Development Flashcards
1
Q
Growth
A
Increase in size and entails increases in cell numbers and cell sizes
2
Q
Pregnancy
A
Presence of a developing offspring in the uterus
3
Q
Development
A
The continuous process by which an individual changes from one life phase to another
4
Q
Fertilization
A
Union of an egg cell and a sperm cell
5
Q
Where do eggs mature
A
In the ovary
6
Q
Eggs ovulate to
A
The fallopian tube
7
Q
Where is the zygote formed
A
In the fallopian tube
8
Q
Implantation happens in
A
The uterine wall
9
Q
Zygote
A
Fertilized egg
10
Q
Sperm cell reaches which part during fertilization?
A
Corona radiata
11
Q
Acrosome
A
Releases enzymes that penetrates the zona pellucida
12
Q
Sperm size in comparison to egg
A
Sperm is much smaller than egg
13
Q
Corona radiata
A
Outer portion of egg
14
Q
Tip of sperm
A
Acrosome
15
Q
Zona pellucida
A
Covering of egg surface deep to Corona radiata
16
Q
After entering the zona pellucida
A
1.The head of the sperm enters the secondary oocyte
2. The zona pellucida hardens
17
Q
Why does the zona pellucida harden?
A
So only one sperm can enter the egg
18
Q
Sperms main function is to
A
Donate DNA
19
Q
When does the egg complete second meiosis and make the large egg and second polar body
A
When the sperm nucleus enters the oocyte cytoplasm
20
Q
Pronuclei
A
Nuclei from both sex cells unite and fertilization completes
21
Q
Egg is released from the ovary to the
A
Uterine tube (LH)
22
Q
Sperm travels to the uterine tube towards the
A
Egg
23
Q
Acrosome releases enzymes that penetrate the
A
Zona pellucida
24
Q
Egg hardens and goes through
A
2nd meiosis
25
Pronuclei
DNA joins together
26
Summary of stages of development from zygote to gastrula
Zygote,
Cleavage,
morula,
blastocyst,
gastrula,
27
Clevage
1. Mitosis really fast
2. From day 1 to day 3
30 hrs to 3rd day
28
Morula
-Third to fourth day
-solid ball of identical cells (unlike blastocyst which is hollow)
29
Blastocyst
-5th day to second week
-cells start to differentiate
-start to turn on DNA to make them a specific type of cell
30
Gastrula
-End of the second week
-primary germ layers are formed.
-skin cells and muscle cells are differentiated
-certain genes are turned on
31
Layers formed in gastrula
1. Ectoderm
2. Mesoderm
3. Endoderm
32
Blastomeres
Cells produced as a result of cleavage
33
Blastomeres
Cells produced as a result of cleavage
34
Product of protonucleiuniting
Zygote
35
Blastomeres
Cells produced as a result of cleavage
36
Solid ball of cells produced within 3 days of fertilization about 16 cells
Morula
37
Blastocyte
Hollow ball that embeds into the endometrium
38
Change in size from day 0 to day 4 are
Mimimal
39
Implantation
Blastocyte nestles into uterine lining
40
When does implantation begin
About the 6th day of development
41
Trophoblast
Helps form the placenta
42
Trophoblast secretes
hCG which helps maintain the pregnancy
43
When does the trophoblast begin to work
Implantation
44
When does the trophoblast begin to work
Implantation
45
The location of the placenta can
Vary. The placenta chooses where it is
46
Dangerous location for placenta
Down by cervix
47
How can you detect hCG
Urine pregnancy test
48
Fertilized ovum
-12-24 hours after ovulation
-zygote forms
49
-30 hours to third day
-mitosis increases cell number
Cleavage
50
-third to fourth day
-solid ball of cell
Morula
51
-5th day to second week
-trophoblast and inner cell mass form
Blastocyst
52
-End of second week
-primary germ layers form
Gastrula
53
Which hormones are not released during pregnancy
FSH, LH
54
Corpus luteum
Secretes estrogens and progesterone to maintain uterine wall and promote growth and development
55
Hormones present during pregnancy
Estrogen, progesterone, hCG
56
hCG over time of pregnancy
High during first two months, then begins to decline
57
Which hormones rise throughout the pregnancy
-Estrogen
-Progesterone
58
Human chorionic gonadotropin
hCG
59
What maintains the corpus luteum?
hCG
60
Placenta secretes large amounts of
Estrogens and progesterone
61
Functions of estrogens and progesterone
-stimulate and maintain uterine lining,
-inhibit FSH and LH
-inhibit uterine contractions
-enlarge reproductive organs
62
Relaxin comes from
Corpus luteum
63
What is the function of relaxin
-inhibits uterine contractions and relaxes pelvic ligaments
64
Placental lactogen
Stimulates breast development
65
Promotes sodium retention
Aldosterone
66
PTH
maintains calcium concentrations in blood
67
Causes water retention
Aldosterone
68
Why is PTH important?
Prevents excessive loss of calcium from the mom
69
List 3 hormones involved in pregnancy
-estrogen and progesterone
-PTH
-hCG
70
-Inhibit FSH, LH
-Prevent contraction
Estrogen and progesterone
71
Ectoderm
Brain and spinal cord
72
Mesoderm
-muscles
-kidneys
73
Endoderm
-innermost part,
-intestines
74
Gastrula starts to spread out t/f?
True
75
What happens as the amnion develops
It surrounds the embryo and the umbilical cord.
Starts to form from structures in the collecting stalk
76
From where does the umbilical cord form
The umbilical cord forms from structures in the connecting stalk
77
The placenta is formed from
Chorion
78
Placenta function
-Gives nutrients and food to baby
79
The placental membrane consists of
1. Epithelial wall of an embryonic capillary
2. Epithelial wall of a chorionic villus
3. portions of the maternal uterine wall
80
Oxygen and water go to the baby through the
Placenta
81
Portions of the placenta
Embryonic portion and maternal portion
82
Umbilical cord is attached to
Placenta
83
Blood vessels in placenta
-embryonic blood vessels
-maternal blood vessels
84
In umbilical cord's blood vessel there's
-Two veins and one artery
85
Umbilical cord function
-connects placenta to fetus
86
What does the placenta do at 7 weeks?
-synthesizes progesterone
-cells of the developing adrenal glands use progesterone to produce estrogen
- Estrogen causes changes in uterus, breasts, maternal metabolism, fetal organ development
87
Discuss formation of placenta
-formed from the chorion placental membrane
-has embryonic capillaries and maternal capillaries
-attached to umbilical cord
88
End of embryonic period
End of eighth week
89
When is the embryo called a fetus
After the end of the eighth week
90
Teratogens
Factors that cause congenital malformations during embryonic development
91
Structures in developing embryo are sensitive to teratogens are different times
True
92
Examples of teratogens
Radiation
Infections
Chemicals
Drugs
93
During the fetal stage the body proportions
Change considerably during development
94
Begins at the 8th week of prenatal development
Fetal stage
95
During the development of external reproductive organs
You differentiate from precursor structures
96
Position of full term fetus
Head down
97
9th-12th week of fetal development
-ossification centers appear
-sex organs differentiate
-fetal limbs begin to move
98
13th-16th week of fetal development
-body grows rapidly
-ossification continues, cartilage hardens
99
17th-20th week of fetal development
-muscle movements stronger
-skin is covered with lanugo
-skin is covered with vernix caseosa
100
21st-38th week
-body gains weight
-subcutaneous fat deposited
-eyebrows and eyelashes appear
-eyelids open
-testes descend
101
Lanugo
soft, fine, downy hair that can cover the body of a fetus or newborn
102
Vernix caseosa
a white, waxy, and creamy substance that coats a fetus's skin during the third trimester of pregnancy
Helps protect from abrasions
103
Describe the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus
Oxygen and nutrients diffuse into the fetal blood from the maternal blood
104
How does the fetus get rid of wastes
Waste diffuses into the maternal blood from the fetal blood
105
Has greater oxygen carrying capacity
Fetal blood
106
Umbilical vein
Carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus- half enters liver
107
Ductus venosus
Conducts other half of the blood to inferior vena cava; liver is bypassed
108
Foramen ovale
Conveys blood from right atrium to left atrium; lungs are bypassed
109
Some blood from the superior vena cava enters
Right ventricle and pulmonary trunk. Most bypasses lungs and instead enters the ductus arteriosis.
110
Ductus arteriosis
Conducts some blood from the pulmonary trunk to aorta; lungs are bypassed
111
Blood from the abdominal aorta is branched into
The umbilical arteries
112
Umbilical arteries
Carry blood from internal iliac arteries to the placenta
113
Where is fetal blood reoxygenated
Placenta
114
Birth process
-progesterone levels decrease
-prostaglandins may initiate labor
-stretching uterus stimulates the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland
115
Oxytocin stimulates
Uterine contractions
116
What happens when the fetal head stretches uterus
Greater release of oxytocin that results in stronger and stronger contractions
117
Stages of birth
-fetal position before labor
-dilation of the cervix
-expulsion of the fetus
-expulsion of the placenta
118
Stimulates further breast development
Placental estrogen and progesterone cause breasts to develop even more
119
Causes ductile system to grow
Estrogen
120
Causes alveolar glands to develop
Progesterone
121
Placental lactogen
Also produces changes in breast
122
When is prolactin first released
Prolactin is released about the 5th week of pregnancy
123
When does milk production begin
Until after birth
124
Myoepithelial cells
Contract release milk from an alveolar gland
125
The release of prolactin is controlled by which feedback mechanism
Positive feedback. the more you breastfeed the more milk you produce
126
When does the neonatal period occur
Birth to end the fourth week
127
What happens during the neonatal period
Carry-on respiration
obtain nutrients
Digest nutrients
excrete wastes
regulate body temperature
make cardiovascular adjustments
128
When does infancy occur
End of the fourth week to 1 year
129
What happens during infancy
-growth rate is high
- teeth begin to erupt
-muscular& nervous systems mature
-communication begins
130
Childhood
-1 year to puberty
-growth rate is high
-permanent teeth appear
-muscular control is achieved
-potty training
-intellectual abilities mature
131
Adolescence
-puberty to adulthood -person becomes reproductively functional and emotionally more mature
-growth spurts
-motor skills
-intellectual abilities continue to mature
132
Adulthood
Adolescence to old age
-degenerative changes can begin
133
Senescence
-old age to death
-degenerative changes continue
-body becomes less able to cope with demands placed on it
-death results from various conditions and diseases
134
Leading cause of death
Heart disease
135
Trophoblast forms during which stage?
Blastocyst
136
30 hours to day 3
Cleavage
137
Day 3 to day 4
Morula
138
Day 5 to 2 weeks
Blastocyst
139
After 2 weeks
Gastrula
