Respiratory System Flashcards
Importance of breathing
Helps make ATP
Energy
Respiration
Process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells
Respiration
Process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells
Events of respiration
1.Ventilation
2.external respiration 3.transport of gases between lungs and body cells
4. internal respiration
5. cellular respiration
What is the goal or respiration?
ATP PRODUCTION AND ELIMINATING CO2 fast enough to maintain pH (CO2+H2O—> carbonic acid
CO2 is
Acidic
Cellular respiration
Cells break down simplest form to make energy
Upper respiratory tract
Nose,
Nasal cavity,
Sinuses,
Pharynx
Lower respiratory tract
-larynx
-trachea
-bronchial tree
-lungs
Nose and mouth role
Bring O2 into pharynx
Nasopharynx
Behind nose
Oropharynx
Behind mouth
Laryngopharynx
Behind larynx
What makes up nasal cavity?
Goblet cells in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium make mucus
Function of mucus in nasal cavity
Particles and microorganisms from inhaled air are trapped in mucus.
Cilia sweep mucus towards pharynx
-microorganisms in swallowed mucus are destroyed in stomach
Cilia
Hairlike structures that brush particles out
Sinuses
Holes in skull
Mucous membranes lines them
Where are sinuses located?
Maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
Paranasal sinuses open into
Nasal cavity
Mucous membrane lining in sinuses is continuous with the lining of the
Nasal cavity
Function of sinuses
Reduce the weight of the skull and act as resonance chambers for the voice
Effects of cigarette smoking on the respiratory system
Slows and paralyzes cilia.
Smoker’s cough
Occurs when cilia no longer function. Excess mucus is produced and mucus must be coughed up
Why is it dangerous for cilia to be paralyzed
Pathogens can access respiratory surfaces. Causes more infections
Lung cancer develops in
20% of smokers
Coughing leads to
Chronic bronchitis
Bronchial thickening results in
Difficulty with expiration
Abnormal cells may start dividing, replacing ciliated cells
Smoking
Effects of smoking
-Paralyzed cilia
-Excess mucus
-Bronchitis
-Bronchial thickening
-Emphysema (destroyed alveolar walls). Alveoli can’t grow back
80% of people with lung cancer are
Smokers
ETS
Environmental tobacco smoke
Also endangers non-smokers
Pharynx
1.Lies posterior to the oral cavity and between the nasal cavity and the larynx 2.passageway for food and Air
3.Aids in sound production
3 portions of pharynx
Nose
1.Nasopharynx
2.Oropharynx
3.Laryngopharynx
Trachea
Larynx
An enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea
- moves air in and out of the trachea and houses vocal cords
3 large single cartilages of larynx
- Thyroid: Largest cartilage. Adams apple
2.Cricoid: below thyroid Cartilage
3.Eppiglottic: part of flap-like epiglottis
Epiglottis
Flap that closes the trachea when swallowing food or saliva
False vocal cords
-Upper (vestibular folds)
-No sound production
True vocal cords
-lower folds
-vocal sounds
-opening between them is called the glottis
Two horizontal folds composed of muscle and connective tissue
False vocal cords and true vocal cords
Trachea
Windpipe
-downward anterior to esophagus.
As the trachea enters the thoracic cavity, it splits into
Right and left primary bronchi
The trachea is lined with
Ciliated mucous membrane with goblet cells
Cartilage in trachea
20 C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to prevent collapse of trachea
Trachea never closes t/f?
True: trachea never closes. Esophagus does close.
Tracheostomy
Procedure that cuts an opening in the trachea to insert a tube for air exchange. This is done for an object lodged in the larynx
Bronchial tree
Consists of branched airways leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs in the lungs.
Primary main bronchi
arise from trachea, and each one enters one of the lungs
Alveoli
Microscopic air sacs
Emphysema
Destruction of the alveoli
Branches of the bronchial tree
- Trachea
- R&L primary bronchi
- Secondary bronchi (split off from primary bronchi)
- Tertiary bronchi
5.intralobular bronchioles - Terminal bronchioles
- Respiratory bronchioles
8.Alveolar ducts - Alveolar sacs
10.Alveoli
Capillaries on alveoli
Site of gas exchange
Hemoglobin can pick up how much O2
Four
Takes it to muscles
Structure of respiratory tubes
Respiratory tubes become thinner and thinner. The type of epithelial cells changes
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is found in
Larger tubes
Simple cuboidal epithelium is found in
Respiratory bronchioles
Simple squamous epithelium is found in
Alveoli
Describe gas exchange in alveoli
O2 diffuses through alveolar walls to enter the blood ,
CO2 diffuses from the blood to alveoli
Air passages
Branches of bronchial tree
Provides surface area for gas exchange
Alveoli
Diffusion
Movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration
Lungs
Soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs in thoracic cavity
Lungs
Soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs in thoracic cavity
Lungs are separated from each other by
Heart and mediastinum
How many lobes are in the right lung?
3
How many lobes are in the left lung?
2
Right lung has 3 lobes and left lung has 2 lobes because of
Heart
Hilum
Region on medial surface of each lung through which bronchus and large blood vessels enter
Visceral pleura
Inner layer of serous membrane. Attached to surface of the lung.
Parietal pleura
Outer layer of serous membrane; lines thoracic cavity
Pleural cavity
Potential space between visceral and parietal pleura
Movement of air from outside of the body into the bronchial tree and alveoli
Breathing or ventilation
Actions responsible for breathing
Inspiration and expiration
Inspiration
Inhalation
Expiration
Exhalation
Respiratory cycle
One inspiration plus the following expiration
As you breathe in
Lungs expand
As you breathe out, the lungs
Collapse
Force that moves air into lungs
Atmospheric pressure
What happens to atmospheric pressure and alveolar pressure when respiratory muscles are at rest
The pressures are equal
Describe the relationship between pressure and volume of gases
Pressure and volume of gases are inversely related boyle’s law
When does air rush into the thoracic cavity
When the intra-alveolar pressure decreases atmospheric pressure pushes air into the airways
What occurs during normal quiet inspiration
During normal quiet inspiration the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles enlarge the size of the thoracic cavity
Which muscles are involved in inspiration
Sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor
Surfactant
Reduces surface tension in the alveoli to help lung expansion
A deep forced maximal inspiration requires contraction of several other muscles to
Enlarge thoracic cavity even more
Polypeptide that helps with breathing
Surfactant
The forces responsible for normal resting expiration come from
Elastic recoil and surface tension
The forces responsible for normal resting expiration come from
Elastic recoil and surface tension
Elastic recoil
Of lung tissues and abdominal organs as tissues return to their original shape at the end of inspiration
Surface tension
In the alveoli
Resting normal expiration is a passive process meaning
It involves no muscle contraction
Forced expiration is due to contraction of which muscles
Internal intercostal and abdominal
Factors that increase intraalveolar pressure about 1mmHg column above atmospheric pressure forcing air out of the lungs
Elastic recoil and surface tension
Residual volume
The amount of oxygen in the lungs after forced expiration
Tidal volume TV
Volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during a respiratory cycle
IRV inspiratory reserve volume
Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to resting tidal volume
ERV expiratory reserve volume
Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled in addition to resting tidal volume
Residual volume RV
Volume of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal expiratory effort
Inspiratory capacity
Maximum amount of air that you can breathe in after exhaling the tidalvolume
Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of resting tidal volume
IC FORMULA
IC= TV+ IRV
Functional residual capacity
FRC
Volume of air that remains in lungs following exhalation of resting tidal volume
FRC formula
FRC=ERV+RV
Vital capacity VC
Maximum amount of air that you can breathe out after taking the deepest breath possible
Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible
VC FORMULA
VC= TV+IRV+ERV
Total lung capacity TLC
Total volume of air that the lungs can hold: TLC=VC+RV
Non-respiratory air movements
Coughing,
sneezing,
laughing,
crying,
hiccuping,
yawning,
speech
Respiratory distress syndrome
Lungs too immature to produce sufficient surfactant
Bronchial asthma
-Allergic reaction to foreign antigens and an airway such as inhaled pollen
-In smaller airways mucus and secretions from allergic response accumulate since not many cells are ciliated
-allergens and secretions irritates smooth muscle leading to bronchostriction and wheezing
Emphysema
Progressive degenerative disease in which alveolar walls are destroyed
Why is it harder to breathe during emphysema
1.Clusters of alveoli merge into larger ones decreasing surface area for gas exchange
2.Alveolar walls lose elasticity and capillaries diminish
3. Requires a lot of muscular effort to breathe
Emphysema is a type of
COPD along with chronic bronchitis
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Surfactant developed at
32 weeks
Respiratory areas
1.Groups of neurons in the brainstem that control breathing
2.Respiratory areas also adjust rate and depth of breathing
What are the main respiratory areas
1.Medullary respiratory Center
2.pontine respiratory group
Medullary respiratory Center contains
Ventral and dorsal respiratory groups
Partial pressure
Amount of pressure each gas contributes to the total pressure it is proportional to its concentration
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air?
21% O2
Atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg
.21x760 mmHg= 160 mmHg partial pressure of oxygen
Partial pressure is the gas exchange between
Alveolar air and capillary blood pressure
What affects your breathing?
-partial pressure of O2
-partial pressure of CO2
-degree of stretch of lung tissue
-emotional state
-level of physical activity
Receptors involved in breathing include
Mechanoreceptors and central and peripheral chemoreceptors
Main controlling factors of breathing are usually
PCO2 and H+ ion concentration
CO2 think
Acidity
If lifting weights, making a lot of CO2, gotta get CO2 out and oxygen in
How does Exercise affect breathing
You need more oxygen to supply energy when doing exercise
Need to push out extra CO2
Breathing rate increases
What happens to blood levels of oxygen and CO2 during exercise
Blood levels of oxygen and CO2 do not change significantly during exercise
Cerebral cortex
Controls breathing to increase breathing rate
Joint reflex
Proprioceptors stimulated by muscular movement stimulate the respiratory centers to increase breathing rate called The joint reflex
Alveoli
Microscopic air sacs at the ends of alveolar ducts
Alveolar pores
May permit air to pass from one alveolus to another providing alternate air pathways
Alveolar macrophages
Help to clean alveoli
Respiratory membrane
Most of the wall of an alveolus consists of a layer of simple squamous epithelium type 1 cells
Part of the wall of an alveolus is made up of cells that secrete pulmonary surfactant
Type 2 cells
Gas exchange between alveolar air and the blood occurs through the
Respiratory membrane
Respiratory membrane parts
1.Alveolar wall
2.blood capillary wall
3. basement membranes
Alveolar wall
Simple squamous epithelium
Blood capillary wall
Simple squamous epithelium
Basement membranes
Thin layers that lie between alveolus and capillary
What causes diffusion through the respiratory membrane
The driving force for diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane is the difference in partial pressures of the gases between the alveolus and the capillary
Molecules move from
High to low concentration
Effects of high altitude
At high altitude the air is still 21% O2, but the pressure decreases
Altitude sickness
Oxygen diffuses more slowly into blood, and hemoglobin saturation declines.
How does the body attempt to obtain more oxygen
Increasing heart rate and breathing rate..increased production of red blood cells and hemoglobin
High altitude pulmonary edema HAPE
Severe form of altitude sickness
HAPE symptoms
Sudden severe headache, nausea, vomiting, rapid heart and breathing rate, cyanosis
Explain the physiology behind HAPE
Hypoxia Vasoconstricts pulmonary blood vessels, sending blood under high pressure through the pulmonary circuit. Raises capillary pressure and filters fluid from blood vessels into alveoli. leads to edema
Pneumonia
-Infection of the lungs in which alveoli swell due to edema
-alveoli become abnormally permeable brings fluids and white blood cells into alveoli
-this decreases the available surface area for gas exchange
Tuberculosis
Bacterial lung infection in which dense connective tissue “tubercules” form around infection sites to wall off infection and stop it from spreading
Why is tuberculosis bad
Lung tissue is destroyed and respiratory membrane thickens as tubercules form reducing surface area for gas exchange
Atelectasis (lung collapse)
Blood vessels collapse along with the lung
In the case of obstruction alveoli beyond obstruction collapse
Usually the functional regions carry on enough gas exchange for the cells
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
-Form of atelectasis in which alveoli collapse
-blood vessels and airways narrow and oxygen delivery is severely impaired
Tuberculosis can be
Airborne
Three ways in which CO2 is transported to the lungs
- CO2 is dissolved in plasma
- bound to hemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin
- As part of bicarbonate ion. Majority is transported this way. Bicarbonate ions form as a result of a reaction between CO2 and water
Bicarbonate regulates
Blood pH
CO2+H2O<-> H2CO3<->H+ + HCO3-
Water and CO2 make carbonic acid which can dissociate into H+ and carbonate
Chloride shift
Chloride shift: how the body maintains electrical charge and pH in the red blood cells.
-Negatively charged bicarbonate ions go out of the red blood cells and chloride ions from the plasma go into the red blood cells
As negatively charged bicarbonate ions diffuse out of red blood cells chloride ions from plasma diffuse into the cells. this maintains the electrical charge in the red blood cells
Upon reaching the lungs bicarbonate ions
-Diffuse back into the red blood cells and the reaction runs in reverse
-Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli from which it is exhaled from the lungs
Lifespan changes of the respiratory system with age
Cilia breaks down
mucus thickens
swallowing gagging and coughing reflexes slow
macrophages lose efficiency
increased susceptibility to respiratory infections
breathing may require more effort
costal cartilage stiffens
Connective tissue replaces muscle and bronchioles hindering dilation
Bronchial walls thin and don’t open as much
Alveolar walls thin and alveoli merge, decreasing gas exchange area
Glottis
Opening between true vocal cords
