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Bio 211 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Importance of breathing

A

Helps make ATP
Energy

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2
Q

Respiration

A

Process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells

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3
Q

Respiration

A

Process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells

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4
Q

Events of respiration

A

1.Ventilation
2.external respiration 3.transport of gases between lungs and body cells
4. internal respiration
5. cellular respiration

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5
Q

What is the goal or respiration?

A

ATP PRODUCTION AND ELIMINATING CO2 fast enough to maintain pH (CO2+H2O—> carbonic acid

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6
Q

CO2 is

A

Acidic

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7
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Cells break down simplest form to make energy

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8
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

Nose,
Nasal cavity,
Sinuses,
Pharynx

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9
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A

-larynx
-trachea
-bronchial tree
-lungs

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10
Q

Nose and mouth role

A

Bring O2 into pharynx

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11
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Behind nose

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12
Q

Oropharynx

A

Behind mouth

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13
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Behind larynx

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14
Q

What makes up nasal cavity?

A

Goblet cells in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium make mucus

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15
Q

Function of mucus in nasal cavity

A

Particles and microorganisms from inhaled air are trapped in mucus.
Cilia sweep mucus towards pharynx
-microorganisms in swallowed mucus are destroyed in stomach

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16
Q

Cilia

A

Hairlike structures that brush particles out

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17
Q

Sinuses

A

Holes in skull
Mucous membranes lines them

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18
Q

Where are sinuses located?

A

Maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid

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19
Q

Paranasal sinuses open into

A

Nasal cavity

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20
Q

Mucous membrane lining in sinuses is continuous with the lining of the

A

Nasal cavity

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21
Q

Function of sinuses

A

Reduce the weight of the skull and act as resonance chambers for the voice

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22
Q

Effects of cigarette smoking on the respiratory system

A

Slows and paralyzes cilia.

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23
Q

Smoker’s cough

A

Occurs when cilia no longer function. Excess mucus is produced and mucus must be coughed up

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24
Q

Why is it dangerous for cilia to be paralyzed

A

Pathogens can access respiratory surfaces. Causes more infections

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25
Q

Lung cancer develops in

A

20% of smokers

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26
Q

Coughing leads to

A

Chronic bronchitis

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27
Q

Bronchial thickening results in

A

Difficulty with expiration

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28
Q

Abnormal cells may start dividing, replacing ciliated cells

A

Smoking

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29
Q

Effects of smoking

A

-Paralyzed cilia
-Excess mucus
-Bronchitis
-Bronchial thickening
-Emphysema (destroyed alveolar walls). Alveoli can’t grow back

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30
Q

80% of people with lung cancer are

A

Smokers

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31
Q

ETS

A

Environmental tobacco smoke

Also endangers non-smokers

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32
Q

Pharynx

A

1.Lies posterior to the oral cavity and between the nasal cavity and the larynx 2.passageway for food and Air
3.Aids in sound production

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33
Q

3 portions of pharynx

A

Nose
1.Nasopharynx
2.Oropharynx
3.Laryngopharynx
Trachea

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34
Q

Larynx

A

An enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea
- moves air in and out of the trachea and houses vocal cords

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35
Q

3 large single cartilages of larynx

A
  1. Thyroid: Largest cartilage. Adams apple
    2.Cricoid: below thyroid Cartilage
    3.Eppiglottic: part of flap-like epiglottis
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36
Q

Epiglottis

A

Flap that closes the trachea when swallowing food or saliva

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37
Q

False vocal cords

A

-Upper (vestibular folds)
-No sound production

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38
Q

True vocal cords

A

-lower folds
-vocal sounds
-opening between them is called the glottis

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39
Q

Two horizontal folds composed of muscle and connective tissue

A

False vocal cords and true vocal cords

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40
Q

Trachea

A

Windpipe
-downward anterior to esophagus.

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41
Q

As the trachea enters the thoracic cavity, it splits into

A

Right and left primary bronchi

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42
Q

The trachea is lined with

A

Ciliated mucous membrane with goblet cells

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43
Q

Cartilage in trachea

A

20 C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to prevent collapse of trachea

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44
Q

Trachea never closes t/f?

A

True: trachea never closes. Esophagus does close.

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45
Q

Tracheostomy

A

Procedure that cuts an opening in the trachea to insert a tube for air exchange. This is done for an object lodged in the larynx

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46
Q

Bronchial tree

A

Consists of branched airways leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs in the lungs.

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47
Q

Primary main bronchi

A

arise from trachea, and each one enters one of the lungs

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48
Q

Alveoli

A

Microscopic air sacs

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49
Q

Emphysema

A

Destruction of the alveoli

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50
Q

Branches of the bronchial tree

A
  1. Trachea
  2. R&L primary bronchi
  3. Secondary bronchi (split off from primary bronchi)
  4. Tertiary bronchi
    5.intralobular bronchioles
  5. Terminal bronchioles
  6. Respiratory bronchioles
    8.Alveolar ducts
  7. Alveolar sacs
    10.Alveoli
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51
Q

Capillaries on alveoli

A

Site of gas exchange

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52
Q

Hemoglobin can pick up how much O2

A

Four
Takes it to muscles

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53
Q

Structure of respiratory tubes

A

Respiratory tubes become thinner and thinner. The type of epithelial cells changes

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54
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is found in

A

Larger tubes

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55
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium is found in

A

Respiratory bronchioles

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56
Q

Simple squamous epithelium is found in

A

Alveoli

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57
Q

Describe gas exchange in alveoli

A

O2 diffuses through alveolar walls to enter the blood ,
CO2 diffuses from the blood to alveoli

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58
Q

Air passages

A

Branches of bronchial tree

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59
Q

Provides surface area for gas exchange

A

Alveoli

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60
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration

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61
Q

Lungs

A

Soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs in thoracic cavity

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62
Q

Lungs

A

Soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs in thoracic cavity

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63
Q

Lungs are separated from each other by

A

Heart and mediastinum

64
Q

How many lobes are in the right lung?

A

3

65
Q

How many lobes are in the left lung?

A

2

66
Q

Right lung has 3 lobes and left lung has 2 lobes because of

A

Heart

67
Q

Hilum

A

Region on medial surface of each lung through which bronchus and large blood vessels enter

68
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Inner layer of serous membrane. Attached to surface of the lung.

69
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Outer layer of serous membrane; lines thoracic cavity

70
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Potential space between visceral and parietal pleura

71
Q

Movement of air from outside of the body into the bronchial tree and alveoli

A

Breathing or ventilation

72
Q

Actions responsible for breathing

A

Inspiration and expiration

73
Q

Inspiration

A

Inhalation

74
Q

Expiration

A

Exhalation

75
Q

Respiratory cycle

A

One inspiration plus the following expiration

76
Q

As you breathe in

A

Lungs expand

77
Q

As you breathe out, the lungs

A

Collapse

78
Q

Force that moves air into lungs

A

Atmospheric pressure

79
Q

What happens to atmospheric pressure and alveolar pressure when respiratory muscles are at rest

A

The pressures are equal

80
Q

Describe the relationship between pressure and volume of gases

A

Pressure and volume of gases are inversely related boyle’s law

81
Q

When does air rush into the thoracic cavity

A

When the intra-alveolar pressure decreases atmospheric pressure pushes air into the airways

82
Q

What occurs during normal quiet inspiration

A

During normal quiet inspiration the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles enlarge the size of the thoracic cavity

83
Q

Which muscles are involved in inspiration

A

Sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor

84
Q

Surfactant

A

Reduces surface tension in the alveoli to help lung expansion

85
Q

A deep forced maximal inspiration requires contraction of several other muscles to

A

Enlarge thoracic cavity even more

86
Q

Polypeptide that helps with breathing

A

Surfactant

87
Q

The forces responsible for normal resting expiration come from

A

Elastic recoil and surface tension

88
Q

The forces responsible for normal resting expiration come from

A

Elastic recoil and surface tension

89
Q

Elastic recoil

A

Of lung tissues and abdominal organs as tissues return to their original shape at the end of inspiration

90
Q

Surface tension

A

In the alveoli

91
Q

Resting normal expiration is a passive process meaning

A

It involves no muscle contraction

92
Q

Forced expiration is due to contraction of which muscles

A

Internal intercostal and abdominal

93
Q

Factors that increase intraalveolar pressure about 1mmHg column above atmospheric pressure forcing air out of the lungs

A

Elastic recoil and surface tension

94
Q

Residual volume

A

The amount of oxygen in the lungs after forced expiration

95
Q

Tidal volume TV

A

Volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during a respiratory cycle

96
Q

IRV inspiratory reserve volume

A

Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to resting tidal volume

97
Q

ERV expiratory reserve volume

A

Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled in addition to resting tidal volume

98
Q

Residual volume RV

A

Volume of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal expiratory effort

99
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

Maximum amount of air that you can breathe in after exhaling the tidalvolume

Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of resting tidal volume

100
Q

IC FORMULA

A

IC= TV+ IRV

101
Q

Functional residual capacity
FRC

A

Volume of air that remains in lungs following exhalation of resting tidal volume

102
Q

FRC formula

A

FRC=ERV+RV

103
Q

Vital capacity VC

A

Maximum amount of air that you can breathe out after taking the deepest breath possible

Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible

104
Q

VC FORMULA

A

VC= TV+IRV+ERV

105
Q

Total lung capacity TLC

A

Total volume of air that the lungs can hold: TLC=VC+RV

106
Q

Non-respiratory air movements

A

Coughing,
sneezing,
laughing,
crying,
hiccuping,
yawning,
speech

107
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

Lungs too immature to produce sufficient surfactant

108
Q

Bronchial asthma

A

-Allergic reaction to foreign antigens and an airway such as inhaled pollen
-In smaller airways mucus and secretions from allergic response accumulate since not many cells are ciliated
-allergens and secretions irritates smooth muscle leading to bronchostriction and wheezing

109
Q

Emphysema

A

Progressive degenerative disease in which alveolar walls are destroyed

110
Q

Why is it harder to breathe during emphysema

A

1.Clusters of alveoli merge into larger ones decreasing surface area for gas exchange

2.Alveolar walls lose elasticity and capillaries diminish
3. Requires a lot of muscular effort to breathe

111
Q

Emphysema is a type of

A

COPD along with chronic bronchitis

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

112
Q

Surfactant developed at

A

32 weeks

113
Q

Respiratory areas

A

1.Groups of neurons in the brainstem that control breathing
2.Respiratory areas also adjust rate and depth of breathing

114
Q

What are the main respiratory areas

A

1.Medullary respiratory Center
2.pontine respiratory group

115
Q

Medullary respiratory Center contains

A

Ventral and dorsal respiratory groups

116
Q

Partial pressure

A

Amount of pressure each gas contributes to the total pressure it is proportional to its concentration

117
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air?

A

21% O2
Atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg
.21x760 mmHg= 160 mmHg partial pressure of oxygen

118
Q

Partial pressure is the gas exchange between

A

Alveolar air and capillary blood pressure

119
Q

What affects your breathing?

A

-partial pressure of O2
-partial pressure of CO2
-degree of stretch of lung tissue
-emotional state
-level of physical activity

120
Q

Receptors involved in breathing include

A

Mechanoreceptors and central and peripheral chemoreceptors

121
Q

Main controlling factors of breathing are usually

A

PCO2 and H+ ion concentration

122
Q

CO2 think

A

Acidity
If lifting weights, making a lot of CO2, gotta get CO2 out and oxygen in

123
Q

How does Exercise affect breathing

A

You need more oxygen to supply energy when doing exercise
Need to push out extra CO2

Breathing rate increases

124
Q

What happens to blood levels of oxygen and CO2 during exercise

A

Blood levels of oxygen and CO2 do not change significantly during exercise

125
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Controls breathing to increase breathing rate

126
Q

Joint reflex

A

Proprioceptors stimulated by muscular movement stimulate the respiratory centers to increase breathing rate called The joint reflex

127
Q

Alveoli

A

Microscopic air sacs at the ends of alveolar ducts

128
Q

Alveolar pores

A

May permit air to pass from one alveolus to another providing alternate air pathways

129
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

Help to clean alveoli

130
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

Most of the wall of an alveolus consists of a layer of simple squamous epithelium type 1 cells

131
Q

Part of the wall of an alveolus is made up of cells that secrete pulmonary surfactant

A

Type 2 cells

132
Q

Gas exchange between alveolar air and the blood occurs through the

A

Respiratory membrane

133
Q

Respiratory membrane parts

A

1.Alveolar wall
2.blood capillary wall
3. basement membranes

134
Q

Alveolar wall

A

Simple squamous epithelium

135
Q

Blood capillary wall

A

Simple squamous epithelium

136
Q

Basement membranes

A

Thin layers that lie between alveolus and capillary

137
Q

What causes diffusion through the respiratory membrane

A

The driving force for diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane is the difference in partial pressures of the gases between the alveolus and the capillary

138
Q

Molecules move from

A

High to low concentration

139
Q

Effects of high altitude

A

At high altitude the air is still 21% O2, but the pressure decreases

140
Q

Altitude sickness

A

Oxygen diffuses more slowly into blood, and hemoglobin saturation declines.

141
Q

How does the body attempt to obtain more oxygen

A

Increasing heart rate and breathing rate..increased production of red blood cells and hemoglobin

142
Q

High altitude pulmonary edema HAPE

A

Severe form of altitude sickness

143
Q

HAPE symptoms

A

Sudden severe headache, nausea, vomiting, rapid heart and breathing rate, cyanosis

144
Q

Explain the physiology behind HAPE

A

Hypoxia Vasoconstricts pulmonary blood vessels, sending blood under high pressure through the pulmonary circuit. Raises capillary pressure and filters fluid from blood vessels into alveoli. leads to edema

145
Q

Pneumonia

A

-Infection of the lungs in which alveoli swell due to edema
-alveoli become abnormally permeable brings fluids and white blood cells into alveoli
-this decreases the available surface area for gas exchange

146
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Bacterial lung infection in which dense connective tissue “tubercules” form around infection sites to wall off infection and stop it from spreading

147
Q

Why is tuberculosis bad

A

Lung tissue is destroyed and respiratory membrane thickens as tubercules form reducing surface area for gas exchange

148
Q

Atelectasis (lung collapse)

A

Blood vessels collapse along with the lung
In the case of obstruction alveoli beyond obstruction collapse
Usually the functional regions carry on enough gas exchange for the cells

149
Q

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

-Form of atelectasis in which alveoli collapse
-blood vessels and airways narrow and oxygen delivery is severely impaired

150
Q

Tuberculosis can be

A

Airborne

151
Q

Three ways in which CO2 is transported to the lungs

A
  1. CO2 is dissolved in plasma
  2. bound to hemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin
  3. As part of bicarbonate ion. Majority is transported this way. Bicarbonate ions form as a result of a reaction between CO2 and water
152
Q

Bicarbonate regulates

A

Blood pH

153
Q

CO2+H2O<-> H2CO3<->H+ + HCO3-

A

Water and CO2 make carbonic acid which can dissociate into H+ and carbonate

154
Q

Chloride shift

A

Chloride shift: how the body maintains electrical charge and pH in the red blood cells.
-Negatively charged bicarbonate ions go out of the red blood cells and chloride ions from the plasma go into the red blood cells

As negatively charged bicarbonate ions diffuse out of red blood cells chloride ions from plasma diffuse into the cells. this maintains the electrical charge in the red blood cells

155
Q

Upon reaching the lungs bicarbonate ions

A

-Diffuse back into the red blood cells and the reaction runs in reverse

-Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli from which it is exhaled from the lungs

156
Q

Lifespan changes of the respiratory system with age

A

Cilia breaks down
mucus thickens
swallowing gagging and coughing reflexes slow
macrophages lose efficiency
increased susceptibility to respiratory infections
breathing may require more effort
costal cartilage stiffens
Connective tissue replaces muscle and bronchioles hindering dilation
Bronchial walls thin and don’t open as much
Alveolar walls thin and alveoli merge, decreasing gas exchange area

157
Q

Glottis

A

Opening between true vocal cords

Bio 211 (9 decks)

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