Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
Endocrine system is all about
A
Communication: how your body can communicate with your body
2
Q
What does the body use to communicate?
A
Hormones are the language of the endocrine system
3
Q
Characteristics of endocrine glands
A
1.Ductless
2.Secrete hormones into
bloodstream
3. Endocrine means internal secretion
4. Hormones act only on target cells
4
Q
Types of glands that release hormones
A
Endocrine and exocrine
5
Q
Exocrine glands characteristics
A
-secrete into ducts or tubes that lead to a body surface
-secrete externally
6
Q
Glands that secrete messenger molecules
A
-paracrine secretions
-autocrine secretions
7
Q
Paracrine secretions
A
Affect nearby cells
8
Q
Autocrine secretions
A
Affect cells that secrete the substances
9
Q
Hormones act only on
A
Target cells
10
Q
Para-
A
Near
11
Q
Example of endocrine gland
A
Pituitary gland: releases hormone that travels through bloodstream and tells for example ovaries when to ovulate
12
Q
-Ductless
-Travel to blood to reach target cells
A
Endocrine
13
Q
-have ducts
-lead to body surface
A
Exocrine
14
Q
Act locally
A
Paracrine
15
Q
Affect only secreting cells themselves
A
Autocrine
16
Q
Both the nervous system and the endocrine system function in
A
Communication
17
Q
Both the nervous and endocrine systems communicate via
A
Chemicals that bind to receptor molecules
18
Q
Nervous system releases_____ into synapses
A
Neurotransmitters
19
Q
Nervous system releases_____ into synapses
A
Neurotransmitters
20
Q
Endocrine system secretes ____ into bloodstream
A
Hormones
21
Q
Why is the endocrine system precise?
A
Only target cells can respond to a specific hormone
22
Q
Target cells
A
Have particular receptors for the hormone. These receptors are not present in other cells
23
Q
Name the major endocrine glands
A
HPP TPAPO
1.Hypothalamus
2.Pituitary gland
3.Pineal gland
4.Thyroid gland
5.parathyroid
6. Adrenal glands
7. Pancreas
8. Ovary/testis
24
Q
Hormones are released into
A
Extracellular spaces around endocrine cells
25
Hormones diffuse into ____ for distribution around the body
Bloodstream
26
Three steps of cell signaling
1.Reception
2. Transduction
3. Response
27
Three steps of cell signaling
1.Reception
2. Transduction
3. Response
28
Reception
The signal molecule attaches to the cell. Steroid hormones go through the cell membrane
29
Transduction
The signal is translated by the cell. Secondary messengers are used here
30
Response
The cell responds to the signal.
31
Response
The cell responds to the signal.
32
During reception proteins don't ....
Go inside, but steroids do
33
2 types of hormones
Steroids
Non-steroids
34
Which hormones have poor water solubility?
steroid and thyroid hormones
35
Steroid hormones can diffuse through
Lipid bilayer of cell membranes
36
Why can steroids move through cell membranes?
They are lipid based. All steroids are produced from cholesterol
37
Lipids containing complex rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms
Steroids
38
Examples of steroids
Estrogen and testosterone
Cortisol and aldosterone
39
Examples of sex hormones
Testosterone and estrogens
40
Adrenal cortex hormones examples
Cortisol and aldosterone
41
Adrenal cortex hormones examples
Cortisol and aldosterone
42
Most hormones are
Non steroid hormones
43
Non steroid hormones cannot
Penetrate the lipid bilayer of cell membranes
44
Non steroid hormones cannot
Penetrate the lipid bilayer of cell membranes
45
How do non steroid hormones communicate?
Bind to receptors on the target cell membrane
46
Examples of non steroid hormones
1.Amines
2. Proteins
3.Peptides
4. Glycoproteins
47
Amines are derived from
Derived from tyrosine
(Epinephrine and norepinephrine)
48
Proteins
Composed of long chains of amino acids (growth hormone)
49
Peptides
Short chains of amino acids (oxytocin)
50
Glycoproteins
Carbohydrates joined to proteins (TSH)
51
cAMP
Secondary messenger
Adenosine monophosphate
Needed to activate protein kinases
52
Non steroids are
Proteins
53
How can steroids be abused?
-increase muscular strength
54
Harmful effects of steroids
1.Decrease natural testosterone production
2. Stunt growth
3. Breast development in males/ male sexual characteristics in females
4. Damage to kidneys, liver or heart, increase in LDL cholesterol, psychiatric problems
55
Growth hormone is misused to
1.Enlarge muscles
2.Used instead of or along with steroids
56
Growth hormone is used to
1.Enlarge muscles
2.Used instead of or along with steroids
57
Misuse of erythropoietin
Used to increase the number of red blood cells and oxygen delivery to muscles
2. Easier than blood doping
3. Can lead to heart attack and death
58
If you increase your steroid intake, eventually your body stops
making the steroids
59
Growth hormone can be prescribed by physicians to make you
Grow
60
Negative feedback
Helps maintain homeostasis
-rising level of a hormone leads to a decrease in hormone secretion
-moves away from the stimulus
61
In negative feedback mechanisms Hormone effects can be
Short-lived (a few minutes) or may last for days
62
In negative feedback mechanisms, hormone secretions are
Precisely regulated
63
In negative feedback mechanisms what happens to hormones after exerting their effects?
Hormones are excreted in the urine after exerting their effects
64
In negative feedback mechanisms Hormones can be broken down by
Enzymes from the liver to stop their effects
65
Prostaglandins are paracrine substances meaning that
They act locally
66
Prostaglandins characteristics
-paracrine substances
-regulate cellular responses to hormones
67
Prostaglandins functions
-Can activate or inhibit adenylate cyclase
-control cAMP production
-Alter a cell's response to hormones
68
Examples of effects controlled by prostaglandins
1. Contracting or relaxing smooth muscle
2.stimulating or inhibiting secretion, regulating blood pressure, controlling movement of H2O and Na+ in kidneys, promoting inflammation
69
Prostaglandins only act on
Neighboring cells
70
Example of prostaglandins in use
Infected liver cells release prostaglandins that tells neighboring liver cells that they are infected
71
What controls pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
72
Adenohypophysis
Anterior pituitary
73
Neurohypophysis
Posterior pituitary gland
74
What controls the anterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamic releasing hormones
75
Anterior pituitary gland is made of
Glandular epithelium
76
Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus stimulate which part of the pituitary gland?
Posterior pituitary gland
77
Posterior pituitary is made of
Nerve fibers and neuroglial cells
78
Hormones from hypothalamus control
Anterior pituitary gland
79
Anterior pituitary gland releases
GPT LAF
1. Growth hormone
2. Prolactin
3. Thyroid stimulating hormone
4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
5. Follicle stimulating hormone
6. Luteinizing hormone
80
Each anterior lobe hormone is released in response to a releasing hormone from the
Hypothalamus
81
Growth hormone
Helps you grow,
Helps long bones grow
Tells cells when to divide
82
Prolactin
Can be released in males or females
-lact
Promotes milk production in females
83
Prolactin
Can be released in males or females
-lact
Promotes milk production in females
84
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Stimulates thyroid to work
-thyroid helps control metabolism
85
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Adreno-adrenalgland
Corti-outside, covering
Tropic-hormone that tells another hormone to be released
Outside of the adrenal gland hormones stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland
86
Follicle stimulating hormone
Stimulates sperm and egg cells to be made
Tells eggs to get ready
87
Luteinizing hormone
Causes ovulation
Causes sex hormones in females and males
88
Which hypothalamic hormones control the release or inhibition of growth hormone
GHRH-growth hormone releasing hormone
SS-somatostatin :inhibits the release of growth hormone
89
Which hypothalamic hormones control the release or inhibition of prolactin
1. Prolactin releasing factor-PRF
2. Prolactin release inhibiting hormone- PRIH
90
Which hypothalamic hormone controls the release or inhibition of thyroid stimulating hormone TSH
-Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: production of thyroid stimulating hormone TSH
91
Which hypothalamic hormone controls the release or inhibition of adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
CRH
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Helps release ACTH
92
Which hypothalamic hormone controls the release or inhibition of LH and FSH
Release
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
93
Which hypothalamic hormone controls the release or inhibition of LH and FSH
Release
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
94
Effects of growth hormone
Causes bones, muscle, adipose tissue to grow
95
Increases amino acid uptake and protein synthesis, decreases rate of carbohydrate usage, increases rate of fat usage
Cells enlarge and divide rapidly
Growth hormone
96
Promotes milk production in females uncertain function in males
Prolactin
97
Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland
Thyroid stimulating hormone
98
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Stimulates secretion of cortisol and other glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex
99
Follicle stimulating hormone
Causes growth and development of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males
Follicular cells to make estrogen
100
Luteinizing hormone
Causes ovulation females sex hormone production in both genders
101
Stimulates the growth of long bones
Growth hormone
102
Hypopituitary dwarfism
Caused by deficiency of growth hormone during childhood
Short stature, but body proportions and mental development are normal
103
Gigantism
1.Caused by over secretion of GH during childhood
2. height May exceed 8 ft and may have other metabolic problems
3. Often caused by pituitary tumor
104
Acromegaly
1.Caused by over secretion of GH during *adulthood*,
no increase in height but bones thicken
2. Enlargement of tongue, nose, hands, feet, jaw, heart, thyroid gland
105
Structurally the posterior pituitary is made of
Nerve fibers and neuroglia
106
The Nerve fibers in the posterior pituitary originate in
The hypothalamus
107
Which hormones are made in the posterior pituitary gland
Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin
108
Which posterior pituitary hormone is used in positive feedback mechanisms?
Oxytocin
109
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone- vasopressin
Decreases urine production by reducing the volume of water the kidneys excrete
Causes vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure
110
Oxytocin
1.Causes muscle contraction in the uterine wall during childbirth,
2. milk ejection during lactation; has no known function in males
Positive feedback
111
When do you release ADH more?
Sweating a lot, losing water through skin, so kidneys tell body to keep water, when dehydrated
112
What happens when you consume alcoholic beverages
Your body senses the toxin in the blood
-body stops releasing ADH (Don't store the water, it has a toxin in it, flush it out. That's one reason why you have to void to get toxin out)
113
Oxytocin is positive feedback meaning that
Oxytocin causes your body to release more oxytocin
114
Thyroid gland location
Just below the larynx
Anterior and lateral to the trachea
115
Which gland has the special ability to remove iodine from blood?
Thyroid gland
116
Which gland has the special ability to remove iodine from blood?
Thyroid gland
117
Thyroid gland produces which hormones?
Thyroxine T4
Triiodothyronine T3
Calcitonin
118
T4 means
Thyroxine
119
T3 means
Triiodothyronine
120
Which cells produce T3 and T4
Follicular cells
121
What produces calcitonin
Extra- or parafollicular cells
122
Follicular cells require
Iodine
123
Function of T3 and T4
Control metabolism
124
Calcitonin function
Lowers blood calcium
Stimulates rate of calcium deposition
Lowers calcium and phosphate ion concentration
125
Graves disease=hyperthyroidism
Hereditary
Autoimmune disorder
-thyroid is overworking
-high metabolism
-weight loss
-large thyroid
126
Signs and symptoms of graves disease
1. Enlarged thyroid gland
2. Anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
3. Heat intolerance, sweating, flushed and warm skin
4.eyelid tremor, tachycardia, loud heart sounds, hypertrophy of left ventricle, restlessness
5. Fatigue, insomnia, decreased attention span, dyspnea
127
Dyspnea
Shortness of breath
128
Diagnosis of graves disease
Thyroid levels
129
How is graves disease treated?
1.Control secretion of thyroid hormone
2. Ablation: remove part of thyroid tissue by surgery or radiation and drug therapy to reduce TH secretion.
130
Cretinism
Infantile hypothyroidism
1. Stunted growth
2.mental retardation (stunted mental development)
131
Parathyroid glands look like
4 polka dots on the bowtie
132
Parathyroid glands are located on
Posterior surface of the thyroid gland
-usually 4 parathyroid glands
133
What do parathyroid glands secrete?
Parathyroid hormone AKA parathormome
134
PTH function
Increases blood calcium
Decreases level of phosphate PO4 -2
135
PTH acts on which organs?
Bones, kidneys and intestines (takes calcium out of these and puts it into blood)
136
What happens when blood calcium is low?
Bone: PTH stimulates osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts
Kidneys: PTH increases Ca ion retention & activates Vit D causing intestines to absorb more Ca
Controlled through negative feedback mechanism
137
Adrenal glands description
On top of kidneys
Have two parts:
Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
138
Adrenal cortex
Outer portion. Secretes steroid hormones
139
Adrenal medulla
Central portion of gland. Secretes amine hormones
140
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are made in
Made in adrenal medulla
141
Effects of epinephrine
-Increased heart rate
-vasodilation important for fight or flight
-increases blood pressure
-dilation of airways
-increases metabolic rate
-increases blood sugar by breaking glycogen to glucose
-activates the reticular formation of the brainstem
142
Norepinephrine effects
1. Heart rate increases
2. Force of contraction increases
3. Vasoconstriction increases
4.blood pressure can increase due to increased cardiac output and vasoconstriction
5.some dilation or airways
6. Increases metabolic rate
143
Endorphins are
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Work together, fast reaction
144
Percentage of adrenal medulla secretions
Epinephrine 80%
Norepinephrine 20%
145
How many steroids produced in adrenal cortex?
Over 30
146
Which hormones are made in the adrenal cortex
-aldosterone
-cortisol
-adrenal androgens
147
Aldosterone
- Helps regulate concentration of extracellular electrolytes by conserving Na ions and excreting K ions
2.Think water levels. Helps regulate body salts. Helps control blood pressure
3. Controls blood volume and blood pressure with Na+ and water
148
Cortisol
-Decreases protein synthesis,
Increases fatty acid release,
Stimulates glucose synthesis from non carbohydrates
-controls blood pressure
149
Adrenal androgens
May supplement sex hormones from the gonads and stimulate early development of reproductive organs May be converted into estrogens
(Makes a little bit of E in males and a little bit of T in females)
Androgens-male hormones
150
Addison's disease
1.Don't make enough hormones in adrenal cortex
2.results in electrolyte and glucose imbalances, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, nausea and increased skin pigmentation
3. Can be fatal due to severe electrolyte imbalance
151
Cushing syndrome
Due to hypersecretion of cortisol, because of adrenal tumor, or excess secretion of ACTH by anterior pituitary
2. Results in muscle wasting, loss of bone, elevated blood glucose, Na+ retention, water retention by osmosis, increased blood pressure, puffy skin, abnormal deposition of adipose tissue in face and back, buffalo hump
152
Insufficient secretion of adrenal cortex
Addison's disease
153
Hypersecretion of adrenal cortex
Cushing syndrome
154
Causes buffalo hump
Cushing syndrome
155
Pancreas
Has functions as digestive organ and endocrine gland
156
Endocrine function of pancreas
Secretes hormones into body fluids
157
Exocrine function of pancreas
Secretes digestive juices through a duct
158
3 hormones are secreted from the pancreatic endocrine islet cells
-Alpha cells secrete:glucagon
-Beta cells secrete: insulin
-Delta cells secrete: somatostatin
159
Alpha cells secrete
Glucagon
160
Beta cells secrete
Insulin
161
Delta cells secrete
Somatostatin
162
Glucagon
Raises blood sugar
163
Insulin
Lowers blood sugar
164
Elongated flattened organ posterior to the stomach
Pancreas
165
Pancreatic duct transports digestive juice to
Duodenum
166
The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of groups of cells called
The pancreatic islets of Langerhans
167
Beta cells are in
Islets of Langerhans
168
Insulin function
Acts as key
Attaches to liver cells and tells liver to absorb blood sugar
169
Somatostatin
Helps regulate carbohydrates
Homeostasis
Helps insulin and glucagon
170
Diabetes mellitus
Metabolic disease resulting from lack of insulin or inability of cells to recognize insulin
171
Effects of diabetes mellitus
Elevated blood glucose that damages eyes, heart, kidneys, and nerves
Promotes tissue wasting
172
Type 1 diabetes
Born with
Pancreas was born faulty and does not make insulin
Insulin dependent
173
Type 2 diabetes
Diagnosed after age 20
Pancreas stopped working
174
Pineal gland
Secrete melatonin and regulates circadian rhythms
175
Thymus gland
Secrete thymosins
Promotes development of t-lymphocytes
Important role in immunity
176
Ovaries produce
Estrogen and progesterone
177
Testes produce
Testosterone
178
Placenta produces
Estrogen, progesterone and a gonadotropin
179
Other endocrine glands
Digestive glands, heart and kidney
180
Stress and it's effects
Physical stress and psychological stress
Survival depends on homeostasis
181
What happens to endocrine glands with age?
They shrink. The thyroid shrinks with age and results in reduced immune response
182
Can activate or inhibit adenylate cyclase
Prostaglandins
183
-control cAMP production
Prostaglandins
184
-Alter a cell's response to hormones
Prostaglandins
185
stimulating or inhibiting secretion,
regulating blood pressure, controlling movement of H2O and Na+ in kidneys, promoting inflammation
Prostaglandins
186
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are what kind of molecules?
Amines
187
Oxytocin is what kind of molecule
Peptide
188
TSH is what kind of molecule
Glycoprotein
189
Growth hormone is what kind of molecule
Protein
190
cAMP is needed to activate which molecules?
Protein kinases
191
What activate or inhibit adenylate cyclase
Prostaglandins
192
"Damage to kidneys, liver or heart, increase in LDL cholesterol, psychiatric problems " caused by
Improper use of steroids
193
1. Enlarged thyroid gland
2. Anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
3. Heat intolerance, sweating, flushed and warm skin
4.eyelid tremor, tachycardia, loud heart sounds, hypertrophy of left ventricle, restlessness
5. Fatigue, insomnia, decreased attention span, dyspnea
Signs and symptoms of
Graves disease
