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Bio 211 > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

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1
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Part of Immune system,
-vast collection of cells and biochemicals that travel in lymphatic vessels

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2
Q

Lymphatic system is closely associated with which other body system?

A

Cardiovascular system

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3
Q

Lymphatic system is made of

A

Network of vessels that assist in circulating fluids

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4
Q

3 functions of lymphatic system

A

1.Transports excess fluid away from interstitial spaces and returns it to the bloodstream

2.absorbs lipids from digestive system and transports them to the bloodstream

  1. Defends against diseases
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5
Q

Immune system and lymphatic system relationship

A

Many cells of lymphatic system defend against disease and give permanent immunity against future infections

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6
Q

Lymph vessels

A

Carry lymph

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7
Q

Lymph vessels

A

Carry lymph

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8
Q

Lipids

A

Fat

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9
Q

Function of lacteals

A

lymphatic capillaries that absorb fats and transport them to the blood

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10
Q

Lymphatic pathways

A

1.Lymphatic capillaries
2.Lymphatic vessels
3.Lymph nodes
4.Larger lymphatic vessels
5.Lymphatic trunks
6.Lymphatic collecting ducts
7.subclavian veins in thorax

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11
Q

Lymphatic capillaries function

A

where fluid exchanges occur

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12
Q

Anything from lymphatic system will end up in

A

Cardiovascular system

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13
Q

Lymphatic capillaries structure

A

-Microscopic, close-ended tubes
-thin walled
-made of simple squamous epithelium

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14
Q

Lymph

A

Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) that enters lymphatic capillaries is called lymph

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15
Q

Lymphatic capillaries merge into

A

Lymphatic vessels

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16
Q

Lymphatic vessels are made of 3 layers

A

Thinner than veins
1. Endothelial (inner)
2. Smooth muscle
3. Connective tissue (outer)

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17
Q

What kind of valves do lymphatic vessels have?

A

Semilunar valves

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18
Q

Larger lymphatic vessels lead to

A

Lymph nodes and then lymphatic trunks

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19
Q

What causes lymph movement?

A
  1. Action of skeletal muscles
  2. Respiratory movements
  3. Smooth muscle in larger lymphatic vessels
    4.Valves in lymphatic vessels
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20
Q

Lymphatic trunks

A

Drain lymph from lymphatic vessels.

They are named for the regions they serve: lumbar, intestinal, subclavian, intercostal, jugular

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21
Q

Function of lymph collecting ducts

A

Drain lymph from trunks
Thoracic duct (large)
Right lymphatic duct (small)

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22
Q

Which lymph collecting duct is small?

A

Right lymphatic duct

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23
Q

Which lymph collecting duct is large?

A

Thoracic duct

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24
Q

Thoracic duct drains into

A

Left subclavian vein

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25
Q

__________ duct drains a much larger portion of the body than the right lymphatic duct

A

Thoracic

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26
Q

Breast drains to

A

Axillary lymph nodes, cancer surgery can disrupt lymphatic flow and cause edema

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27
Q

Large thoracic duct drains into

A

Left subclavian vein

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28
Q

Small right lymphatic duct drains into

A

Right subclavian vein

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29
Q

Summary of lymphatic pathway

A
  1. Lymphatic capillary
    2.Afferent lymphatic vessel
    3.lymph node
    4.Efferent lymphatic vessel
  2. Lymphatic trunk
  3. Collecting duct
    7.Subclavian vein
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30
Q

Afferent lymph vessels

A

Going towards the lymph nodes

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31
Q

Efferent lymph vessels

A

Away from lymph nodes

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32
Q

How is lymph made?

A

Hydrostatic pressure within interstitial spaces and forces fluid into the lymphatic capillaries
Made to prevent edema

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33
Q

Roles of lymphatic capillaries

A

1-Absorption of dietary fats
2-Deliver absorbed fats into the bloodstream
3-collect excess interstitial fluid
4-deliver excess fluid to the bloodstream
5-deliver foreign particles to lymph nodes

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34
Q

Cervical region of lymph nodes drain from

A

Nasal cavity

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35
Q

Axillary region of lymph nodes is in

A

Armpit

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36
Q

Supratrochlear region of lymph nodes

A

Above elbow

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37
Q

Major locations of lymph nodes

A

CASIPAT
1.Cervical region
2.Axillary region
3.Supratrochlear
4.Inguinal
5.Pelvic
6. Abdominal cavity
7.Thoracic cavity

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38
Q

Inguinal

A

Genital

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39
Q

Lymph node

A

Bean shaped,
2.5 cm long. Filter pathogens from lymph

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40
Q

Lymph nodes are located along

A

Lymphatic vessels

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41
Q

Lymph nodes contain

A

T Lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and macrophages

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42
Q

Hilum

A

Where blood and nerve meet the lymph vessel

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43
Q

Thymus

A

Some cells mature into
T-LYMPHOCYTES which leave thymus to provide immunity

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44
Q

Thymosins

A

Hormones produced in the thymus to stimulate T cell maturation

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45
Q

Thymus is a type of

A

Gland,

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46
Q

Thymus located anterior to

A

Aortic arch

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47
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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48
Q

What does the Thymus release?

A

Thymosins which stimulates T cell maturation

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49
Q

What happens to the thymus as you age?

A

It shrinks.
The thymus is large in infancy and shrinks at puberty. In the elderly, the thymus is replaced by adipose and other connective tissue

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50
Q

In the elderly lymphatic tissue is replaced by

A

Adipose and other connective tissues

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51
Q

Largest lymphatic organ

A

Spleen

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52
Q

Spleen location

A

Upper left part of the abdominal cavity

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53
Q

Resembles large lymph node

A

Spleen

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54
Q

The spleen contains

A

Sinuses filled with blood

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55
Q

Types of tissue in the spleen?

A

White pulp
Red pulp

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56
Q

Function of spleen

A

Filters blood like the lymph nodes filer lymph

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57
Q

White pulp

A

Lymphocytes

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58
Q

Red pulp

A

RBCs, lymphocytes, macrophages

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59
Q

Spleen is right by

A

Stomach

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60
Q

Graveyard for RBCs

A

Spleen

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61
Q

Major organs of lymphatic system

A

-Lymph nodes
-Thymus
-Spleen

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62
Q

Houses macrophages that remove foreign particles, damaged red blood cells and cellular debris from the blood, contains lymphocytes

A

Spleen

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63
Q

Houses lymphocytes differentiates thymocytes into t lymphocytes

A

Thymus

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64
Q

Filter foreign particles and debris from lymph.Produce and house lymphocytes that destroy foreign particles in lymph. House macrophages that engulf and destroy foreign particles and cellular debris in lymph

A

Lymph nodes

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65
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease causing agents
Bacteria, viruses, fungi

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66
Q

The presence and multiplication of a pathogen in the body may cause

A

Infection

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67
Q

Defense mechanisms to prevent entry of pathogens and destroy them

A
  1. Innate (non-specific) defenses
    2.Adaptive (specific) defenses
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68
Q

Innate (non specific defenses)

A

-General defenses
-Protect against many types of pathogens
-EX: skin keeps everything out

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69
Q

Adaptive (specific) defenses

A

-known as immunity
-more specific and precise, targeting specific antigens
-carried out by lymphocytes that recognize certain foreign molecules
-lifelong immunity against chicken pox

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70
Q

Defenses you’re born with

A

Non-specific

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71
Q

Types of innate defenses

A

1.Species resistance 2.mechanical barriers 3.chemical barriers
4. natural killer cells 5.inflammation
6.Phagocytosis
7.fever

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72
Q

Species resistance

A

A species is resistant to certain diseases to which other species are susceptible

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73
Q

Mechanical barriers

A

Unbroken skin and mucous membranes prevent the entrance of some infectious agents.
fluids wash away microorganisms before they can firmly attach to tissues

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74
Q

Chemical barriers

A

Enzymes, pH, high salt concentration, interferons, positive chemotaxis

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75
Q

Natural killer cells

A

A distinct type of lymphocyte that secretes perforins that lyse virus infected cells and cancer cells

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76
Q

Inflammation

A

A tissue response to injury that helps prevent the spread of infectious agents into nearby tissues

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77
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages engulf and destroy foreign particles and cells

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78
Q

Fever

A

Elevated body temperature directly inhibits microbial growth and increases phagocytic activity

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79
Q

Certain species do not have the appropriate temperature or chemical environment or receptors for a pathogen to survive and proliferate

A

Species resistance

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80
Q

Example of very specific pathogen

A

Viruses

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81
Q

People with sickle cell cannot get which illness?

A

Malaria

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82
Q

First line of defense

A

Skin and mucous membranes, earwax

form mechanical barriers

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83
Q

Second line of defense

A

All other nonspecific defenses except for mechanical barriers

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84
Q

Example of mechanical barriers

A

-Anything that prevents the entrance of pathogens
-ciliated epithelium in respiratory tract traps and sweeps away pathogens
-hair traps pathogens
-Skin sloughs off removing superficial bacteria
-tears, saliva and urine wash away microorganisms

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85
Q

Types of chemical barriers

A

Enzymes and interferons

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86
Q

Enzymes

A

Destroy microorganisms, pepsin in gastric juice, lysozyme in tears

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87
Q

Interferons

A

Block viral replication, act against growth of tumors, stimulate phagocytosis

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88
Q

Examples of enzymes

A

Pepsin and lysozyme
Destroy microorganisms

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89
Q

NK cells also enhace

A

Inflammation

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90
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Small population of lymphocytes that are different from B&T cells

Defend against viruses and cancer cells by secreting substances called perforins that burst the cell membrane

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91
Q

NK cells are part of _________ defenses

A

Innate, non specific

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92
Q

Inflammation produces effects

A
  1. Local redness, swelling, heat and pain
    2.A process that walls off infection site and inhibits the spread of infection
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93
Q

What happens after blood vessels dilate, capillary permeability increases, and fluid leaks into tissue spaces

A

Tissues become red swollen warm and painful

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94
Q

What happens after white blood cells invade the region

A

Pus may form as the white blood cells, bacterial cells and cellular debris accumulate

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95
Q

What happens after tissue fluids containing clotting factors seep into the area

A

A clot containing threads of fibrin may form

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96
Q

Major actions of an inflammation response

A
  1. Blood vessels dilate
    2.WBCs invade the region
    3.Tissue fluids containing clotting factors seep into the area
  2. Fibroblasts arrive
  3. Phagocytes are active
    6.cells divide
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97
Q

Phagocytosis function in lymphatic system

A

Removes foreign particles from the lymph

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98
Q

Most active phagocytic cells

A

Neutrophils and monocytes

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99
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Chemicals from damaged tissue attract phagocytic cells

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100
Q

Monocytes become

A

Macrophages

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101
Q

Macrophage means

A

Large eater

102
Q

Phagocytes are in

A

Blood vessels,
Spleen,
Liver or bone marrow ,
Lymph nodes

103
Q

Fever starts when

A

Starts when an infection (viral or bacterial) stimulates lymphocytes to proliferate producing cells that secrete a substance called interleukin 1 which raises the thermal regulatory set point

104
Q

Effects of fever on the body

A

1.Inhibits microbial growth
2.Causes liver and spleen to take up iron so that it’s unavailable for bacteria and fungi use
3. Increases phagocytic activity

105
Q

IL1

A

Interleukin one
1.raises the thermal regulatory set point
2.is secreted during viral or bacterial infection

106
Q

Third line of defense

A

1.Developed over time, babies have weak third line of defense
2.resistance to particular pathogens and substances

107
Q

Immunity

A

Resistance to particular pathogens and their toxins or metabolic byproducts

108
Q

Immune response is based on

A

Ability to distinguish molecules that are part of the body (self) vs non-self

109
Q

Antigens

A

Non-self molecules that can elicit an immune response

110
Q

Adaptive responses are carried out by

A

Lymphocytes and macrophages that can recognize specific antigens

111
Q

Types of adaptive defenses

A

-Cellular immune response
-humoral immune response

112
Q

Cellular immune response performed by

A

Immune cells

113
Q

Humoral immune response

A

Performed by antibodies

114
Q

Humoral immune response

A

Performed by antibodies

115
Q

Cellular immune response is carried out by

A

T cells

116
Q

Example of cellular immune response

A

Cell is infected and the cell is destroyed by immune system

117
Q

Humoral immune response is in

A

The fluid

118
Q

How do antibodies deal with bacteria

A

Attach to pathogen

119
Q

Cellular immune response and humoral immune response are part of which line of defense

A

Third line of defense

120
Q

Second line of defense includes

A

1.Chemical barriers
2.natural killer cells 3.inflammation 4.phagocytosis
5. fever

121
Q

First line of defense

A

Skin

122
Q

Humoral immune response is carried out by which cells

A

b cells

123
Q

Receptors on surface of lymphocytes enable the cells to recognize ___-____ ________

A

Non-self antigens

124
Q

Haptens

A

Small molecules that when combined with a large molecule produce an immune response. Don’t provoke immune response by themselves. Only when bound

125
Q

Example of hapten

A

Poison ivy
Has oil

126
Q

Haptens can be recognized by

A

Pre-formed antibodies

127
Q

3.Kinds of T cells

A
  1. Helper T cells
  2. Cytotoxic T cells
    3.Memory T cells
128
Q

Helper T cells

A

Activate other cells; help B cells produce antibodies

129
Q

Cytotoxic t cells

A

Attack virally infected or cancerous cells

130
Q

Memory t cells

A

Provide future immune protection

131
Q

Which chemical do cytotoxic t cells use to attack?

A

Perforin

132
Q

Dispatcher t cells

A

Helper T cells

133
Q

Which cells remember how to fight the invader?

A

Memory t cells. Helps you fight quickly

134
Q

How are t cells activated?

A

Antigen presenting cell APC

135
Q

Examples of antigen presenting cells

A

Macrophages
B Cells

136
Q

APC antigen presenting cells work in the following way

A
  1. Puts fragments of destroyed cell on the cell membrane.
  2. APC shows t cell the cell fragments and tells it to recognize it as a foreign antigen and kill it
137
Q

Major histocompatibility complex MHC

A

1.protein on macrophage (or other antigen presenting cells) that helps hold antigen out for recognition by T cells

The function of MHC molecules isto bind peptide fragments derived from pathogens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by the appropriate T cells

138
Q

Human leukocyte antigens

A

complex of genes on chromosome 6 in humans which encode cell-surface proteins responsible for regulation of the immune system

139
Q

Do T lymphocytes have MHC arms?

A

Yes

140
Q

The T lymphocyte must be activated by

A

The APC

141
Q

What digests the pathogen and presents it on its MHC?

A

APC

142
Q

How are T lymphocytes activated?

A

T lymphocytes have an MHC arm that helps them pick up antigens from APC arm (MHC)

143
Q

After antigen recognition, t cells secrete

A

Cytokines and interleukins

144
Q

Cytokines mean

A

Communication

145
Q

Cytokines

A

Enhance cellular responses to antigens

Tells B cells and other T cells that there is a pathogen

146
Q

Cytotoxic t cell
And natural killer cells release

A

Perforin

147
Q

NK cells are _________ cytotoxic t cells are __________

A

NK cells are innate
Cytotoxic T cells are specific

148
Q

Stimulate bone marrow to produce lymphocytes

A

Colony stimulating factors

149
Q

Block viral replication, stimulate macrophages to engulf viruses ,stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, attack cancer cells

A

Interferons

150
Q

Interleukins

A

Control lymphocyte differentiation and proliferation

151
Q

Tumor necrosis Factor

A

Stops tumor growth releases growth factors causes fever that accompanies bacterial infection, stimulates lymphocyte differentiation

152
Q

Interferons

A
  1. Block viral replication
    2.Stimulate macrophages to engulf viruses
    3.Stimulate B cells to produce antibodies,
  2. Attack cancer cells
153
Q

B cells are made in the

A

Bone marrow and they produce antibodies

154
Q

B cells are activated by

A

APC that matches the receptor

155
Q

Once proper cytokines are released from helper T cells B cells respond by

A

Proliferating,
enlarging clone of identical cells

156
Q

Some new B cells become

A

Memory B cells

157
Q

Memory B cells

A

Provide future immunity

158
Q

Plasma cells

A

New b cells that produce large globular proteins

Make lots of antibodies very quickly

159
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

Antibodies,
Large globular proteins

160
Q

Antibody-mediated immune response
Humoral immune response

A

Antibodies carried by blood to the infection site

161
Q

B cells and T cells both require ______ to work

A

Activation

162
Q

T cells secrete cytokines to

A

Activate B cells to proliferate

163
Q

T cells and B cells both make _____ cells

A

T cells and B cells both make memory cells

164
Q

Helper T cell alerts both

A

T cells and B cells

165
Q

Explain adaptive immunity steps

A
  1. Macrophage kills pathogens and displays remnants on MHC
    2 . t cell contacts displayed antigen.
  2. Helper T cells send out cytokines after contacting displayed antigen. (Alerts T cells and B cells)
  3. T cells make memory T cells and cytotoxic T cells in response
    5.B cells make contact with MHC on APC and are activated
  4. B cells make plasma cells and memory cells
166
Q

B cell proliferation makes both

A
  1. Dormant memory B cells
  2. Antibody secreting plasma cells (colony of antibody makers)
167
Q

B cell activities in antibody production

A
  1. B cell is activated when it meets the antigen or when it’s told to activate by helper T cells
  2. B cell makes clones and enlarges the clones
  3. Makes more clones, some turn into plasma cells. Makes more antibodies for that antigen
  4. Antigen-bearing agents enter tissues
    2.B cell encounters an antigen that fits it’s antigen receptors
    3.Either alone or in conjunction with helper T cells, the B cell is activated. The B cell proliferates enlarging it’s clone
  5. Some of the newly formed B cells differentiate further to become plasma cells
    5.Plasma cells synthesize and secrete antibodies whose molecular structure is similar to the activated B cell’s antigen receptors
168
Q

T cell activities in antibody production

A
  1. APC displays antigen and helper T cells are activated when they meet the antigen on the APC
  2. Helper T releases cytokines when it meets a B cell that has encountered the same antigen before.
  3. B cells proliferate thanks to cytokines released by helper T cells. The make antibodies and plasma cells

1.Antigen bearing agents enter tissues
2.Accesory cell such as macrophage phagocytizes the antigen bearing agent and the macrophage’s lysosomes digest the agent
3. Antigens from the digested antigen bearing agents are displayed on the membrane of the accessory cell
4. Helper T cell becomes activated when it encounters a displayed antigen that fits its antigen receptors
5. Activated helper T cell releases cytokines when it encounters a B cell that has previously combined with an identical antigen bearing agent
6. Cytokine stimulate the B cell to proliferate
7. Some of the newly formed B cells give rise to cells that differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells

169
Q

Antibodies

A

-Globular proteins
-Y shaped Proteins -composed of 4 amino acid chains, 2 heavy and 2 light

170
Q

Gamma globulin fraction of plasma proteins

A

Antibodies

171
Q

Antibodies are made of

A

composed of 4 amino acid chains, 2 heavy and 2 light

172
Q

Each antibody has a unique _____ _____ ___________

A

Amino acid sequence, specific to each antigen

173
Q

Antigen binding sites are made of

A

Variable regions of light and heavy chains

174
Q

Antigen binding sites are made of

A

Variable regions of light and heavy chains

175
Q

Variable region is specific to

A

Antigen

176
Q

Variable region is specific to

A

Antigen

177
Q

Amino acids have what kind of bridges?

A

Disulfide bridges, help make the antibody

178
Q

IgG

A

-80%
-Helps defend against bacteria, viruses and toxin.
Activates complement
-occurs in plasma and tissue fluid

179
Q

IgA

A

-exocrine gland secretions
-defends against bacteria and viruses
-13% of antibodies

180
Q

IgM

A

-plasma
-reacts with antigens on some RBC following mismatched blood transfusions. Activates complement

181
Q

IgM percentage

A

6%

182
Q

IgD & IgE %

A

Less than 1%

183
Q

IgD

A

-surface of most B lymphocytes
- B cell activation

184
Q

IgE

A

-exocrine gland secretions
-promotes inflammation and allergic responses

185
Q

Antibodies react to antigens in 3 ways

A
  1. Direct attack on antigens
  2. Activation of complement IgG and IgM
  3. Stimulation of local change, inflammation to help prevent the spread of infection
186
Q

How does direct attack by an antibody work

A

Antibody attaches directly to antigen so it dies in the spleen after blood is filtered.

187
Q

Which antibodies are responsible for the activation of the complement?

A

IgG and IgM

188
Q

Primary immune response

A

First time you get infected you don’t make as many antibodies.

First antibodies appear in 5-10 days and remain for several weeks; memory B cells are also produced

189
Q

Secondary immune response

A

Makes more antibodies after re-exposure. High concentration of antibodies in 1-2 days. Antibodies remain for months or years. Memory B cells live for many years.

190
Q

Vaccine

A

Killed or weakened bacteria or viruses. Chemically altered toxins, or glycoproteins to stimulate antigen response

191
Q

Naturally acquired immunity

A

Obtained by natural process (getting and recovering from the disease or given for mother to fetus or infant)

192
Q

Artificially acquired immunity

A

Obtained by injection instead of natural process

193
Q

Passive immunity

A

Temporary immunity obtained via antibodies. no antigen exposure. no immune response is evoked by the person’s immune system

194
Q

Active immunity

A

Permanent immunity is obtained via antigen contact immune response is evoked and memory B cells are produced

195
Q

Stimulation of an immune response with symptoms of a disease

A

Naturally acquired active immunity

196
Q

Stimulation of an immune response without symptoms of a disease

A

Artificially acquired active immunity

197
Q

Short-term immunity for newborn without stimulating an immune response

A

Naturally acquired passive immunity

198
Q

Short-term immunity without stimulating an immune response

A

Artificially acquired passive immunity

199
Q

Exposure to a live pathogen gives you which type of immunity

A

Naturally acquired active immunity

200
Q

Exposure to a vaccine containing weakened or dead pathogens or their components gives you which kind of immunity

A

Artificially acquired active immunity

201
Q

Antibodies pass from fetus to pregnant woman with active immunity or to newborn through colostrum or breast milk from a woman with active immunity

A

Naturally acquired passive immunity

202
Q

Injection of anti-serum containing specific antibodies or antitoxin

A

Artificially acquired passive immunity

203
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

1.Exaggerated immune response to non-harmful antigen
2. Person is presensitized to a certain antigen

204
Q

Who can hypersensitivity affect

A

Almost anyone or people with inherited exaggerated immune response

205
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity immediate reaction

A

Overproduction of IgE antibodies

206
Q

Hay fever is an example of

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity

207
Q

Type 2 hypersensitivity

A

Phagocytosis and complement mediated lysis of antigen

208
Q

Antibody dependent cytotoxic reaction

A

Type 2 hypersensitivity

209
Q

Mismatched blood transfusion is an example of

A

Type 2 hypersensitivity

210
Q

Immediate reaction

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity

211
Q

Type 3 hypersensitivity

A

Phagocytosis and lysis cannot clear antigen- antibody complexes

212
Q

Immune complex reaction is which type of hypersensitivity

A

Type 3 hypersensitivity

213
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Example of type 3 hypersensitivity

214
Q

Type 4 hypersensitivity

A

T cells and macrophages release chemical factors into the skin

215
Q

Delayed reaction is which type of hypersensitivity

A

Type 4

216
Q

Dermatitis is an example of which kind of hypersensitivity

A

Type 4 hypersensitivity

217
Q

1.Allergy person produces many IgE antibodies against the specific allergen
2. Occurrence minutes after contact with allergen histamine is released 3.symptoms include hives hay fever asthma eczema gastric disturbances and anaphylactic shock

A

Type 1 immediate reaction hypersensitivity

218
Q

1.Antigen binds to specific cell; causes phagocytosis complement lyses antigen 2.transfusion reaction

A

Type 2 hypersensitivity antibody dependent cytotoxic reaction

219
Q

1.Antigen antibody complexes form and deposit in certain tissues
2. Damages tissues via phagocytosis and complement binding 3.antibody complexes cannot be cleared from the body
4. rheumatoid arthritis is an example

A

Type 3 hypersensitivity immune complex reaction

220
Q

1.May affect anyone
2. results from repeated exposure of skin to allergen
3. allergen activates T cells in skin which release chemicals that cause eruptions and inflammation takes about 48 hours to occur

A

Type 4 delayed reaction hypersensitivity

221
Q

Tissues and organs that can be transplanted

A
  1. Cornea
    2 kidney
    3.liver
    4.pancreas
  2. heart
  3. bone marrow
  4. skin
  5. bones
  6. lungs
222
Q

Tissue rejection reaction

A

Recipients immune system will try to destroy the foreign tissue

223
Q

Tissue rejection resembles

A

Cellular immune response against antigens

224
Q

How do you prevent tissue rejection

A

Match MHC antigens between donor and recipient.
The greater the antigenic difference, the stronger and faster the rejection reaction will be

  1. Immunosuppressive drugs
225
Q

When does the immune system attack donated tissues

A

When the donors tissues are recognized as foreign

226
Q

Isograft

A

Comes from identical twin
Bone marrow transplant from a healthy twin to a twin who has leukemia

227
Q

Autograft

A

Comes from self
Skin graft from one part of the body to replace burnt skin

228
Q

Allograft

A

Same species
Kidney transplant from a relative or a closely matched donor

229
Q

Xenograft

A

Different species
heart valves from a pig

230
Q

Which grafts would not cause rejection reaction?

A

Autograft and isograft

231
Q

Which grafts would tend to cause a rejection reaction

A

Allografts and xenografts

232
Q

Autoimmune disorder

A

Immune system attacks you
Fails to distinguish self from non-self. Body produces autoantibodies

233
Q

Autoantibodies

A

Body produces antibodies called autoantibodies that cause it to attack itself

234
Q

What do cytotoxic t cells do during autoimmunity?

A

Attack the body’s tissues and organs

235
Q

HIV

A

Virus that infects the helper T cells

Autoimmune disorder

236
Q

Diabetes I can be caused by

A

Autoimmune disorder
Antibodies against pancreatic beta cells

237
Q

Graves disease can be caused by

A

Autoimmune disorder

238
Q

HIV stands for

A

Human immunodeficiency virus
-may be silent for years, then progresses to AIDS

239
Q

Why is it bad for HIV to attack the helper T cells?

A

When helper T cells decline, B cells can’t produce antibodies because they can’t get activated by cytokines,

240
Q

Later, HIV variants affect which cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

241
Q

Why does HIV/AIDS kill?

A

Loss of immune response against pathogens and cancers

242
Q

Modes of transmission of HIV/AIDS

A

-sex
-contaminated needles
-birth or milk from infected mother
-getting infected blood or tissues from donor

243
Q

Before attacking the helper T cells, HIV/AIDS attacks

A

Macrophages

244
Q

As you get older the immune system

A

Declines, thymus gland shrinks. Only 25% as powerful as it once was.

Higher risk of infection and cancer

245
Q

As you get older the immune system

A

Declines, thymus gland shrinks. Only 25% as powerful as it once was.

Higher risk of infection and cancer

246
Q

As people get older, which antibodies increase

A

IgA and IgG

247
Q

As people get older, which antibodies decrease?

A

IgM and IgE

248
Q

Elderly may not be candidates for certain treatments that suppress immunity such as

A

Chemo

249
Q

What happens to B cells and T cells with age?

A

T cells decrease slightly
B cell numbers don’t change, but activity level declines in both B and T cells

250
Q

With age, antibody response to antigens becomes

A

Slower

Bio 211 (9 decks)

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