Vitamins: B-complex, C Flashcards
PYRIDOXINE - Vitamin B6 Includes three compounds which are ____ derivatives:
____(____ form)
____ (___ form)
____ (____ form)
Includes three compounds which are pyridine derivatives: Pyridoxal (Aldehyde form) Pyridoxine (Alcohol form) Pyridoxamine (Amine form)
Active Coenzyme Form
____ _____ (___ )
All three forms of pyridoxine can be converted to the active coenzyme form by ____
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) All three forms of pyridoxine can be converted to the active coenzyme form by phosphorylation.
Primary Role of PLP in the Body
As a coenzyme, pyridoxine is involved in more than ___ enzymatic reactions.
Primary Role of PLP in the Body As a coenzyme, pyridoxine is involved in more than 100 enzymatic reactions.
Primary Functions of Pyridoxine
Reactions related to
___ ___metabolism
___ ___ and ____ metabolism
Conversion of ___ to ____
Synthesis of____
Synthesis of ____
Maintenance of ___ ___
Reactions related to amino acid metabolism Fatty acid and glucose metabolism Conversion of tryptophan to niacin Synthesis of neurotransmitters Synthesis of heme (part of hemoglobin) Maintenance of immune system
RDA for Pyridoxine Males and Females (19-50 yrs) ___mg/day
Tolerable upper level (TUL): ___mg/day
Males and Females (19-50 yrs) 1.3mg/day Tolerable upper level (TUL): 100mg/day
Factors that Affect Pyridoxine Requirement
____ such as____ (used to treat Parkinson’s disease) and ____.
___ consumption
____ in pregnant women
Medications such as L-DOPA (used to treat Parkinson’s disease) and Isoniazid. Alcohol consumption Preeclampsia in pregnant women
Deficiency Early symptoms: -
____ ____ ____
Early symptoms: - Weakness - Irritability - Insomnia
Advanced symptoms (particularly in i___s and ____n): -
____(microcytic, hypochromic) -
___ ___
___ ___ ___
_____
Advanced symptoms (particularly in infants and children): - Anemia (microcytic, hypochromic) - Growth failure - Impaired motor function - Convulsions
Food Sources Protein rich foods Veggies/Fruits
Protein rich foods Veggies/Fruits
Significant Food Sources of Pyridoxine
___
___
_____
____
___
Meat Fish Poultry Legumes Bananas
Clinical Applications
___
____
____
____
____
____
____
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Gestational diabetes
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Hyperemesis Gravidarum (nausea associated with pregnancy)
Meds: Patients receiving drugs such as Isoniazid, Cycloserine, Penicillamine
Alzheimer’s disease
ADHD (Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder).
Pantothenic Acid
Greek word “pantothen” meaning, “__ ___”.
Ample supply of this vitamin is present in __ ___
. Deficiency of this vitamin is ___
Greek word “pantothen” meaning, “every side”. Ample supply of this vitamin is present in all foods. Deficiency of this vitamin is unlikely.
Primary Function
Pantothenic acid is an essential component of ______
. Acetyl coenzyme A or acetyl Co A is an important molecule that participates in many ____ reactions.
Its primary function is to____ the ___ atoms within the____ group to the _____(TCA cycle) to be ___ for production of ___
Pantothenic acid is an essential component of acetyl coenzyme A. Acetyl coenzyme A or acetyl Co A is an important molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions. Its primary function is to transfer the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) to be oxidized for production of energy.
Metabolic Pathways Involving B Vitamins
Metabolic Pathways Involving B Vitamins
RDA - _____
Adequate intake (AI) – ___
Adequate intake (AI) – 5mg/day
Biotin
___ ___ are one of the most nutrient-dense sources of biotin.
Egg yolks are one of the most nutrient-dense sources of biotin.
Avidin Definition:
A ___ found in ___ ___ ___ that can__ __ and inhibit ___; cooking destroys ___
Definition: A protein found in raw egg whites that can bind biotin and inhibit absorption; cooking destroys avidin.
Functions of Biotin Essential ___ for ___ carboxylase enzymes:
- ___ ____ carboxylase
- ____ carboxylase
- ___ ___ carboxylase
___ ____ ____carboxylase
Specific roles in ____, __ __ synthesis, and catabolism of ____
Essential cofactor for four carboxylase enzymes: - Acetyl Co A carboxylase - Pyruvate carboxylase - Propionyl Co A carboxylase - Beta-methylcrotonyl Co A carboxylase Specific roles in gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and catabolism of glucose
Folic Acid (Folate, Folacin)
Primary Function
Primary coenzyme form is ___ ____
___ of___ ___ fragments
Metabolism of ____, ___ and ___
Vital for ___ ___
Synthesis of __s and ____ (essential for cell division)
Folic Acid (Folate, Folacin) Primary coenzyme form is tetrahydrofolate (THF) Transfer of one-carbon fragments Metabolism of serine, methionine and histidine Vital for DNA metabolism Synthesis of purines and pyrimidines (essential for cell division)
RDA for Folate Males and Females (____ yrs.): _____
Males and Females (19-70 yrs.): 400 µg/day
Folate and ___ ___ Defects
Folate and Neural Tube Defects
Deficiency
____ ____ (red blood cells are ____ than normal and not ___ ___)
_____ abnormalities (___, ____, etc.)
Megaloblastic anemia (red blood cells are larger than normal and not fully developed) Gastrointestinal abnormalities (diarrhea, malabsorption, etc.)
Food Sources
_____
____
____
_____
Food Sources
Leafy Green Veggies (spinach/broccoli)
Legumes (black beans, kidney beans, black eyed peas)
Liver
Fruits (Oranges)
Clinical Applications
Prevention of ___ __ ___
- ___ ___
- _____ (absence of part of____).
Possible prevention of___ ___ (along with other B-vitamins).
Control of plasma ______.
Treatment of ____ diseases.
Prevention of neural tube defects (NTDs) - Spina bifida - Anencephaly (absence of part of brain). Possible prevention of heart disease (along with other B-vitamins). Control of plasma homocysteinemia. Treatment of thrombotic diseases.
Clinical Applications (continued)
Treatment of ____
Possible prevention of ___ ___
Many other clinical conditions
Treatment of depression Possible prevention of Alzheimer’s disease Many other clinical conditions
VITAMIN B12 - Cobalamin Several Chemical Forms
____cobalamin
___cobalamin
____cobalamin
____cobalamin
*:
Methylcobalamin* Cyanocobalamin Hydroxycobalamin Adenosylcobalamin *
Relationship with Folate
Both vitamins are essential for normal___ ___ ___formation.
Deficiency of both vitamins leads to ____ ____
Both vitamins are essential for normal red blood cell formation. Deficiency of both vitamins leads to megaloblastic anemia.
Unique Function of Cobalamin
___ function: maintenance of ___ ___ that insulates nerve fibers.
Deficiency of cobalamin is a risk factor for ____ disease that can cause___ ___
Nerve function: maintenance of myelin sheath that insulates nerve fibers. Deficiency of cobalamin is a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease that can cause irreversible damage.
The B-Vitamins: In Concert
Many ____ relationships of several B-vitamins.
Supplements of ___ ____ and ___ may lower___ ____which may be a marker for ___ ___
Many interdependent relationships of several B-vitamins. Supplements of cobalamin, pyridoxine and folate may lower plasma homocysteine which may be a marker for heart disease.
Absorption of Cobalamin
Vitamin B12 in ___
___ protein in ___ ___
B12 released as food is digested in ___
B12 R protein ___ formed in ___ pH, protecting B12 from ___ ___
Intrinsic factor released from ___ ___ in ___
___ from ___
___ __ released by trypsin
B12-IF: B12 intrinsic factor ___ formed. This is needed for __ ___
B12 absorbed into ___ and bound to __ ___, ____ ___
Absorption of Cobalamin
Absorption of Colbalmin:
Vitamin B12 in food.
R Protein in salivary glands
B12 released as food is digested in stomach
B12 R protein link formed in acid pH, protecting B12 from intestinal bacteria
Intrinsic factor released from parietal cells in stomach
Trypsin from pancreas
R protein released by trypsin
B12-IF: B12 intrinsic factor link formed. This is needed for B12 absorption
B12 absorbed into blood and bound to transport protein, transcobalamin II
Pernicious Anemia
____ or ___ of ___ ___ which is synthesized in the ___.
Some people (over 60 mostly) may develop ___ ___and hence lack of intrinsic factor.
Rarely, some individuals may inherit a __ ___ for intrinsic factor.
Absence or deficiency of intrinsic factor which is synthesized in the stomach. Some people (over 60 mostly) may develop atrophic gastritis and hence lack of intrinsic factor. Rarely, some individuals may inherit a defective gene for intrinsic factor.
Deficiency of Cobalamin
___
___
____ patients
Elderly Alcoholics Gastrectomy patients
Megaloblastic Anemia
Megaloblastic Anemia
RDA for Cobalamin Adults (males & females) – _____
Adults (males & females) – 2.4 µg/day
Food Sources
Food Sources
FISH/Seafood
Treatment of Megaloblastic Anemia
Diagnose____of anemia
Treat with appropriate___ - ___, ___ or both
Diagnose cause of anemia Treat with appropriate vitamin - Folate, Cobalamin or both
Vitamin C – Ascorbic Acid
Primary Role
Formation of ____(involved in several ___ ___).
Necessary for normal ___ and ___
Formation of collagen (involved in several enzymatic reactions). Necessary for normal growth and development.
Formation of Strong ___ ___
Vitamin C Present: Collagen is ____ (____) by ____ enzyme need Vit C as cofactor.
Formation of Strong Connective Tissue
Vitamin C Present: Collagen is Hydroxylated (Proline) by hydroxylase enzyme need Vit C as cofactor.
Other Roles
Synthesis of ____
Synthesis of ___
Absorption of ___
____
Synthesis of catecholamines Synthesis of thyroxine Absorption of iron Antioxidant
RDA for Vitamin C Adults (males & females):_____
Smokers:_____
Adults (males & females): 60 mg/day Smokers: 100 mg/day
Deficiency of Vitamin C -
Scurvy
Worldwide, scurvy is associated with ____ and ____
Symptoms of scurvy include:
___, ___ ___
___ ___
___ ___
___ ___ __
____ ____ such as ___ and___
Worldwide, scurvy is associated with poverty and malnutrition. Symptoms of scurvy include: Rough, brown skin Scorbutic gums Pinpoint hemorrhages Poor wound healing Psychological signs such as hysteria and depression
Food Sources
C
G
S
T
B
P
Citrus Fruits
Green Peppers
Strawberries
Tomatoes
Broccili
Sweet and White Potatoes
Clinical Applications
Common___ and ____ infections
____
____ disease
____
Common cold and respiratory infections Stress Cardiovascular disease Cancer
Alcohol and B and C-Vitamins
_____ can have an adverse influence on metabolism of B-vitamins.
Alcohol can have an adverse influence on metabolism of B-vitamins.
Vitamin C Supplements and___ ____
Vitamin C Supplements and Dental Surgery?
Arguments for Vitamin C and B-Vitamin Supplements
Arguments for Vitamin C and B-Vitamin Supplements
