Maintenance of Fluid Balance Kidneys: Respond to ____ blood flow by releasing enzyme: ____ Renin initiates activation of protein _____n to angiotensin Angiotensin to the : ___ ___s: secrete _____--\> Kidneys ____ Na and H20 increasing P __ ___: ____. P increase Brain: Hypothalamus responds to ___ salt [] in blood by stimulating ___ ___ Pit Gland releases ___ Kidneys ____ Na and H20 increasing P

Maintenance of Fluid Balance Kidneys: Respond to reduced blood flow by releasing enzyme: renin Renin initiates activation of protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin Angiotensin to the : Adrenal Glands: secrete alosterone--\> Kidneys retain Na and H20 increasing P Blood vessels: Constrict. P increase Brain: Hypothalamus responds to high salt [] in blood by stimulating pituitary gland Pit Gland releases ADH Kidneys retain Na and H20 increasing P

Water and Major Minerals Flashcards by Daryl Stein

A Precious Resource

Safe drinking water is a very precious resource world-wide.

Many infectious diseases result from drinking _____ water.

Water constitutes approximately ___% (45-65) of a young adult’s (19-50 years) body weight.

The proportion of water is generally ___ in females, ___ individuals, and the ___because of their smaller proportion of ___ __ ___

Safe drinking water is a very precious resource world-wide. Many infectious diseases result from drinking contaminated water. Water constitutes approximately 60% (45-65) of a young adult’s (19-50 years) body weight. The proportion of water is generally less in females, obese individuals, and the elderly because of their smaller proportion of lean body mass.

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Water: Basic Functions

Transport of nutrients and waste products Lubrication Maintenance of blood volume Participation in chemical reactions Solvent for nutrients Regulation of body temperature

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Water in the Body: Various ____

Water in the Body: Various Compartments

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Cell and Its Associated Fluids

Intracellular

Intercellular/Interstitial

Intravascular

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Input of Water

____-___mL

__> ___>____

Input of Water

1450-2800mL

Liquids>Food>Metabolic Water

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Output of Water

1450-2800 mL

Kidneys> Skin> Lungs> Feces

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Sources of Water

___
___
___ ___

Sources of Water * Beverages * Foods * Metabolic water

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The Water Content of Some Foods

Tomato High

Oil has none

Pb is low

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Maintenance of Fluid Balance

Kidneys:

Respond to ____ blood flow by releasing enzyme: ____

Renin initiates activation of protein _____n to angiotensin

Angiotensin to the :

___ ___s: secrete _____–> Kidneys ____ Na and H20 increasing P
__ ___: ____. P increase

Brain:

Hypothalamus responds to ___ salt [] in blood by stimulating ___ ___

Pit Gland releases ___

Kidneys ____ Na and H20 increasing P

Maintenance of Fluid Balance

Kidneys:

Respond to reduced blood flow by releasing enzyme: renin

Renin initiates activation of protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin

Angiotensin to the :

Adrenal Glands: secrete alosterone–> Kidneys retain Na and H20 increasing P
Blood vessels: Constrict. P increase

Brain:

Hypothalamus responds to high salt [] in blood by stimulating pituitary gland

Pit Gland releases ADH

Kidneys retain Na and H20 increasing P

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Recommendations for Daily Intake of Water

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Water: An Essential but Overlooked Nutrient

Research indicates that fluid consumption in general and water consumption in particular may have an effect on the risk of:

___ ___disease

Several types of ____

___ ___function

___ __ ___

Dehydration in the elderly

Several other conditions!

Urinary stone disease Several types of cancer Salivary gland function Mitral valve prolapse Dehydration in the elderly Several other conditions!

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Adverse Effects of Dehydration

Mild

___

____

Moderate

____

Difficulty

____

Severe

_____

____

Mild Thirst Fatigue Loss of appetite Generalized weakness Moderate Headache Difficulty Irritability Severe Loss of balance Delirium

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Recommendations for Daily Intake of Water

A person who expends ____ calories a day needs about______ liters of water (about _____ cups).

A person who expends 2000 calories a day needs about 2 to 3 liters of water (about 7 to 11 cups).

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Safety of Drinking Water

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Is Bottled Water Better for You Than Tap Water?

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Amt of Minerals

Ca>Ph>K>S>Na>Cl>Mg

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Sodium: Primary Functions

___ __ of ___
___ of ___ ___ ____

____ for ___ ___ and ___ ___

Major cation of the extra-cellular fluid Maintenance of acid-base balance Essential for nerve transmission and muscle contraction

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Food Sources of Sodium

___
______ _____
_____
____ ____
____

Table salt Soy sauce Vegetables Processed Foods Meats

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Processed Foods

We add Na to make it taste good

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Chloride: Major___ of ____

Chloride: Major Anion of ECF

Functions

___
___

Maintenance of normal fluid and electrolyte balance Maintenance of gastric acidity

Food Sources

___
___
___
___ ___

Food Sources Meats Milk Eggs Processed foods

Potassium: Primary Functions

___
____
____
____
____

Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance Cell integrity Nerve impulse transmission Muscle contractions Cardiac support

Conditions Associated with Potassium Deficiency

___ ___
____
____
___ ___

Diabetic acidosis Dehydration Diarrhea Prolonged vomiting

Potassium Deficiency: Clinical Symptoms \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_

Muscular weakness Paralysis Confusion

Food Sources of K

Food Sources Fruits and Veggies

Calcium: The Most ____ Mineral in the Body Only calcium and ____ are present in the body in amounts larger than a \_\_\_\_. \_\_ __ percent of the body’s calcium is found in ___ and \_\_\_

Only calcium and phosphorous are present in the body in amounts larger than a pound. Ninety-nine percent of the body’s calcium is found in bones and teeth.

Primary Function of Calcium:\_\_\_ of ___ and \_\_\_

Primary Function of Calcium: Mineralization of Bones and Teeth

Calcium: Other Important Functions \_\_\_ \_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_\_

\* Blood clotting \* Nerve conduction \* Muscle contraction \* Regulation of enzyme action \* Membrane Permeability \* Maintenance of immunity \* Regulation of blood pressure

Absorption of Calcium: A highly ____ process that is influenced by several factors – \_\_\_, \_\_\_, ___ \_\_\_

A highly regulated process that is influenced by several factors – nutrients, hormones and physical activity.

Factors That Enhance Calcium Absorption \_\_\_ \_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_\_

Vitamin D Lactose Ca:P ratio Hormones that promote growth

Factors That Decrease Calcium Absorption \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_

High-fiber diet Phytates Oxalates High-protein diet Aging

Foods Ranked According to Absorbability

Foods Ranked According to Absorbability Cauliflower high Spinach Low

Rich Sources of Calcium

Milk and milk products

Recommended Dietary Allowances/ Dietary Reference Intakes Adults (19-\_\_ yrs) – \_\_\_\_\_mg/day Adults (\_\_+) – \_\_\_/mg/day Tolerable upper level –\_\_\_\_mg/day

Adults (19-50 yrs) – 1000mg/day Adults (51+) – 1200/mg/day Tolerable upper level – 2500mg/day

Calcium Deficiency Children \_\_\_ \_\_\_(less commonly, \_\_) Adults \_\_\_\_ (\_\_\_ of bone) \_\_\_\_ (\_\_\_ of bones due to inadequate \_\_\_\_)

Children Stunted growth (less commonly, Rickets) Adults Osteoporosis (Loss of bone) Osteomalacia (softening of bones due to inadequate mineralization)

Normal and Osteoporotic Bone

Risk Factors for Osteoporosis

Distorted Body Shape in Osteoporosis

Distorted Body Shape in Osteoporosis Wedged Upper vertebrae Crushed Lower Vertebrae

Good News: Osteoporosis is \_\_\_\_\_

Good News: Osteoporosis is Preventable!

Phosphorus Approximately ____ percent of phosphorous is found in bones and teeth in the form of ___ \_\_\_\_. Component of many ___ \_\_\_ Prticipates in ___ \_\_\_ \_\_\_\_

Approximately 80 percent of phosphorous is found in bones and teeth in the form of calcium phosphate. Component of many enzyme systems. Participates in acid-base balance.

Phosphorus Recommendations and Intakes Diets that provide adequate ___ and ___ also supply adequate phosphorous \_\_\_ ____ (including soft drinks) are usually high in phosphorous (from the \_\_\_\_) . Dietary deficiency of phosphorous is\_\_\_ \_\_\_

Diets that provide adequate energy and protein also supply adequate phosphorous. Processed foods (including soft drinks) are usually high in phosphorous (from the additives). Dietary deficiency of phosphorous is very rare.

Magnesium

Magnesium: Primary Functions \_\_ \_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_

Vital role in many biochemical reactions. Contributes to DNA/RNA synthesis. Essential for nerve and heart function. Essential for stabilization of tooth enamel.

Magnesium: The Forgotten Nutrient For Dental Health?

Prevents dental caries. Associated with periodontal health.

Magnesium: Other Important Facts Deficiency symptoms are \_\_\_(except with diseases or conditions such as \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, etc.) Significant food sources include\_\_\_ ___ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_

Deficiency symptoms are rare (except with diseases or conditions such as alcoholism, malnutrition, etc.) Significant food sources include nuts, legumes, whole grains and vegetable.

Sulfur As part of \_\_\_\_, sulfur stabilizes their shape by forming ___ \_\_\_. Part of ___ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_

As part of proteins, sulfur stabilizes their shape by forming disulfide bridges. Part of biotin, thiamin, and the hormone insulin.

Macrominerals and Hypertension Macrominerals such as ___ \_\_\_\_ ____ are related to maintenance of normal blood pressure. Future research will reveal more definitive roles for these minerals. Stay tuned!

Macrominerals such as calcium, potassium and magnesium are related to maintenance of normal blood pressure. Future research will reveal more definitive roles for these minerals. Stay tuned!