Water and Major Minerals

Question 1

A Precious Resource

Safe drinking water is a very precious resource world-wide.

Many infectious diseases result from drinking _____ water.

Water constitutes approximately ___% (45-65) of a young adult’s (19-50 years) body weight.

The proportion of water is generally ___ in females, ___ individuals, and the ___because of their smaller proportion of ___ __ ___

Answer 1

Safe drinking water is a very precious resource world-wide. Many infectious diseases result from drinking contaminated water. Water constitutes approximately 60% (45-65) of a young adult’s (19-50 years) body weight. The proportion of water is generally less in females, obese individuals, and the elderly because of their smaller proportion of lean body mass.

Question 2

Water: Basic Functions

Answer 2

Transport of nutrients and waste products Lubrication Maintenance of blood volume Participation in chemical reactions Solvent for nutrients Regulation of body temperature

Question 3

Water in the Body: Various ____

Answer 3

Water in the Body: Various Compartments

Question 4

Cell and Its Associated Fluids

Answer 4

Cell and Its Associated Fluids

Intracellular

Intercellular/Interstitial

Intravascular

Question 5

Input of Water

____-___mL

__> ___>____

Answer 5

Input of Water

1450-2800mL

Liquids>Food>Metabolic Water

Question 6

Output of Water

Answer 6

Output of Water

1450-2800 mL

Kidneys> Skin> Lungs> Feces

Question 7

Sources of Water

___
___
___ ___

Answer 7

Sources of Water * Beverages * Foods * Metabolic water

Question 8

The Water Content of Some Foods

Answer 8

The Water Content of Some Foods

Tomato High

Oil has none

Pb is low

Question 9

Maintenance of Fluid Balance

Kidneys:

Respond to ____ blood flow by releasing enzyme: ____

Renin initiates activation of protein _____n to angiotensin

Angiotensin to the :

• ___ ___s: secrete _____–> Kidneys ____ Na and H20 increasing P
• __ ___: ____. P increase

Brain:

Hypothalamus responds to ___ salt [] in blood by stimulating ___ ___

Pit Gland releases ___

Kidneys ____ Na and H20 increasing P

Answer 9

Maintenance of Fluid Balance

Kidneys:

Respond to reduced blood flow by releasing enzyme: renin

Renin initiates activation of protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin

Angiotensin to the :

• Adrenal Glands: secrete alosterone–> Kidneys retain Na and H20 increasing P
• Blood vessels: Constrict. P increase

Brain:

Hypothalamus responds to high salt [] in blood by stimulating pituitary gland

Pit Gland releases ADH

Kidneys retain Na and H20 increasing P

Question 10

Recommendations for Daily Intake of Water

Answer 10

Recommendations for Daily Intake of Water

Question 11

Water: An Essential but Overlooked Nutrient

Research indicates that fluid consumption in general and water consumption in particular may have an effect on the risk of:

___ ___disease

Several types of ____

___ ___function

___ __ ___

Dehydration in the elderly

Several other conditions!

Answer 11

Urinary stone disease Several types of cancer Salivary gland function Mitral valve prolapse Dehydration in the elderly Several other conditions!

Question 12

Adverse Effects of Dehydration

Mild

___

___

____

____

Moderate

____

Difficulty

____

Severe

_____

____

Answer 12

Mild Thirst Fatigue Loss of appetite Generalized weakness Moderate Headache Difficulty Irritability Severe Loss of balance Delirium

Question 13

Recommendations for Daily Intake of Water

A person who expends ____ calories a day needs about______ liters of water (about _____ cups).

Answer 13

A person who expends 2000 calories a day needs about 2 to 3 liters of water (about 7 to 11 cups).

Question 14

Safety of Drinking Water

Answer 14

Safety of Drinking Water

Question 15

Is Bottled Water Better for You Than Tap Water?

Answer 15

Is Bottled Water Better for You Than Tap Water?

Question 16

Amt of Minerals

Answer 16

Amt of Minerals

Ca>Ph>K>S>Na>Cl>Mg

Question 17

Sodium: Primary Functions

___ __ of ___
___ of ___ ___ ____

____ for ___ ___ and ___ ___

Answer 17

Major cation of the extra-cellular fluid Maintenance of acid-base balance Essential for nerve transmission and muscle contraction

Question 18

Food Sources of Sodium

___
______ _____
_____
____ ____
____

Answer 18

Table salt Soy sauce Vegetables Processed Foods Meats

Question 19

Processed Foods

Answer 19

Processed Foods

We add Na to make it taste good

Question 20

Chloride: Major___ of ____

Answer 20

Chloride: Major Anion of ECF

Question 21

Functions

___
___

Answer 21

Maintenance of normal fluid and electrolyte balance Maintenance of gastric acidity

Question 22

Food Sources

___
___
___
___ ___

Answer 22

Food Sources Meats Milk Eggs Processed foods

Question 23

Potassium: Primary Functions

___
____
____
____
____

Answer 23

Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance Cell integrity Nerve impulse transmission Muscle contractions Cardiac support

Question 24

Conditions Associated with Potassium Deficiency

___ ___
____
____
___ ___

Answer 24

Diabetic acidosis Dehydration Diarrhea Prolonged vomiting

Question 25

Potassium Deficiency: Clinical Symptoms

___ ___

___
___

Answer 25

Muscular weakness Paralysis Confusion

Question 26

Food Sources of K

Answer 26

Food Sources

Fruits and Veggies

Question 27

Calcium: The Most ____ Mineral in the Body

Only calcium and ____ are present in the body in amounts larger than a ____.

__ __ percent of the body’s calcium is found in ___ and ___

Answer 27

Only calcium and phosphorous are present in the body in amounts larger than a pound. Ninety-nine percent of the body’s calcium is found in bones and teeth.

Question 28

Primary Function of Calcium:___ of ___ and ___

Answer 28

Primary Function of Calcium: Mineralization of Bones and Teeth

Question 29

Calcium: Other Important Functions
___
__
___
___
___
___
___
____

Answer 29

* Blood clotting * Nerve conduction * Muscle contraction * Regulation of enzyme action * Membrane Permeability * Maintenance of immunity * Regulation of blood pressure

Question 30

Absorption of Calcium: A highly ____ process that is influenced by several factors – ___, ___, ___ ___

Answer 30

A highly regulated process that is influenced by several factors – nutrients, hormones and physical activity.

Question 31

Factors That Enhance Calcium Absorption

___
__
___

____

Answer 31

Vitamin D Lactose Ca:P ratio Hormones that promote growth

Question 32

Factors That Decrease Calcium Absorption

___
___
___
___
___

Answer 32

High-fiber diet Phytates Oxalates High-protein diet Aging

Question 33

Foods Ranked According to Absorbability

Answer 33

Foods Ranked According to Absorbability

Cauliflower high

Spinach Low

Question 34

Rich Sources of Calcium

Answer 34

Milk and milk products

Question 35

Recommended Dietary Allowances/ Dietary Reference Intakes

Adults (19-__ yrs) – _____mg/day

Adults (__+) – ___/mg/day

Tolerable upper level –____mg/day

Answer 35

Adults (19-50 yrs) – 1000mg/day Adults (51+) – 1200/mg/day Tolerable upper level – 2500mg/day

Question 36

Calcium Deficiency

Children

___ ___(less commonly, __)

Adults

____ (___ of bone)

____ (___ of bones due to inadequate ____)

Answer 36

Children Stunted growth (less commonly, Rickets) Adults Osteoporosis (Loss of bone) Osteomalacia (softening of bones due to inadequate mineralization)

Question 37

Normal and Osteoporotic Bone

Answer 37

Normal and Osteoporotic Bone

Question 38

Risk Factors for Osteoporosis

Answer 38

Risk Factors for Osteoporosis

Question 39

Distorted Body Shape in Osteoporosis

Answer 39

Distorted Body Shape in Osteoporosis

Wedged Upper vertebrae

Crushed Lower Vertebrae

Question 40

Good News: Osteoporosis is _____

Answer 40

Good News: Osteoporosis is Preventable!

Question 41

Phosphorus

Approximately ____ percent of phosphorous is found in bones and teeth in the form of ___ ____.

Component of many ___ ___

Prticipates in ___ ___ ____

Answer 41

Approximately 80 percent of phosphorous is found in bones and teeth in the form of calcium phosphate. Component of many enzyme systems. Participates in acid-base balance.

Question 42

Phosphorus Recommendations and Intakes

Diets that provide adequate ___ and ___ also supply adequate phosphorous

___ ____ (including soft drinks) are usually high in phosphorous (from the ____)

. Dietary deficiency of phosphorous is___ ___

Answer 42

Diets that provide adequate energy and protein also supply adequate phosphorous. Processed foods (including soft drinks) are usually high in phosphorous (from the additives). Dietary deficiency of phosphorous is very rare.

Question 43

Magnesium

Answer 43

Magnesium

Question 44

Magnesium: Primary Functions

__
__
___
___
___

Answer 44

Vital role in many biochemical reactions. Contributes to DNA/RNA synthesis. Essential for nerve and heart function. Essential for stabilization of tooth enamel.

Question 45

Magnesium: The Forgotten Nutrient For Dental Health?

Answer 45

Prevents dental caries. Associated with periodontal health.

Question 46

Magnesium: Other Important Facts

Deficiency symptoms are ___(except with diseases or conditions such as ____, ____, etc.)

Significant food sources include___ ___ ____ ____

Answer 46

Deficiency symptoms are rare (except with diseases or conditions such as alcoholism, malnutrition, etc.) Significant food sources include nuts, legumes, whole grains and vegetable.

Question 47

Sulfur As part of ____, sulfur stabilizes their shape by forming ___ ___.

Part of ___ ____ ____

Answer 47

As part of proteins, sulfur stabilizes their shape by forming disulfide bridges. Part of biotin, thiamin, and the hormone insulin.

Question 48

Macrominerals and Hypertension

Macrominerals such as ___ ____ ____ are related to maintenance of normal blood pressure.

Future research will reveal more definitive roles for these minerals. Stay tuned!

Answer 48

Macrominerals such as calcium, potassium and magnesium are related to maintenance of normal blood pressure. Future research will reveal more definitive roles for these minerals. Stay tuned!