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Bio 211 > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Growth

A

Increase in size and entails increases in cell numbers and cell sizes

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2
Q

Pregnancy

A

Presence of a developing offspring in the uterus

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3
Q

Development

A

The continuous process by which an individual changes from one life phase to another

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4
Q

Fertilization

A

Union of an egg cell and a sperm cell

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5
Q

Where do eggs mature

A

In the ovary

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6
Q

Eggs ovulate to

A

The fallopian tube

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7
Q

Where is the zygote formed

A

In the fallopian tube

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8
Q

Implantation happens in

A

The uterine wall

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9
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg

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10
Q

Sperm cell reaches which part during fertilization?

A

Corona radiata

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11
Q

Acrosome

A

Releases enzymes that penetrates the zona pellucida

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12
Q

Sperm size in comparison to egg

A

Sperm is much smaller than egg

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13
Q

Corona radiata

A

Outer portion of egg

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14
Q

Tip of sperm

A

Acrosome

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15
Q

Zona pellucida

A

Covering of egg surface deep to Corona radiata

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16
Q

After entering the zona pellucida

A

1.The head of the sperm enters the secondary oocyte
2. The zona pellucida hardens

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17
Q

Why does the zona pellucida harden?

A

So only one sperm can enter the egg

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18
Q

Sperms main function is to

A

Donate DNA

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19
Q

When does the egg complete second meiosis and make the large egg and second polar body

A

When the sperm nucleus enters the oocyte cytoplasm

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20
Q

Pronuclei

A

Nuclei from both sex cells unite and fertilization completes

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21
Q

Egg is released from the ovary to the

A

Uterine tube (LH)

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22
Q

Sperm travels to the uterine tube towards the

A

Egg

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23
Q

Acrosome releases enzymes that penetrate the

A

Zona pellucida

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24
Q

Egg hardens and goes through

A

2nd meiosis

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25
Q

Pronuclei

A

DNA joins together

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26
Q

Summary of stages of development from zygote to gastrula

A

Zygote,
Cleavage,
morula,
blastocyst,
gastrula,

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27
Q

Clevage

A
  1. Mitosis really fast
  2. From day 1 to day 3
    30 hrs to 3rd day
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28
Q

Morula

A

-Third to fourth day
-solid ball of identical cells (unlike blastocyst which is hollow)

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29
Q

Blastocyst

A

-5th day to second week
-cells start to differentiate
-start to turn on DNA to make them a specific type of cell

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30
Q

Gastrula

A

-End of the second week
-primary germ layers are formed.
-skin cells and muscle cells are differentiated
-certain genes are turned on

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31
Q

Layers formed in gastrula

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
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32
Q

Blastomeres

A

Cells produced as a result of cleavage

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33
Q

Blastomeres

A

Cells produced as a result of cleavage

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34
Q

Product of protonucleiuniting

A

Zygote

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35
Q

Blastomeres

A

Cells produced as a result of cleavage

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36
Q

Solid ball of cells produced within 3 days of fertilization about 16 cells

A

Morula

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37
Q

Blastocyte

A

Hollow ball that embeds into the endometrium

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38
Q

Change in size from day 0 to day 4 are

A

Mimimal

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39
Q

Implantation

A

Blastocyte nestles into uterine lining

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40
Q

When does implantation begin

A

About the 6th day of development

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41
Q

Trophoblast

A

Helps form the placenta

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42
Q

Trophoblast secretes

A

hCG which helps maintain the pregnancy

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43
Q

When does the trophoblast begin to work

A

Implantation

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44
Q

When does the trophoblast begin to work

A

Implantation

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45
Q

The location of the placenta can

A

Vary. The placenta chooses where it is

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46
Q

Dangerous location for placenta

A

Down by cervix

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47
Q

How can you detect hCG

A

Urine pregnancy test

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48
Q

Fertilized ovum

A

-12-24 hours after ovulation
-zygote forms

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49
Q

-30 hours to third day
-mitosis increases cell number

A

Cleavage

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50
Q

-third to fourth day
-solid ball of cell

A

Morula

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51
Q

-5th day to second week
-trophoblast and inner cell mass form

A

Blastocyst

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52
Q

-End of second week
-primary germ layers form

A

Gastrula

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53
Q

Which hormones are not released during pregnancy

A

FSH, LH

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54
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Secretes estrogens and progesterone to maintain uterine wall and promote growth and development

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55
Q

Hormones present during pregnancy

A

Estrogen, progesterone, hCG

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56
Q

hCG over time of pregnancy

A

High during first two months, then begins to decline

57
Q

Which hormones rise throughout the pregnancy

A

-Estrogen
-Progesterone

58
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin

A

hCG

59
Q

What maintains the corpus luteum?

A

hCG

60
Q

Placenta secretes large amounts of

A

Estrogens and progesterone

61
Q

Functions of estrogens and progesterone

A

-stimulate and maintain uterine lining,
-inhibit FSH and LH
-inhibit uterine contractions
-enlarge reproductive organs

62
Q

Relaxin comes from

A

Corpus luteum

63
Q

What is the function of relaxin

A

-inhibits uterine contractions and relaxes pelvic ligaments

64
Q

Placental lactogen

A

Stimulates breast development

65
Q

Promotes sodium retention

A

Aldosterone

66
Q

PTH

A

maintains calcium concentrations in blood

67
Q

Causes water retention

A

Aldosterone

68
Q

Why is PTH important?

A

Prevents excessive loss of calcium from the mom

69
Q

List 3 hormones involved in pregnancy

A

-estrogen and progesterone
-PTH
-hCG

70
Q

-Inhibit FSH, LH
-Prevent contraction

A

Estrogen and progesterone

71
Q

Ectoderm

A

Brain and spinal cord

72
Q

Mesoderm

A

-muscles
-kidneys

73
Q

Endoderm

A

-innermost part,
-intestines

74
Q

Gastrula starts to spread out t/f?

A

True

75
Q

What happens as the amnion develops

A

It surrounds the embryo and the umbilical cord.

Starts to form from structures in the collecting stalk

76
Q

From where does the umbilical cord form

A

The umbilical cord forms from structures in the connecting stalk

77
Q

The placenta is formed from

A

Chorion

78
Q

Placenta function

A

-Gives nutrients and food to baby

79
Q

The placental membrane consists of

A
  1. Epithelial wall of an embryonic capillary
  2. Epithelial wall of a chorionic villus
  3. portions of the maternal uterine wall
80
Q

Oxygen and water go to the baby through the

A

Placenta

81
Q

Portions of the placenta

A

Embryonic portion and maternal portion

82
Q

Umbilical cord is attached to

A

Placenta

83
Q

Blood vessels in placenta

A

-embryonic blood vessels
-maternal blood vessels

84
Q

In umbilical cord’s blood vessel there’s

A

-Two veins and one artery

85
Q

Umbilical cord function

A

-connects placenta to fetus

86
Q

What does the placenta do at 7 weeks?

A

-synthesizes progesterone
-cells of the developing adrenal glands use progesterone to produce estrogen
- Estrogen causes changes in uterus, breasts, maternal metabolism, fetal organ development

87
Q

Discuss formation of placenta

A

-formed from the chorion placental membrane
-has embryonic capillaries and maternal capillaries
-attached to umbilical cord

88
Q

End of embryonic period

A

End of eighth week

89
Q

When is the embryo called a fetus

A

After the end of the eighth week

90
Q

Teratogens

A

Factors that cause congenital malformations during embryonic development

91
Q

Structures in developing embryo are sensitive to teratogens are different times

A

True

92
Q

Examples of teratogens

A

Radiation
Infections
Chemicals
Drugs

93
Q

During the fetal stage the body proportions

A

Change considerably during development

94
Q

Begins at the 8th week of prenatal development

A

Fetal stage

95
Q

During the development of external reproductive organs

A

You differentiate from precursor structures

96
Q

Position of full term fetus

A

Head down

97
Q

9th-12th week of fetal development

A

-ossification centers appear
-sex organs differentiate
-fetal limbs begin to move

98
Q

13th-16th week of fetal development

A

-body grows rapidly
-ossification continues, cartilage hardens

99
Q

17th-20th week of fetal development

A

-muscle movements stronger
-skin is covered with lanugo
-skin is covered with vernix caseosa

100
Q

21st-38th week

A

-body gains weight
-subcutaneous fat deposited
-eyebrows and eyelashes appear
-eyelids open
-testes descend

101
Q

Lanugo

A

soft, fine, downy hair that can cover the body of a fetus or newborn

102
Q

Vernix caseosa

A

a white, waxy, and creamy substance that coats a fetus’s skin during the third trimester of pregnancy

Helps protect from abrasions

103
Q

Describe the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus

A

Oxygen and nutrients diffuse into the fetal blood from the maternal blood

104
Q

How does the fetus get rid of wastes

A

Waste diffuses into the maternal blood from the fetal blood

105
Q

Has greater oxygen carrying capacity

A

Fetal blood

106
Q

Umbilical vein

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus- half enters liver

107
Q

Ductus venosus

A

Conducts other half of the blood to inferior vena cava; liver is bypassed

108
Q

Foramen ovale

A

Conveys blood from right atrium to left atrium; lungs are bypassed

109
Q

Some blood from the superior vena cava enters

A

Right ventricle and pulmonary trunk. Most bypasses lungs and instead enters the ductus arteriosis.

110
Q

Ductus arteriosis

A

Conducts some blood from the pulmonary trunk to aorta; lungs are bypassed

111
Q

Blood from the abdominal aorta is branched into

A

The umbilical arteries

112
Q

Umbilical arteries

A

Carry blood from internal iliac arteries to the placenta

113
Q

Where is fetal blood reoxygenated

A

Placenta

114
Q

Birth process

A

-progesterone levels decrease
-prostaglandins may initiate labor
-stretching uterus stimulates the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland

115
Q

Oxytocin stimulates

A

Uterine contractions

116
Q

What happens when the fetal head stretches uterus

A

Greater release of oxytocin that results in stronger and stronger contractions

117
Q

Stages of birth

A

-fetal position before labor
-dilation of the cervix
-expulsion of the fetus
-expulsion of the placenta

118
Q

Stimulates further breast development

A

Placental estrogen and progesterone cause breasts to develop even more

119
Q

Causes ductile system to grow

A

Estrogen

120
Q

Causes alveolar glands to develop

A

Progesterone

121
Q

Placental lactogen

A

Also produces changes in breast

122
Q

When is prolactin first released

A

Prolactin is released about the 5th week of pregnancy

123
Q

When does milk production begin

A

Until after birth

124
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

Contract release milk from an alveolar gland

125
Q

The release of prolactin is controlled by which feedback mechanism

A

Positive feedback. the more you breastfeed the more milk you produce

126
Q

When does the neonatal period occur

A

Birth to end the fourth week

127
Q

What happens during the neonatal period

A

Carry-on respiration
obtain nutrients
Digest nutrients
excrete wastes
regulate body temperature
make cardiovascular adjustments

128
Q

When does infancy occur

A

End of the fourth week to 1 year

129
Q

What happens during infancy

A

-growth rate is high
- teeth begin to erupt
-muscular& nervous systems mature
-communication begins

130
Q

Childhood

A

-1 year to puberty
-growth rate is high
-permanent teeth appear
-muscular control is achieved
-potty training
-intellectual abilities mature

131
Q

Adolescence

A

-puberty to adulthood -person becomes reproductively functional and emotionally more mature
-growth spurts
-motor skills
-intellectual abilities continue to mature

132
Q

Adulthood

A

Adolescence to old age
-degenerative changes can begin

133
Q

Senescence

A

-old age to death
-degenerative changes continue
-body becomes less able to cope with demands placed on it
-death results from various conditions and diseases

134
Q

Leading cause of death

A

Heart disease

135
Q

Trophoblast forms during which stage?

A

Blastocyst

136
Q

30 hours to day 3

A

Cleavage

137
Q

Day 3 to day 4

A

Morula

138
Q

Day 5 to 2 weeks

A

Blastocyst

139
Q

After 2 weeks

A

Gastrula

Bio 211 (9 decks)

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