Water and Major Minerals Flashcards
A Precious Resource
Safe drinking water is a very precious resource world-wide.
Many infectious diseases result from drinking _____ water.
Water constitutes approximately ___% (45-65) of a young adult’s (19-50 years) body weight.
The proportion of water is generally ___ in females, ___ individuals, and the ___because of their smaller proportion of ___ __ ___
Safe drinking water is a very precious resource world-wide. Many infectious diseases result from drinking contaminated water. Water constitutes approximately 60% (45-65) of a young adult’s (19-50 years) body weight. The proportion of water is generally less in females, obese individuals, and the elderly because of their smaller proportion of lean body mass.
Water: Basic Functions
Transport of nutrients and waste products Lubrication Maintenance of blood volume Participation in chemical reactions Solvent for nutrients Regulation of body temperature
Water in the Body: Various ____
Water in the Body: Various Compartments
Cell and Its Associated Fluids
Cell and Its Associated Fluids
Intracellular
Intercellular/Interstitial
Intravascular
Input of Water
____-___mL
__> ___>____
Input of Water
1450-2800mL
Liquids>Food>Metabolic Water
Output of Water
Output of Water
1450-2800 mL
Kidneys> Skin> Lungs> Feces
Sources of Water
___
___
___ ___
Sources of Water * Beverages * Foods * Metabolic water
The Water Content of Some Foods
The Water Content of Some Foods
Tomato High
Oil has none
Pb is low
Maintenance of Fluid Balance
Kidneys:
Respond to ____ blood flow by releasing enzyme: ____
Renin initiates activation of protein _____n to angiotensin
Angiotensin to the :
- ___ ___s: secrete _____–> Kidneys ____ Na and H20 increasing P
- __ ___: ____. P increase
Brain:
Hypothalamus responds to ___ salt [] in blood by stimulating ___ ___
Pit Gland releases ___
Kidneys ____ Na and H20 increasing P
Maintenance of Fluid Balance
Kidneys:
Respond to reduced blood flow by releasing enzyme: renin
Renin initiates activation of protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin
Angiotensin to the :
- Adrenal Glands: secrete alosterone–> Kidneys retain Na and H20 increasing P
- Blood vessels: Constrict. P increase
Brain:
Hypothalamus responds to high salt [] in blood by stimulating pituitary gland
Pit Gland releases ADH
Kidneys retain Na and H20 increasing P
Recommendations for Daily Intake of Water
Recommendations for Daily Intake of Water
Water: An Essential but Overlooked Nutrient
Research indicates that fluid consumption in general and water consumption in particular may have an effect on the risk of:
___ ___disease
Several types of ____
___ ___function
___ __ ___
Dehydration in the elderly
Several other conditions!
Urinary stone disease Several types of cancer Salivary gland function Mitral valve prolapse Dehydration in the elderly Several other conditions!
Adverse Effects of Dehydration
Mild
___
___
____
____
Moderate
____
Difficulty
____
Severe
_____
____
Mild Thirst Fatigue Loss of appetite Generalized weakness Moderate Headache Difficulty Irritability Severe Loss of balance Delirium
Recommendations for Daily Intake of Water
A person who expends ____ calories a day needs about______ liters of water (about _____ cups).
A person who expends 2000 calories a day needs about 2 to 3 liters of water (about 7 to 11 cups).
Safety of Drinking Water
Safety of Drinking Water
Is Bottled Water Better for You Than Tap Water?
Is Bottled Water Better for You Than Tap Water?
Amt of Minerals
Amt of Minerals
Ca>Ph>K>S>Na>Cl>Mg
Sodium: Primary Functions
___ __ of ___
___ of ___ ___ ____
____ for ___ ___ and ___ ___
Major cation of the extra-cellular fluid Maintenance of acid-base balance Essential for nerve transmission and muscle contraction
Food Sources of Sodium
___
______ _____
_____
____ ____
____
Table salt Soy sauce Vegetables Processed Foods Meats
Processed Foods
Processed Foods
We add Na to make it taste good
Chloride: Major___ of ____
Chloride: Major Anion of ECF
Functions
___
___
Maintenance of normal fluid and electrolyte balance Maintenance of gastric acidity
Food Sources
___
___
___
___ ___
Food Sources Meats Milk Eggs Processed foods
Potassium: Primary Functions
___
____
____
____
____
Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance Cell integrity Nerve impulse transmission Muscle contractions Cardiac support
Conditions Associated with Potassium Deficiency
___ ___
____
____
___ ___
Diabetic acidosis Dehydration Diarrhea Prolonged vomiting
Potassium Deficiency: Clinical Symptoms
___ ___
___
___
Muscular weakness Paralysis Confusion
Food Sources of K
Food Sources
Fruits and Veggies
Calcium: The Most ____ Mineral in the Body
Only calcium and ____ are present in the body in amounts larger than a ____.
__ __ percent of the body’s calcium is found in ___ and ___
Only calcium and phosphorous are present in the body in amounts larger than a pound. Ninety-nine percent of the body’s calcium is found in bones and teeth.
Primary Function of Calcium:___ of ___ and ___
Primary Function of Calcium: Mineralization of Bones and Teeth
Calcium: Other Important Functions
___
__
___
___
___
___
___
____
* Blood clotting * Nerve conduction * Muscle contraction * Regulation of enzyme action * Membrane Permeability * Maintenance of immunity * Regulation of blood pressure
Absorption of Calcium: A highly ____ process that is influenced by several factors – ___, ___, ___ ___
A highly regulated process that is influenced by several factors – nutrients, hormones and physical activity.
Factors That Enhance Calcium Absorption
___
__
___
____
Vitamin D Lactose Ca:P ratio Hormones that promote growth
Factors That Decrease Calcium Absorption
___
___
___
___
___
High-fiber diet Phytates Oxalates High-protein diet Aging
Foods Ranked According to Absorbability
Foods Ranked According to Absorbability
Cauliflower high
Spinach Low
Rich Sources of Calcium
Milk and milk products
Recommended Dietary Allowances/ Dietary Reference Intakes
Adults (19-__ yrs) – _____mg/day
Adults (__+) – ___/mg/day
Tolerable upper level –____mg/day
Adults (19-50 yrs) – 1000mg/day Adults (51+) – 1200/mg/day Tolerable upper level – 2500mg/day
Calcium Deficiency
Children
___ ___(less commonly, __)
Adults
____ (___ of bone)
____ (___ of bones due to inadequate ____)
Children Stunted growth (less commonly, Rickets) Adults Osteoporosis (Loss of bone) Osteomalacia (softening of bones due to inadequate mineralization)
Normal and Osteoporotic Bone
Normal and Osteoporotic Bone
Risk Factors for Osteoporosis
Risk Factors for Osteoporosis
Distorted Body Shape in Osteoporosis
Distorted Body Shape in Osteoporosis
Wedged Upper vertebrae
Crushed Lower Vertebrae
Good News: Osteoporosis is _____
Good News: Osteoporosis is Preventable!
Phosphorus
Approximately ____ percent of phosphorous is found in bones and teeth in the form of ___ ____.
Component of many ___ ___
Prticipates in ___ ___ ____
Approximately 80 percent of phosphorous is found in bones and teeth in the form of calcium phosphate. Component of many enzyme systems. Participates in acid-base balance.
Phosphorus Recommendations and Intakes
Diets that provide adequate ___ and ___ also supply adequate phosphorous
___ ____ (including soft drinks) are usually high in phosphorous (from the ____)
. Dietary deficiency of phosphorous is___ ___
Diets that provide adequate energy and protein also supply adequate phosphorous. Processed foods (including soft drinks) are usually high in phosphorous (from the additives). Dietary deficiency of phosphorous is very rare.
Magnesium
Magnesium
Magnesium: Primary Functions
__
__
___
___
___
Vital role in many biochemical reactions. Contributes to DNA/RNA synthesis. Essential for nerve and heart function. Essential for stabilization of tooth enamel.
Magnesium: The Forgotten Nutrient For Dental Health?
Prevents dental caries. Associated with periodontal health.
Magnesium: Other Important Facts
Deficiency symptoms are ___(except with diseases or conditions such as ____, ____, etc.)
Significant food sources include___ ___ ____ ____
Deficiency symptoms are rare (except with diseases or conditions such as alcoholism, malnutrition, etc.) Significant food sources include nuts, legumes, whole grains and vegetable.
Sulfur As part of ____, sulfur stabilizes their shape by forming ___ ___.
Part of ___ ____ ____
As part of proteins, sulfur stabilizes their shape by forming disulfide bridges. Part of biotin, thiamin, and the hormone insulin.
Macrominerals and Hypertension
Macrominerals such as ___ ____ ____ are related to maintenance of normal blood pressure.
Future research will reveal more definitive roles for these minerals. Stay tuned!
Macrominerals such as calcium, potassium and magnesium are related to maintenance of normal blood pressure. Future research will reveal more definitive roles for these minerals. Stay tuned!
