Vitamins: An Overview and B Complex Flashcards
VITAMINS: Are They “Essential” Nutrients?
Generally ____ in human diets because they can not be ___ in sufficient quantities to meet individual needs.
____ dietary components.
Vitamins have diverse biochemical____.
____ vitamins are universally recognized at present.
Generally indispensable in human diets because they can not be synthesized in sufficient quantities to meet individual needs. Vital dietary components. Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Thirteen vitamins are universally recognized at present.
Historical Perspective
Long before any vitamins had been identified, certain foods were known to ____ “____” which we know as ___ ____ today.
Ancient Egyptians treated night blindness with____ extracted from ___.
Long before any vitamins had been identified, certain foods were known to cure “illnesses” which we know as vitamin deficiencies today. Ancient Egyptians treated night blindness with juice extracted from liver.
For most of human history, diseases such as Scurvy, Beriberi, Pellagra, and Pernicious Anemia have caused enormous ___and ___.
Today, these diseases can be completely prevented-either by consumption of an adequate____ or use of appropriate____
For most of human history, diseases such as Scurvy, Beriberi, Pellagra, and Pernicious Anemia have caused enormous suffering and death. Today, these diseases can be completely prevented-either by consumption of an adequate diet or use of appropriate supplements.
VITAMINS are____, essential nutrients required in ____, ___ amounts to perform specific functions that promote ___, ___, or ____ of health and life.
VITAMINS are organic, essential nutrients required in small, limited amounts to perform specific functions that promote growth, reproduction, or maintenance of health and life.
Vitamine
Vital Amine Life Containing N
Precursors/_____ (e.g., _____)
Precursors/Provitamins (e.g., carotenoids)
Classification of Vitamins
Classification of Vitamins
Water-Soluble Vitamins:
__-Vitamins and Vitamin __
Absorption:
Transport:
Storage:
Excretion:
Toxicity:
Requirements:
Water-Soluble Vitamins: B-Vitamins and Vitamin C
Directly into the blood
Travel freely
Freely circ in water filled parts of the body
Kidneys detect and remove excess in urine
Poss to reach toxic levels when consumed from sup
Needed in freq does (perhaps 1-3 days)
Fat-Soluble Vitamins:
Vitamins __ __ ___ and __
Absorption
Transport
Storage
Excretion
Toxicity
Requirements
First into the lymph, then the blood
Many require protein carriers
Trapped in the cells ass with fat
less readily excreted, tend to remain in fat storage sites
Likely to reach toxic levels when consumed from sup
Needed in periodic doses (perhaps weeks or even mo)
Coenzyme Roles of B-Vitamins
A coenzyme is an _____, dialyzable, ____ molecule that functions with an _____ to facilitate a biochemical reaction.
A coenzyme is an organic, dialyzable, thermostable molecule that functions with an enzyme to facilitate a biochemical reaction.
Thiamin ____vitamin to be discovered (1926-1936).
________ functions as a coenzyme vital to ___ ____
First vitamin to be discovered (1926-1936). Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) functions as a coenzyme vital to tissue respiration.
Primary Function (Role as Coenzyme)
Thiamin Pyrophosphate, also ___ ______
Thiamin Pyrophosphate, also co-carboxylase
Energy Production - TCA Cycle
Energy Production - TCA Cycle
Other Functions (non-coenzyme)
Thiamin triphosphate (TTP) possibly regulates___ ___ ____.
TTP is concentrated in____ cells and other ____ tissues like___ ____
Thiamin triphosphate (TTP) possibly regulates nerve impulse transmission. TTP is concentrated in neuronal cells and other excitable tissues like skeletal muscle.
Deficiency Disease: ____
Deficiency Disease: Beriberi
Beriberi
The word beriberi in Sinhalese language means, “___________.”
Thiamin deficient individuals are very ___ due to impaired function of the___ ____ _____ _____ systems
The word beriberi in Sinhalese language means, “I can not, I can not.” Thiamin deficient individuals are very weak due to impaired function of the cardiovascular, muscular, nervous, and gastrointestinal systems.
Initial Symptoms
_____
____
____
Loss of appetite Weight loss Fatigue
Other Symptoms of Beriberi
_____
____
____
____:
____
____
_____
Vomiting Diarrhea Weight loss – Marasmic Edema Dyspnea Cyanosis Cardiac failure and death
Different Types of Beriberi
Dry: Characterized by ___ ____ and ___ ___.
Wet: ___ ___and ___ ___ ____
Dry: Characterized by peripheral neuropathy and extreme wasting. Wet: Peripheral neuropathy and congestive heart failure.
Infantile Beriberi
Appears in a ___ ___ infant whose mother has ___ resulting from thiamin deficiency.
It is mainly the “___” form of beriberi, characterized by ___ ___with marked ___ ____(which is otherwise unusual in infancy).
It is an often ___ disease,____ in onset, formerly common in East Asian countries where predominantly ___ is consumed. R
eversible with administration of _____.
Usually occurs between the ages of___months.
Appears in a breast-fed infant whose mother has beriberi resulting from thiamin deficiency. It is mainly the “wet” form of beriberi, characterized by heart failure with marked peripheral edema (which is otherwise unusual in infancy). It is an often fatal disease, acute in onset, formerly common in East Asian countries where predominantly rice is consumed. Reversible with administration of Thiamin (B1). Usually occurs between the ages of 2-6 months.
RDA/DRI For Adults
Males –____
Females – ____
Males – 1.2mg/day Females – 1.1/mg/day
Food Sources of Thiamin
____ is the richest source
_____________ products typically make the greatest contributions to a days intake bc of the quantities eaten.
_______ are also valuable sources
Pork is the richest source
Enriched or whole-grain products typically make the greatest contributions to a days intake bc of the quantities eaten.
Legume (split peas) are also valuable sources
Clinical Applications
___ ___ ___ ___
____ ____ _____ ____
____ ___ ___ ____
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) Thiamin responsive megaloblastic anemia Thiamin-responsive lactic acidosis
Primary Role of Riboflavin
____ of essential ____
____(flavin _____) ___ (flavin _____ ____)
These coenzymes participate in______ reactions
Precursor of essential coenzymes FMN (flavin mononucleotide) FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) These coenzymes participate in oxidation- reduction reactions
Other Functions of Riboflavin
Participation in __ ___, __ ___, Powerful____
Participation in drug metabolism Lipid metabolism Powerful antioxidant
Deficiency: _______
Early symptoms
___
____
____
____
____
Weakness Fatigue Mouth pain and tenderness Photophobia Personality changes
Advanced symptoms
___
___
____
____
___
___
C____
Cheilosis Angular stomatitis Glossitis Dermatitis Corneal vascularization Anemia Brain dysfunction
Conditions that Increase the Risk of Riboflavin Deficiency
___ ___ ____
Certain ____
____
___ ____, ___ and ____
_____ disease
Use of___ ____
Congenital heart disease Certain cancers Alcoholism Diabetes mellitus, trauma and stress Thyroid disease Use of oral contraceptives
DRI For Adults
Males – _____
Females – _____
Males – 1.3mg/day Females – 1.1/mg/day
Food Sources of Riboflavin
___ and other___ products
____/____ ___ and ___ products
___ ___ ___ ___
Milk and other dairy products Whole grain/enriched bread and cereal products Dark green leafy vegetables
Primary Role of Niacin
Precursor of essential____s:
____ and ____
Several enzymes (____) require NAD and NADP
These coenzymes participate in oxidation-reduction reactions (essential for __ ___)
Precursor of essential coenzymes: NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) NADP (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). Several enzymes (dehydrogenases) require NAD and NADP These coenzymes participate in oxidation-reduction reactions (essential for energy production)
Deficiency Disease
Pellagra: Pelle+ Agra Skin Rough
___ ___
____
_____
Skin Changes Glossitis Dermatitis
The Four D’s of Pellagra
____
____
____
_____
Dermatitis Dementia Diarrhea Death
Pellagra: Comprehensive List of Symptoms
Sensitivity to sunlight Aggressive behavior: irritability Dermatitis, Alopecia Glossitis Insomnia Mental confusion Ataxia (lack of voluntary muscle movement) Paralysis of extremities Diarrhea Dementia Dilated cardiomyopathy (heart becomes weakened and enlarged and can not pump blood efficiently)
DRI For Adults
Males –
Females –
Males – 16 NE/day Females – 14 NE/day
Food Sources of Niacin
___ ____ foods such as meat, fish, poultry and peanut butter
Enriched ___ , ____
___ ____
Protein-rich foods such as meat, fish, poultry and peanut butter Enriched breads and cereal Whole grains
Niacin Equivalent (N.E.)
1 N.E. = ___ ___ ____ =___ ___ ____
1 N.E. = 60mg tryptophan = 1mg niacin
Clinical Applications
Possible treatment of:
______
______
_____
______
Possible treatment of : Hypercholesterolemia Mental disorders Arthritis (degenerative arthritis of the knee). Dermatological conditions.
