
Q

What do Estrogens do during most of the reproductive cycle?

A

Inhibit LH and FSH during most of the reproductive cycle

154
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone

A

Gets the egg ready to drop
Makes the egg get ready to ovulate

155
Q

Effects of estrogens

A

-development of breasts and ductal system of mammary glands
-increased fat in breast thighs and buttocks
-increases vascularization of skin

156
Q

How does the reproductive cycle start

A

The anterior pituitary gland secretes FSH and LH

157
Q

Stimulates the maturation of a follicle

A

FSH

158
Q

Steps of the female reproductive cycle

A
  1. anterior pituitary gland secretes FSH and LH
  2. FSH stimulates the maturation of a follicle
  3. Anterior pituitary gland releases surge of LH which stimulates ovulation
159
Q

When is female most likely to get pregnant

A

Ovulation

160
Q

Progesterone spikes after

A

Ovulation

161
Q

When does period start?

A

When progesterone drops

162
Q

Ovulation starts at which day?

A

Day 14

163
Q

HCG

A

Hormone detected during pregnancy found in urine test

164
Q

Which hormones are inhibited during pregnancy?

A

FSH and LH

165
Q

Which hormones never drop during pregnancy

A

Progesterone & estrogen

166
Q

Oxytocin

A

Released during birth,
Positive feedback
Makes uterus contract during birth

167
Q

Prolactin

A

Hormone for breast milk

168
Q

Aldosterone

A

Causes water retention during pregnancy

169
Q

At what age does menopause occur

A

Late forties early fifties

170
Q

What happens during menopause

A

-Reproductive cycles stop
-Ovaries don’t make as much estrogen and progesterone

171
Q

What can disappear during menopause

A

Some female secondary sex characteristics may disappear

172
Q

Symptoms of menopause

A

Hot flashes and fatigue

173
Q

What may prevent the effects on bone tissue of menopause

A

Hormone therapy

174
Q

How is menopause diagnosed

A

12 months without a menstrual cycle

175
Q

Female runs out of eggs or they are dry

A

Menopause

176
Q

The lack of estrogen and progesterone has what effect on Bones

A

The bones become fragile

177
Q

Mammary glands location

A

Subcutaneous tissue of the anterior thorax within the breasts

178
Q

Mammary glands are composed of

A

Lobes

179
Q

What stimulates breast development in females

A

Estrogens

180
Q

Coitus interruptus

A

Pulling out

181
Q

Rhythm method

A

Avoid having sex when you ovulate

182
Q

Mechanical barriers

A

-condom
-diaphragm
-cervical cap
-spermicidal foams or jellies

183
Q

When do you ovulate?

A

14 days before you start your period
However each woman is different
Rhythm method is unreliable , try to give or take 4 days

184
Q

Chemical barriers

A

Spermicide

185
Q

Oral contraceptive

A

Hormonal, estrogen, progesterone or both

186
Q

Injectable contraception

A

Hormonal

187
Q

Intrauterine devices

A

IUD
Put in by gynecologist, some can last for 5 years

188
Q

Surgical methods

A

-Vasectomy
-Tubal ligation

189
Q

Tubal ligation

A

Prevents ovulation. Cuts fallopian tubes.

190
Q

Herpes

A

Causes outbreaks and blisters

191
Q

Syphilis

A

Has no side effects in the genital area, effects are neurological

192
Q

The majority of STDS are

A

Bacterial and can be cured

193
Q

Which STDs cannot be cured?

A

Herpes
Warts
AIDS
They are viral

194
Q

Can STDs cause infertility?

A

Yes

195
Q

-Burning sensation during urination
-Pain in lower abdomen
-fever or swollen glands
-discharge from the vagina or penis
-pain, itch, or inflammation in the genital or anal area
-sores, blisters, bumps or rashes
-itchy runny eyes

A

Symptoms of STDs

196
Q

True or false STDs can be silent infections

A

True

197
Q

Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for ejaculation

A

Sympathetic impulses

198
Q

Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for ejaculation

A

Sympathetic impulses

Bio 211 (9 decks)

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