Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
Mitosis meiosis similarities
A
-Both are cell division
2
Q
Mitosis
A
-Division of body cells (diploid cells)
3
Q
Diploid cells
A
-Body cells
-2 pairs of every single chromosome
4
Q
Meiosis
A
Division of sex cells (gametes)
-diploid cell divides twice and makes 4 haploid cells
5
Q
Gametes
A
Division of sex cells
6
Q
Haploid cells
A
Sex cells, gametes
-1 copy of each chromosome
7
Q
How many pairs of chromosomes are in human cells?
A
23 pairs
8
Q
How many chromosomes in human cells
A
46 chromosomes
9
Q
How many chromosomes in human cells
A
46 chromosomes
10
Q
How many chromosomes in haploid cells?
A
23
11
Q
Why do gametes have one set of each chromosome?
A
To combine genetic material of sperm and egg
12
Q
A zygote is a type of
A
Diploid cell
13
Q
Zygote forms when
A
Sperm enters egg
14
Q
The 4 haploid cells made during meiosis are all
A
Different
15
Q
What is the purpose of meiosis?
A
To increase genetic variation
16
Q
Increases genetic variation
A
Meiosis
17
Q
How does meiosis increase genetic variation?
A
Crossing over
(Happens during meiosis)
The DNA of both chromosomes combines
18
Q
Created identical cells
A
Mitosis
19
Q
Example of cells made by mitosis
A
Bone cells,
Muscle cells,
Brain cells
20
Q
Reproduction of cells that creates variation?
A
Meiosis
21
Q
Crossing over happens in
A
Meiosis
22
Q
Scrotum
A
Sac around testes
23
Q
Epididymis
A
-Above testes
-Where sperm mature
24
Q
Ductus (Vas) deferens
A
Sperm travel
-gets cut during vasectomy
25
Seminal vesicle location and function
-Behind bladder
-at the end of ductus deferens,
-helps contribute semen
26
After seminal vesicle, sperm moves to
Prostate gland
27
After prostate gland is
Urethra
28
Urethra
-exit for semen and urine
29
Bulbourethral glands location
Below prostate and lateral to urethra
30
When do the testes fall?
Eighth gestational month
31
Where do the testes develop
Near a kidney
32
Inguinal canal
Testes descend through the inguinal canal to enter the scrotum
33
Gubernaculum
-is a connective tissue cord
-guides testes into scrotum as they drop down
34
Sac-like pouch that holds testes?
Scrotum
35
Types of cells in the testes
Seminiferous tubules
Interstitial cells
36
Seminiferous tubules
Where sperm is produced
37
Interstitial cells
Make testosterone
38
Cells of leydig
Interstitial cells
39
Makes sperm
Seminiferous tubules
40
Cells that make testosterone
Interstitial cells, cells of Leydig
41
Cryptorchidism
Testes fail to drop
42
How can cryptoorchidism be corrected
Surgery
43
Sterile
Can't have children
44
If cryptorchidism is not fixed, the male will become
Sterile
45
Spermatogenesis
Making sperm cells
46
-genesis
Making
47
How do we make sperm and egg cells?
Meiosis
48
Oogenesis
Making egg cells
49
How many sperm does spermatogenesis make?
4
50
In females, how many cells made by oogenesis are viable?
1,
Other 3 aren't good
51
Polar bodies
Unviable egg cells made by oogenesis that can't develop
52
How many eggs are made by oogenesis
1
53
Males start making sperm when
They hit puberty
54
How long can men make sperm?
For the rest of their life
55
Why can't women get pregnant when they're older?
Because women are born with all the eggs they will have in their lifetime
56
Eggs are made before
The girl was born
57
When do women have high likelyhood of birth defects?
After age 35
58
Spermatogenesis starts with a _______ cell and makes ___ ______
A diploid cell
Makes 4 sperm
59
Oogenesis starts with , ends with
A diploid cell , 3 polar bodies and 1 viable egg
60
A sperm can survive for how long?
24-48 hrs
61
A sperm can survive for how long?
24-48 hrs
62
Tip of sperm is called
Acrosome
63
Parts of the head of sperm
Acrosome
Nucleus
64
Midpiece of sperm contains
Mitochondria
65
Acrosome
Tip of sperm that has enzymes to help penetrate the egg
66
Crossing over
-Mix up of genetic traits.
-One homologous chromosome comes from the father and one from the mother
-The genetic information in sperm cells and egg cells varies from cell to cell.
67
Crossing over happens in
Meiosis
68
Tightly coiled tubes connected to ducts within testis
Epididymis
69
Function of epididymes
Promote maturation of sperm cells
70
Connects to bladder from seminiferous tubules in the testes
Epididymis
71
After epididymis sperm goes to
Vas deferens
72
Seminal vesicles look like
Angry bird eyes
73
Vasa deferentia tubes made of?
Muscle, they are muscular tubes
74
Length of vasa deferentia
45 cm each
75
Vasa deferentia extends from
Epididymis to ejaculatory duct
76
What is cut during a vasectomy?
Vasa deferentia is cut and the ends are burned off, tied during vasectomy
77
Is semen inhibited during vasectomy?
No
78
Sperm can also mature at
Vas deferens
79
Seminal vesicles are attached to
Vas deferens near the base of the bladder
80
What do seminal vesicles secrete?
Alkaline fluid, fructose, prostaglandins
81
Contents of the seminal vesicles empty into
Ejaculatory duct
82
What makes sperm more basic?
Alkaline fluid of the seminal vesicles
83
Why do the seminal vesicles secrete fructose?
To give nutrients to the sperm
84
Prostate gland location
Surrounds proximal portion of the urethra
85
Ducts of the prostate gland open into
The urethra
86
What does the prostate gland secrete?
Thin, milky alkaline fluid
87
What does the prostate gland secretion enhance?
Fluid mobility
88
Composition of the prostate gland
-tubular glands in connective tissue
- has smooth muscle
89
Structure that surrounds proximal urethra in the male
Prostate gland
90
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
Prostate enlargement. Happens in most men over 50
91
BPH symptom
Frequent urination
92
Risk factors for prostate enlargement
1.Fatty diet
2. vasectomy
3. having a gene that causes breast cancer
4.exposure to certain environmental factors
93
Treatment for a prostate enlargement
1. Surgical removal
2. Drugs
3. insertion of a balloon into the urethra
4.freezing of tumor
3. Putting a stent between the lobes of the prostate to relieve pressure on urethra
94
Benign
Not cancerous
95
Bulbourethral gland location
Inferior to the prostate gland
96
Function of the bulbourethral glands
Secrete mucus-like fluid in response to sexual stimulation
97
Semen contents
1. Sperm cells
2. Prostaglandins
3. Nutrients
98
What things form the secretions of semen
1. Seminal vesicles
2. prostate gland 3.bulbourethral glands
99
pH of semen
Slightly alkaline
7.5
100
How many sperm cells per milliliter
120 million
Of those about 90 million are probably viable
101
Feedback mechanism that controls sperm
Negative feedback
102
Prostaglandins
Hormone-like substances
103
Wrinkly sac around the testes
Scrotum
104
Datos muscle
Smooth muscle in subcutaneous tissue, contracts to cause wrinkling of the scrotum
105
Medial septum
Divides the scrotum into two Chambers
106
The chambers of the scrotum are lined with
Serous membrane
107
Each chamber of the scrotum houses
A testis and epididymis
108
Pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue
Scrotum
109
Penis
-Conveys urine and semen
-becomes erect for insertion into the vagina
110
Urethra lets out
Urine and semen
111
Corpus spongiosum of penis
Tissue that surrounds urethra
112
What causes an Erection
-Parasympathetic impulses -blood accumulates in the erectile tissues
113
Orgasm
-Culmination of sexual stimulation
-accompanied by emission and ejaculation
114
Ejaculation
-Movement of semen out of urethra
-largely depends on sympathetic nerve impulses
115
Emmission
Movement of semen into the urethra
116
Why does the parasympathetic system cause erection?
Blood vessels are relaxed& dialated so that blood can flow to the penis
117
Parasympathetic system releases
Nitric oxide
118
Nitric oxide effects
-Dilation of small arteries to penis
-VASODILATOR
119
Hypothalamus function in male reproduction
-controls maturation of sperm cells
-development of secondary sex characteristics
120
What controls the concentration of testosterone?
-negative feedback among the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and testes
121
Actions of testosterone
-increases growth of body hair
-sometimes decreases scalp hair growth
-enlargement of larynx and thickening of vocal cords
-thickening of skin
-increased muscular growth
-thickening and strengthening of bones
122
Made in the interstitial cells of the testes
Testosterone
123
Which cells make testosterone
Interstitial cells
124
List 3 actions of testosterone on the male
-body hair
-deep voice
-enlargement of larynx
-increased muscular growth
125
Cervix
Inferior opening of the uterus
126
Oogenesis
Making eggs
-only one viable egg
127
Differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis
Sperm are created after males go through puberty whereas, eggs are created before birth
- spermatogenesis makes 4 sperm whereas oogenesis makes one egg
-men can make sperm throughout the rest of their lives, women have a limited supply of eggs.
128
Follicle maturation
Makes the egg drop
129
Ovulation
After the egg has matured, where there's high levels of LH make ovulation occur
130
High levels of which hormone cause ovulation to occur?
LH
131
Uterine tubes location
Connects ovaries to uterus, fallopian tubes
132
Uterine tubes
-WHERE FERTILIZATION OCCURS
-conveys eggs toward the uterus
133
Pathway of sperm in female body
-vagina
- cervix
- uterus
-Fallopian tube
134
Where does fertilization happen?
In the uterine tube
135
Parts of uterine wall
Lumen
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium
136
Endometriosis
Uterine lining growing in areas outside the uterus
137
Endometriosis
Uterine lining growing in areas outside the uterus
138
Egg should implant into
Uterine wall
139
Ectopic pregnancy
Egg implants outside of uterus
140
Uterine wall produces
Estrogen and progesterone
141
Hollow muscular organ that receives the embryo that has been fertilized in the uterine tube
Uterus
142
Implantation happens in
Uterine wall
143
Vagina
Fibromuscular tube that conveys uterine secretions receives penis during intercourse and provides an open channel for offspring
144
Produces oocytes and female sex hormones
Ovary
145
Convey secondary oocyte toward the uterus
site of fertilization conveys developing embryo to uterus
Uterine tube
146
Protects and sustains embryo during pregnancy
Uterus
147
Enclose and protect other external reproductive organs
Labia majora
148
Forms margins of vestibule protects openings of vagina and urethra
Labia minora
149
Produces feelings of pleasure during sexual stimulation due to abundant sensory nerve endings in glans
Clitoris
150
Space between labia minora that contains vaginal and urethral openings
Vestibule
151
Secretes fluid that moistens and lubricates the vestibule
Vestibular glands
152
Can the vagina expand and elongate?
Yes
153
What do Estrogens do during most of the reproductive cycle?
Inhibit LH and FSH during most of the reproductive cycle
154
Follicle stimulating hormone
Gets the egg ready to drop
Makes the egg get ready to ovulate
155
Effects of estrogens
-development of breasts and ductal system of mammary glands
-increased fat in breast thighs and buttocks
-increases vascularization of skin
156
How does the reproductive cycle start
The anterior pituitary gland secretes FSH and LH
157
Stimulates the maturation of a follicle
FSH
158
Steps of the female reproductive cycle
1. anterior pituitary gland secretes FSH and LH
2. FSH stimulates the maturation of a follicle
3. Anterior pituitary gland releases surge of LH which stimulates ovulation
159
When is female most likely to get pregnant
Ovulation
160
Progesterone spikes after
Ovulation
161
When does period start?
When progesterone drops
162
Ovulation starts at which day?
Day 14
163
HCG
Hormone detected during pregnancy found in urine test
164
Which hormones are inhibited during pregnancy?
FSH and LH
165
Which hormones never drop during pregnancy
Progesterone & estrogen
166
Oxytocin
Released during birth,
Positive feedback
Makes uterus contract during birth
167
Prolactin
Hormone for breast milk
168
Aldosterone
Causes water retention during pregnancy
169
At what age does menopause occur
Late forties early fifties
170
What happens during menopause
-Reproductive cycles stop
-Ovaries don't make as much estrogen and progesterone
171
What can disappear during menopause
Some female secondary sex characteristics may disappear
172
Symptoms of menopause
Hot flashes and fatigue
173
What may prevent the effects on bone tissue of menopause
Hormone therapy
174
How is menopause diagnosed
12 months without a menstrual cycle
175
Female runs out of eggs or they are dry
Menopause
176
The lack of estrogen and progesterone has what effect on Bones
The bones become fragile
177
Mammary glands location
Subcutaneous tissue of the anterior thorax within the breasts
178
Mammary glands are composed of
Lobes
179
What stimulates breast development in females
Estrogens
180
Coitus interruptus
Pulling out
181
Rhythm method
Avoid having sex when you ovulate
182
Mechanical barriers
-condom
-diaphragm
-cervical cap
-spermicidal foams or jellies
183
When do you ovulate?
14 days before you start your period
However each woman is different
Rhythm method is unreliable , try to give or take 4 days
184
Chemical barriers
Spermicide
185
Oral contraceptive
Hormonal, estrogen, progesterone or both
186
Injectable contraception
Hormonal
187
Intrauterine devices
IUD
Put in by gynecologist, some can last for 5 years
188
Surgical methods
-Vasectomy
-Tubal ligation
189
Tubal ligation
Prevents ovulation. Cuts fallopian tubes.
190
Herpes
Causes outbreaks and blisters
191
Syphilis
Has no side effects in the genital area, effects are neurological
192
The majority of STDS are
Bacterial and can be cured
193
Which STDs cannot be cured?
Herpes
Warts
AIDS
They are viral
194
Can STDs cause infertility?
Yes
195
-Burning sensation during urination
-Pain in lower abdomen
-fever or swollen glands
-discharge from the vagina or penis
-pain, itch, or inflammation in the genital or anal area
-sores, blisters, bumps or rashes
-itchy runny eyes
Symptoms of STDs
196
True or false STDs can be silent infections
True
197
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for ejaculation
Sympathetic impulses
198
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for ejaculation
Sympathetic impulses
