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Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine system is all about

A

Communication: how your body can communicate with your body

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2
Q

What does the body use to communicate?

A

Hormones are the language of the endocrine system

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3
Q

Characteristics of endocrine glands

A

1.Ductless
2.Secrete hormones into
bloodstream
3. Endocrine means internal secretion
4. Hormones act only on target cells

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4
Q

Types of glands that release hormones

A

Endocrine and exocrine

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5
Q

Exocrine glands characteristics

A

-secrete into ducts or tubes that lead to a body surface
-secrete externally

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6
Q

Glands that secrete messenger molecules

A

-paracrine secretions
-autocrine secretions

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7
Q

Paracrine secretions

A

Affect nearby cells

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8
Q

Autocrine secretions

A

Affect cells that secrete the substances

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9
Q

Hormones act only on

A

Target cells

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10
Q

Para-

A

Near

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11
Q

Example of endocrine gland

A

Pituitary gland: releases hormone that travels through bloodstream and tells for example ovaries when to ovulate

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12
Q

-Ductless
-Travel to blood to reach target cells

A

Endocrine

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13
Q

-have ducts
-lead to body surface

A

Exocrine

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14
Q

Act locally

A

Paracrine

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15
Q

Affect only secreting cells themselves

A

Autocrine

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16
Q

Both the nervous system and the endocrine system function in

A

Communication

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17
Q

Both the nervous and endocrine systems communicate via

A

Chemicals that bind to receptor molecules

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18
Q

Nervous system releases_____ into synapses

A

Neurotransmitters

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19
Q

Nervous system releases_____ into synapses

A

Neurotransmitters

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20
Q

Endocrine system secretes ____ into bloodstream

A

Hormones

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21
Q

Why is the endocrine system precise?

A

Only target cells can respond to a specific hormone

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22
Q

Target cells

A

Have particular receptors for the hormone. These receptors are not present in other cells

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23
Q

Name the major endocrine glands

A

HPP TPAPO
1.Hypothalamus
2.Pituitary gland
3.Pineal gland
4.Thyroid gland
5.parathyroid
6. Adrenal glands
7. Pancreas
8. Ovary/testis

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24
Q

Hormones are released into

A

Extracellular spaces around endocrine cells

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25
Q

Hormones diffuse into ____ for distribution around the body

A

Bloodstream

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26
Q

Three steps of cell signaling

A

1.Reception
2. Transduction
3. Response

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27
Q

Three steps of cell signaling

A

1.Reception
2. Transduction
3. Response

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28
Q

Reception

A

The signal molecule attaches to the cell. Steroid hormones go through the cell membrane

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29
Q

Transduction

A

The signal is translated by the cell. Secondary messengers are used here

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30
Q

Response

A

The cell responds to the signal.

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31
Q

Response

A

The cell responds to the signal.

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32
Q

During reception proteins don’t ….

A

Go inside, but steroids do

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33
Q

2 types of hormones

A

Steroids
Non-steroids

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34
Q

Which hormones have poor water solubility?

A

steroid and thyroid hormones

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35
Q

Steroid hormones can diffuse through

A

Lipid bilayer of cell membranes

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36
Q

Why can steroids move through cell membranes?

A

They are lipid based. All steroids are produced from cholesterol

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37
Q

Lipids containing complex rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms

A

Steroids

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38
Q

Examples of steroids

A

Estrogen and testosterone

Cortisol and aldosterone

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39
Q

Examples of sex hormones

A

Testosterone and estrogens

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40
Q

Adrenal cortex hormones examples

A

Cortisol and aldosterone

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41
Q

Adrenal cortex hormones examples

A

Cortisol and aldosterone

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42
Q

Most hormones are

A

Non steroid hormones

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43
Q

Non steroid hormones cannot

A

Penetrate the lipid bilayer of cell membranes

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44
Q

Non steroid hormones cannot

A

Penetrate the lipid bilayer of cell membranes

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45
Q

How do non steroid hormones communicate?

A

Bind to receptors on the target cell membrane

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46
Q

Examples of non steroid hormones

A

1.Amines
2. Proteins
3.Peptides
4. Glycoproteins

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47
Q

Amines are derived from

A

Derived from tyrosine
(Epinephrine and norepinephrine)

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48
Q

Proteins

A

Composed of long chains of amino acids (growth hormone)

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49
Q

Peptides

A

Short chains of amino acids (oxytocin)

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50
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Carbohydrates joined to proteins (TSH)

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51
Q

cAMP

A

Secondary messenger
Adenosine monophosphate

Needed to activate protein kinases

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52
Q

Non steroids are

A

Proteins

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53
Q

How can steroids be abused?

A

-increase muscular strength

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54
Q

Harmful effects of steroids

A

1.Decrease natural testosterone production
2. Stunt growth
3. Breast development in males/ male sexual characteristics in females
4. Damage to kidneys, liver or heart, increase in LDL cholesterol, psychiatric problems

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55
Q

Growth hormone is misused to

A

1.Enlarge muscles
2.Used instead of or along with steroids

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56
Q

Growth hormone is used to

A

1.Enlarge muscles
2.Used instead of or along with steroids

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57
Q

Misuse of erythropoietin

A

Used to increase the number of red blood cells and oxygen delivery to muscles

  1. Easier than blood doping
  2. Can lead to heart attack and death
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58
Q

If you increase your steroid intake, eventually your body stops

A

making the steroids

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59
Q

Growth hormone can be prescribed by physicians to make you

A

Grow

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60
Q

Negative feedback

A

Helps maintain homeostasis

-rising level of a hormone leads to a decrease in hormone secretion

-moves away from the stimulus

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61
Q

In negative feedback mechanisms Hormone effects can be

A

Short-lived (a few minutes) or may last for days

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62
Q

In negative feedback mechanisms, hormone secretions are

A

Precisely regulated

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63
Q

In negative feedback mechanisms what happens to hormones after exerting their effects?

A

Hormones are excreted in the urine after exerting their effects

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64
Q

In negative feedback mechanisms Hormones can be broken down by

A

Enzymes from the liver to stop their effects

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65
Q

Prostaglandins are paracrine substances meaning that

A

They act locally

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66
Q

Prostaglandins characteristics

A

-paracrine substances
-regulate cellular responses to hormones

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67
Q

Prostaglandins functions

A

-Can activate or inhibit adenylate cyclase
-control cAMP production
-Alter a cell’s response to hormones

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68
Q

Examples of effects controlled by prostaglandins

A
  1. Contracting or relaxing smooth muscle
    2.stimulating or inhibiting secretion, regulating blood pressure, controlling movement of H2O and Na+ in kidneys, promoting inflammation
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69
Q

Prostaglandins only act on

A

Neighboring cells

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70
Q

Example of prostaglandins in use

A

Infected liver cells release prostaglandins that tells neighboring liver cells that they are infected

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71
Q

What controls pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

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72
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

Anterior pituitary

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73
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

Posterior pituitary gland

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74
Q

What controls the anterior pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamic releasing hormones

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75
Q

Anterior pituitary gland is made of

A

Glandular epithelium

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76
Q

Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus stimulate which part of the pituitary gland?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

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77
Q

Posterior pituitary is made of

A

Nerve fibers and neuroglial cells

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78
Q

Hormones from hypothalamus control

A

Anterior pituitary gland

79
Q

Anterior pituitary gland releases

A

GPT LAF
1. Growth hormone
2. Prolactin
3. Thyroid stimulating hormone
4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
5. Follicle stimulating hormone
6. Luteinizing hormone

80
Q

Each anterior lobe hormone is released in response to a releasing hormone from the

A

Hypothalamus

81
Q

Growth hormone

A

Helps you grow,
Helps long bones grow
Tells cells when to divide

82
Q

Prolactin

A

Can be released in males or females
-lact

Promotes milk production in females

83
Q

Prolactin

A

Can be released in males or females
-lact

Promotes milk production in females

84
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Stimulates thyroid to work
-thyroid helps control metabolism

85
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Adreno-adrenalgland
Corti-outside, covering
Tropic-hormone that tells another hormone to be released

Outside of the adrenal gland hormones stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland

86
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone

A

Stimulates sperm and egg cells to be made
Tells eggs to get ready

87
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

Causes ovulation

Causes sex hormones in females and males

88
Q

Which hypothalamic hormones control the release or inhibition of growth hormone

A

GHRH-growth hormone releasing hormone

SS-somatostatin :inhibits the release of growth hormone

89
Q

Which hypothalamic hormones control the release or inhibition of prolactin

A
  1. Prolactin releasing factor-PRF
  2. Prolactin release inhibiting hormone- PRIH
90
Q

Which hypothalamic hormone controls the release or inhibition of thyroid stimulating hormone TSH

A

-Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: production of thyroid stimulating hormone TSH

91
Q

Which hypothalamic hormone controls the release or inhibition of adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

A

CRH
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Helps release ACTH

92
Q

Which hypothalamic hormone controls the release or inhibition of LH and FSH

A

Release

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

93
Q

Which hypothalamic hormone controls the release or inhibition of LH and FSH

A

Release

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

94
Q

Effects of growth hormone

A

Causes bones, muscle, adipose tissue to grow

95
Q

Increases amino acid uptake and protein synthesis, decreases rate of carbohydrate usage, increases rate of fat usage

Cells enlarge and divide rapidly

A

Growth hormone

96
Q

Promotes milk production in females uncertain function in males

A

Prolactin

97
Q

Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

98
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Stimulates secretion of cortisol and other glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

99
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone

A

Causes growth and development of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males

Follicular cells to make estrogen

100
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

Causes ovulation females sex hormone production in both genders

101
Q

Stimulates the growth of long bones

A

Growth hormone

102
Q

Hypopituitary dwarfism

A

Caused by deficiency of growth hormone during childhood

Short stature, but body proportions and mental development are normal

103
Q

Gigantism

A

1.Caused by over secretion of GH during childhood

  1. height May exceed 8 ft and may have other metabolic problems
  2. Often caused by pituitary tumor
104
Q

Acromegaly

A

1.Caused by over secretion of GH during adulthood,
no increase in height but bones thicken

  1. Enlargement of tongue, nose, hands, feet, jaw, heart, thyroid gland
105
Q

Structurally the posterior pituitary is made of

A

Nerve fibers and neuroglia

106
Q

The Nerve fibers in the posterior pituitary originate in

A

The hypothalamus

107
Q

Which hormones are made in the posterior pituitary gland

A

Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin

108
Q

Which posterior pituitary hormone is used in positive feedback mechanisms?

A

Oxytocin

109
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone- vasopressin

Decreases urine production by reducing the volume of water the kidneys excrete

Causes vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure

110
Q

Oxytocin

A

1.Causes muscle contraction in the uterine wall during childbirth,

  1. milk ejection during lactation; has no known function in males

Positive feedback

111
Q

When do you release ADH more?

A

Sweating a lot, losing water through skin, so kidneys tell body to keep water, when dehydrated

112
Q

What happens when you consume alcoholic beverages

A

Your body senses the toxin in the blood

-body stops releasing ADH (Don’t store the water, it has a toxin in it, flush it out. That’s one reason why you have to void to get toxin out)

113
Q

Oxytocin is positive feedback meaning that

A

Oxytocin causes your body to release more oxytocin

114
Q

Thyroid gland location

A

Just below the larynx
Anterior and lateral to the trachea

115
Q

Which gland has the special ability to remove iodine from blood?

A

Thyroid gland

116
Q

Which gland has the special ability to remove iodine from blood?

A

Thyroid gland

117
Q

Thyroid gland produces which hormones?

A

Thyroxine T4
Triiodothyronine T3
Calcitonin

118
Q

T4 means

A

Thyroxine

119
Q

T3 means

A

Triiodothyronine

120
Q

Which cells produce T3 and T4

A

Follicular cells

121
Q

What produces calcitonin

A

Extra- or parafollicular cells

122
Q

Follicular cells require

A

Iodine

123
Q

Function of T3 and T4

A

Control metabolism

124
Q

Calcitonin function

A

Lowers blood calcium

Stimulates rate of calcium deposition

Lowers calcium and phosphate ion concentration

125
Q

Graves disease=hyperthyroidism

A

Hereditary
Autoimmune disorder
-thyroid is overworking
-high metabolism
-weight loss
-large thyroid

126
Q

Signs and symptoms of graves disease

A
  1. Enlarged thyroid gland
  2. Anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
  3. Heat intolerance, sweating, flushed and warm skin

4.eyelid tremor, tachycardia, loud heart sounds, hypertrophy of left ventricle, restlessness

  1. Fatigue, insomnia, decreased attention span, dyspnea
127
Q

Dyspnea

A

Shortness of breath

128
Q

Diagnosis of graves disease

A

Thyroid levels

129
Q

How is graves disease treated?

A

1.Control secretion of thyroid hormone

  1. Ablation: remove part of thyroid tissue by surgery or radiation and drug therapy to reduce TH secretion.
130
Q

Cretinism

A

Infantile hypothyroidism

  1. Stunted growth
    2.mental retardation (stunted mental development)
131
Q

Parathyroid glands look like

A

4 polka dots on the bowtie

132
Q

Parathyroid glands are located on

A

Posterior surface of the thyroid gland

-usually 4 parathyroid glands

133
Q

What do parathyroid glands secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone AKA parathormome

134
Q

PTH function

A

Increases blood calcium
Decreases level of phosphate PO4 -2

135
Q

PTH acts on which organs?

A

Bones, kidneys and intestines (takes calcium out of these and puts it into blood)

136
Q

What happens when blood calcium is low?

A

Bone: PTH stimulates osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts

Kidneys: PTH increases Ca ion retention & activates Vit D causing intestines to absorb more Ca

Controlled through negative feedback mechanism

137
Q

Adrenal glands description

A

On top of kidneys
Have two parts:
Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

138
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Outer portion. Secretes steroid hormones

139
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Central portion of gland. Secretes amine hormones

140
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are made in

A

Made in adrenal medulla

141
Q

Effects of epinephrine

A

-Increased heart rate
-vasodilation important for fight or flight
-increases blood pressure
-dilation of airways
-increases metabolic rate
-increases blood sugar by breaking glycogen to glucose
-activates the reticular formation of the brainstem

142
Q

Norepinephrine effects

A
  1. Heart rate increases
  2. Force of contraction increases
  3. Vasoconstriction increases
    4.blood pressure can increase due to increased cardiac output and vasoconstriction
    5.some dilation or airways
  4. Increases metabolic rate
143
Q

Endorphins are

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Work together, fast reaction

144
Q

Percentage of adrenal medulla secretions

A

Epinephrine 80%
Norepinephrine 20%

145
Q

How many steroids produced in adrenal cortex?

A

Over 30

146
Q

Which hormones are made in the adrenal cortex

A

-aldosterone
-cortisol
-adrenal androgens

147
Q

Aldosterone

A
  • Helps regulate concentration of extracellular electrolytes by conserving Na ions and excreting K ions

2.Think water levels. Helps regulate body salts. Helps control blood pressure

  1. Controls blood volume and blood pressure with Na+ and water
148
Q

Cortisol

A

-Decreases protein synthesis,

Increases fatty acid release,
Stimulates glucose synthesis from non carbohydrates

-controls blood pressure

149
Q

Adrenal androgens

A

May supplement sex hormones from the gonads and stimulate early development of reproductive organs May be converted into estrogens

(Makes a little bit of E in males and a little bit of T in females)

Androgens-male hormones

150
Q

Addison’s disease

A

1.Don’t make enough hormones in adrenal cortex
2.results in electrolyte and glucose imbalances, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, nausea and increased skin pigmentation

  1. Can be fatal due to severe electrolyte imbalance
151
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

Due to hypersecretion of cortisol, because of adrenal tumor, or excess secretion of ACTH by anterior pituitary

  1. Results in muscle wasting, loss of bone, elevated blood glucose, Na+ retention, water retention by osmosis, increased blood pressure, puffy skin, abnormal deposition of adipose tissue in face and back, buffalo hump
152
Q

Insufficient secretion of adrenal cortex

A

Addison’s disease

153
Q

Hypersecretion of adrenal cortex

A

Cushing syndrome

154
Q

Causes buffalo hump

A

Cushing syndrome

155
Q

Pancreas

A

Has functions as digestive organ and endocrine gland

156
Q

Endocrine function of pancreas

A

Secretes hormones into body fluids

157
Q

Exocrine function of pancreas

A

Secretes digestive juices through a duct

158
Q

3 hormones are secreted from the pancreatic endocrine islet cells

A

-Alpha cells secrete:glucagon
-Beta cells secrete: insulin
-Delta cells secrete: somatostatin

159
Q

Alpha cells secrete

A

Glucagon

160
Q

Beta cells secrete

A

Insulin

161
Q

Delta cells secrete

A

Somatostatin

162
Q

Glucagon

A

Raises blood sugar

163
Q

Insulin

A

Lowers blood sugar

164
Q

Elongated flattened organ posterior to the stomach

A

Pancreas

165
Q

Pancreatic duct transports digestive juice to

A

Duodenum

166
Q

The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of groups of cells called

A

The pancreatic islets of Langerhans

167
Q

Beta cells are in

A

Islets of Langerhans

168
Q

Insulin function

A

Acts as key
Attaches to liver cells and tells liver to absorb blood sugar

169
Q

Somatostatin

A

Helps regulate carbohydrates
Homeostasis
Helps insulin and glucagon

170
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Metabolic disease resulting from lack of insulin or inability of cells to recognize insulin

171
Q

Effects of diabetes mellitus

A

Elevated blood glucose that damages eyes, heart, kidneys, and nerves

Promotes tissue wasting

172
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Born with
Pancreas was born faulty and does not make insulin

Insulin dependent

173
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Diagnosed after age 20

Pancreas stopped working

174
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secrete melatonin and regulates circadian rhythms

175
Q

Thymus gland

A

Secrete thymosins
Promotes development of t-lymphocytes
Important role in immunity

176
Q

Ovaries produce

A

Estrogen and progesterone

177
Q

Testes produce

A

Testosterone

178
Q

Placenta produces

A

Estrogen, progesterone and a gonadotropin

179
Q

Other endocrine glands

A

Digestive glands, heart and kidney

180
Q

Stress and it’s effects

A

Physical stress and psychological stress

Survival depends on homeostasis

181
Q

What happens to endocrine glands with age?

A

They shrink. The thyroid shrinks with age and results in reduced immune response

182
Q

Can activate or inhibit adenylate cyclase

A

Prostaglandins

183
Q

-control cAMP production

A

Prostaglandins

184
Q

-Alter a cell’s response to hormones

A

Prostaglandins

185
Q

stimulating or inhibiting secretion,
regulating blood pressure, controlling movement of H2O and Na+ in kidneys, promoting inflammation

A

Prostaglandins

186
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are what kind of molecules?

A

Amines

187
Q

Oxytocin is what kind of molecule

A

Peptide

188
Q

TSH is what kind of molecule

A

Glycoprotein

189
Q

Growth hormone is what kind of molecule

A

Protein

190
Q

cAMP is needed to activate which molecules?

A

Protein kinases

191
Q

What activate or inhibit adenylate cyclase

A

Prostaglandins

192
Q

“Damage to kidneys, liver or heart, increase in LDL cholesterol, psychiatric problems “ caused by

A

Improper use of steroids

193
Q
  1. Enlarged thyroid gland
  2. Anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
  3. Heat intolerance, sweating, flushed and warm skin

4.eyelid tremor, tachycardia, loud heart sounds, hypertrophy of left ventricle, restlessness

  1. Fatigue, insomnia, decreased attention span, dyspnea
A

Signs and symptoms of
Graves disease

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