Vitamins: An Overview and B Complex

Question 1

VITAMINS: Are They “Essential” Nutrients?

Generally ____ in human diets because they can not be ___ in sufficient quantities to meet individual needs.

____ dietary components.

Vitamins have diverse biochemical____.

____ vitamins are universally recognized at present.

Answer 1

Generally indispensable in human diets because they can not be synthesized in sufficient quantities to meet individual needs. Vital dietary components. Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Thirteen vitamins are universally recognized at present.

Question 2

Historical Perspective

Long before any vitamins had been identified, certain foods were known to ____ “____” which we know as ___ ____ today.

Ancient Egyptians treated night blindness with____ extracted from ___.

Answer 2

Long before any vitamins had been identified, certain foods were known to cure “illnesses” which we know as vitamin deficiencies today. Ancient Egyptians treated night blindness with juice extracted from liver.

Question 3

For most of human history, diseases such as Scurvy, Beriberi, Pellagra, and Pernicious Anemia have caused enormous ___and ___.

Today, these diseases can be completely prevented-either by consumption of an adequate____ or use of appropriate____

Answer 3

For most of human history, diseases such as Scurvy, Beriberi, Pellagra, and Pernicious Anemia have caused enormous suffering and death. Today, these diseases can be completely prevented-either by consumption of an adequate diet or use of appropriate supplements.

Question 4

VITAMINS are____, essential nutrients required in ____, ___ amounts to perform specific functions that promote ___, ___, or ____ of health and life.

Answer 4

VITAMINS are organic, essential nutrients required in small, limited amounts to perform specific functions that promote growth, reproduction, or maintenance of health and life.

Question 5

Vitamine

Answer 5

Vital Amine Life Containing N

Question 6

Precursors/_____ (e.g., _____)

Answer 6

Precursors/Provitamins (e.g., carotenoids)

Question 7

Classification of Vitamins

Answer 7

Classification of Vitamins

Question 8

Water-Soluble Vitamins:

__-Vitamins and Vitamin __

Absorption:

Transport:

Storage:

Excretion:

Toxicity:

Requirements:

Answer 8

Water-Soluble Vitamins: B-Vitamins and Vitamin C

Directly into the blood

Travel freely

Freely circ in water filled parts of the body

Kidneys detect and remove excess in urine

Poss to reach toxic levels when consumed from sup

Needed in freq does (perhaps 1-3 days)

Question 9

Fat-Soluble Vitamins:

Vitamins __ __ ___ and __

Absorption

Transport

Storage

Excretion

Toxicity

Requirements

Answer 9

First into the lymph, then the blood

Many require protein carriers

Trapped in the cells ass with fat

less readily excreted, tend to remain in fat storage sites

Likely to reach toxic levels when consumed from sup

Needed in periodic doses (perhaps weeks or even mo)

Question 10

Coenzyme Roles of B-Vitamins

A coenzyme is an _____, dialyzable, ____ molecule that functions with an _____ to facilitate a biochemical reaction.

Answer 10

A coenzyme is an organic, dialyzable, thermostable molecule that functions with an enzyme to facilitate a biochemical reaction.

Question 11

Thiamin ____vitamin to be discovered (1926-1936).

________ functions as a coenzyme vital to ___ ____

Answer 11

First vitamin to be discovered (1926-1936). Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) functions as a coenzyme vital to tissue respiration.

Question 12

Primary Function (Role as Coenzyme)

Thiamin Pyrophosphate, also ___ ______

Answer 12

Thiamin Pyrophosphate, also co-carboxylase

Question 13

Energy Production - TCA Cycle

Answer 13

Energy Production - TCA Cycle

Question 14

Other Functions (non-coenzyme)

Thiamin triphosphate (TTP) possibly regulates___ ___ ____.

TTP is concentrated in____ cells and other ____ tissues like___ ____

Answer 14

Thiamin triphosphate (TTP) possibly regulates nerve impulse transmission. TTP is concentrated in neuronal cells and other excitable tissues like skeletal muscle.

Question 15

Deficiency Disease: ____

Answer 15

Deficiency Disease: Beriberi

Question 16

Beriberi

The word beriberi in Sinhalese language means, “___________.”

Thiamin deficient individuals are very ___ due to impaired function of the___ ____ _____ _____ systems

Answer 16

The word beriberi in Sinhalese language means, “I can not, I can not.” Thiamin deficient individuals are very weak due to impaired function of the cardiovascular, muscular, nervous, and gastrointestinal systems.

Question 17

Initial Symptoms

_____

____

____

Answer 17

Loss of appetite Weight loss Fatigue

Question 18

Other Symptoms of Beriberi

_____
____
____
____:
____
____
_____

Answer 18

Vomiting Diarrhea Weight loss – Marasmic Edema Dyspnea Cyanosis Cardiac failure and death

Question 19

Different Types of Beriberi

Dry: Characterized by ___ ____ and ___ ___.

Wet: ___ ___and ___ ___ ____

Answer 19

Dry: Characterized by peripheral neuropathy and extreme wasting. Wet: Peripheral neuropathy and congestive heart failure.

Question 20

Infantile Beriberi

Appears in a ___ ___ infant whose mother has ___ resulting from thiamin deficiency.

It is mainly the “___” form of beriberi, characterized by ___ ___with marked ___ ____(which is otherwise unusual in infancy).

It is an often ___ disease,____ in onset, formerly common in East Asian countries where predominantly ___ is consumed. R

eversible with administration of _____.

Usually occurs between the ages of___months.

Answer 20

Appears in a breast-fed infant whose mother has beriberi resulting from thiamin deficiency. It is mainly the “wet” form of beriberi, characterized by heart failure with marked peripheral edema (which is otherwise unusual in infancy). It is an often fatal disease, acute in onset, formerly common in East Asian countries where predominantly rice is consumed. Reversible with administration of Thiamin (B1). Usually occurs between the ages of 2-6 months.

Question 21

RDA/DRI For Adults

Males –____

Females – ____

Answer 21

Males – 1.2mg/day Females – 1.1/mg/day

Question 22

Food Sources of Thiamin

____ is the richest source

_____________ products typically make the greatest contributions to a days intake bc of the quantities eaten.

_______ are also valuable sources

Answer 22

Pork is the richest source

Enriched or whole-grain products typically make the greatest contributions to a days intake bc of the quantities eaten.

Legume (split peas) are also valuable sources

Question 23

Clinical Applications

___ ___ ___ ___
____ ____ _____ ____
____ ___ ___ ____

Answer 23

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) Thiamin responsive megaloblastic anemia Thiamin-responsive lactic acidosis

Question 24

Primary Role of Riboflavin

____ of essential ____

____(flavin _____) ___ (flavin _____ ____)

These coenzymes participate in______ reactions

Answer 24

Precursor of essential coenzymes FMN (flavin mononucleotide) FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) These coenzymes participate in oxidation- reduction reactions

Question 25

Other Functions of Riboflavin

Participation in __ ___, __ ___, Powerful____

Answer 25

Participation in drug metabolism Lipid metabolism Powerful antioxidant

Question 26

Deficiency: _______

Early symptoms

___
____
____
____
____

Answer 26

Weakness Fatigue Mouth pain and tenderness Photophobia Personality changes

Question 27

Advanced symptoms

___
___
____
____
___
___
C____

Answer 27

Cheilosis Angular stomatitis Glossitis Dermatitis Corneal vascularization Anemia Brain dysfunction

Question 28

Conditions that Increase the Risk of Riboflavin Deficiency

___ ___ ____

Certain ____

____

___ ____, ___ and ____

_____ disease

Use of___ ____

Answer 28

Congenital heart disease Certain cancers Alcoholism Diabetes mellitus, trauma and stress Thyroid disease Use of oral contraceptives

Question 29

DRI For Adults

Males – _____

Females – _____

Answer 29

Males – 1.3mg/day Females – 1.1/mg/day

Question 30

Food Sources of Riboflavin

___ and other___ products

____/____ ___ and ___ products

___ ___ ___ ___

Answer 30

Milk and other dairy products Whole grain/enriched bread and cereal products Dark green leafy vegetables

Question 31

Primary Role of Niacin

Precursor of essential____s:

____ and ____

Several enzymes (____) require NAD and NADP

These coenzymes participate in oxidation-reduction reactions (essential for __ ___)

Answer 31

Precursor of essential coenzymes: NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) NADP (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). Several enzymes (dehydrogenases) require NAD and NADP These coenzymes participate in oxidation-reduction reactions (essential for energy production)

Question 32

Deficiency Disease

Answer 32

Pellagra: Pelle+ Agra Skin Rough

Question 33

___ ___
____
_____

Answer 33

Skin Changes Glossitis Dermatitis

Question 34

The Four D’s of Pellagra

____
____
____

_____

Answer 34

Dermatitis Dementia Diarrhea Death

Question 35

Pellagra: Comprehensive List of Symptoms

Answer 35

Sensitivity to sunlight Aggressive behavior: irritability Dermatitis, Alopecia Glossitis Insomnia Mental confusion Ataxia (lack of voluntary muscle movement) Paralysis of extremities Diarrhea Dementia Dilated cardiomyopathy (heart becomes weakened and enlarged and can not pump blood efficiently)

Question 36

DRI For Adults

Males –

Females –

Answer 36

Males – 16 NE/day Females – 14 NE/day

Question 37

Food Sources of Niacin

___ ____ foods such as meat, fish, poultry and peanut butter

Enriched ___ , ____

___ ____

Answer 37

Protein-rich foods such as meat, fish, poultry and peanut butter Enriched breads and cereal Whole grains

Question 38

Niacin Equivalent (N.E.)

1 N.E. = ___ ___ ____ =___ ___ ____

Answer 38

1 N.E. = 60mg tryptophan = 1mg niacin

Question 39

Clinical Applications

Possible treatment of:

______
______
_____

______

Answer 39

Possible treatment of : Hypercholesterolemia Mental disorders Arthritis (degenerative arthritis of the knee). Dermatological conditions.