Fat Soluble Vitamins Flashcards
Historical Perspective Certain foods were known to cure illnesses resulting from what we now recognize to be “vitamin deficiencies”.
For example, ancient Egyptians treated night blindness with a topical application of juice extracted from the liver.(Vitamin A)
Certain foods were known to cure illnesses resulting from what we now recognize to be “vitamin deficiencies”. For example, ancient Egyptians treated night blindness with a topical application of juice extracted from the liver.(Vitamin A)
Liver is now recognized as a rich source of vitamin___.
Today, we know that vitamin A plays a crucial role in maintenance of__ ___ particularly in ___light.
Liver is now recognized as a rich source of vitamin A. Today, we know that vitamin A plays a crucial role in maintenance of good vision, particularly in low light.
Current and Future Research on Vitamins… It took some time to uncover the true nature of various vitamins. Certain vitamins such as vitamins _ and _ can be synthesized in the body. More to come!
It took some time to uncover the true nature of various vitamins. Certain vitamins such as vitamins D and K can be synthesized in the body. More to come!
Fat-Soluble Vitamins: Vitamins A, D, E, and K
Absorption First into the ___, then the___
Transport Many require p___ ___
Storage ___ in the cells associated with___
Excretion __ readily excreted, tend to remain in __ ___ sites
Toxicit___ to reach toxic levels, when consumed from supplements
Requirements Needed in____ doses (perhaps weeks or even months)
Absorption First into the lymph, then the blood Transport Many require protein carriers Storage Trapped in the cells associated with fat Excretion Less readily excreted, tend to remain in fat-storage sites Toxicity Likely to reach toxic levels, when consumed from supplements Requirements Needed in periodic doses (perhaps weeks or even months)
Absorption of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Digestive processes in stomach release vitamins from food
____ produced in ___ and stored in__ ___aids in absorption
Digestive enzymes released by____as help to further release vitamins (esp__)
Essentially all absorptoion takes place in __ ___. Fat soluble vit are absorbed along with __ ___
Small amts of vit __ and ___ are made by bact in terminal part of small intes and large intestine; some may be ___
Absorption of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Digestive processes in stomach release vitamins from food
Bile produced in liver and stored in gall bladder aids in absorption
Digestive enzymes released by pancreas help to further release vitamines (esp A)
Essentially all absorptoion takes place in small intestine. Fat soluble vit are absorbed along with dietary fat
Small amts of vit K and biotin are made by bact in terminal part of small intes and large intestine; some may be absorbed
Forms of Vitamin A
Provitamin is ___ ____
Forms:
___
___
___ ___
Forms of Vitamin A
Provitamin is Beta Carotene
Forms:
Retinol
Retinal
Retinoic Acid
Conversion of Vitamin A
___ ____(in animal foods)–>_____ (supports reproduction)<–>_____ (participates in vision)–>+____ (Regulates Growth)
___ ____(in plant foods)–> ____
Conversion of Vitamin A
Retynl esters (in animal foods)à Retinol (supports reproduction)ßàRetinal (participates in vision)àRetinoic acid (Regulates Growth)
Beta carotene (in plant foods)à Retinal
Food Sources: Vitamin A and Beta-carotene
Food Sources: Vitamin A and Beta-carotene
Liver
Sweet potato
Carrots
Milk
Apricots
Spinach
Current Unit of Measurement of Vitamin A 1µg of ____ = 1 __ ___ ____ (RAE)
____ of Beta-carotene = 1µg of retinol
1µg of retinol = 1 Retinol Activity Equivalent (RAE) 12µg of Beta-carotene = 1µg of retinol
Primary Functions Role in Vision
Light causes a change in ___ and retinal (trans form) is released. This change in ____n to ___ and trans ____ in turn initiates a ___ to the brain.
Rhodopsin is then ___ after forming___ back into its original shape (___ form)
Some retinal is ___from the cycle. This must be replaced by ___ from the _____. It is converted to retinal in the ____
Role in Vision
Light causes a change in retinal and retinal (trans form) is released. This change in rhodopsin to opsin and trans retinal in turn initiates a signal to the brain.
Rhodopsin is then rebuilt after forming retinal back into its original shape (cis form)
Some retinal is lost from the cycle. This must be replaced by retinol from the bloodstream. It is converted to retinal in the eye.
Other Functions of Vitamin A
Cell ____
Integrity of ___ __
Integrity of ___ ___
Necessary for___ ___ __ and possibly other aspects of__ ___
Support of __ ___
Other Functions of Vitamin A Cell Differentiation Integrity of epithelial cells Integrity of mucous membrane Necessary for T-lymphocyte function and possibly other aspects of immune function Support of normal growth
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) (according to Institute of Medicine) Adults (19-50 years) Men - ___µg of retinol (3,000 I.U.) Women - ___µg of retinol (2,333 I.U.)
Adults (19-50 years) Men - 900µg of retinol (3,000 I.U.) Women - 700µg of retinol (2,333 I.U.)
Deficiency of Vitamin A
Symptoms of deficiency include ____, ___ ___, ___ ___ to ____, ____ of ____ ___ of the ____
Deficiency of Vitamin A Symptoms of deficiency include anorexia, retarded growth, increased susceptibility to infections, keratinization of epithelial cells of the skin, etc.
____ _____
Follicular Hyperkeratosis
_____
Xeropthalmia
Vitamin A Deficiency and Blindness
Worldwide, vitamin A deficiency is the ___ leading cause of blindness. ___-____ cases are reported every year.
Worldwide, vitamin A deficiency is the second leading cause of blindness. 250-500,000 cases are reported every year.
Toxicity of Vitamin A
Hypervitaminosis A can cause specific symptoms such as ___, ___ __ ___ skin, ____, ___, ____, ___ and ____ ___ etc.
Hypervitaminosis A can cause specific symptoms such as anorexia, dry, itchy and desquamating skin, alopecia, ataxia, headache, bone and muscular pain, etc.
Consuming the Right Amount of Vitamin A
Consuming the Right Amount of Vitamin A
Vitamin D Synthesis and Activation
______ (a precursor)–>______–> _____ (inactive)–> (in the___ by hydroxylation) ________–>(in the ____ by hydroxylation) ________vitamin D3 (active)
Vitamin D Synthesis and Activation
7-dehydrocholesterol (a precursor)à Previtamin D3à Vitamin D3 (inactive)à (in the liver by hydroxylation) 25 hydroxy vitamin D3à (in the kidney by hydroxylation) 1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 (active)
Primary Role of Vitamin D
Blood ___ (contribute to blood ____)
à Fcn of ___ ___
____ of ____
àCell ____
Primary Role of Vitamin D
Blood Calcium (contribute to blood clotting)
à Fcn of neuromuscular jcn
àMineralization of Bone
àCell Metabolism
Vitamin D Deficiency Disease:
____ In infants and children, vitamin D deficiency results in rickets.
Symptoms include:
___ ___/__ ___
__ ___
___ on ___ (rachitic ___)
In infants and children, vitamin D deficiency results in rickets. Symptoms include: Bowed legs/knock knees Bowed-chest Knobs on ribs (rachitic rosary)
Osteomalacia (“___ bones”) Vitamin D deficiency in ___.
Most likely to occur in people with diseases of the __ __ ____ ____ ____
Vitamin D deficiency in adults. Most likely to occur in people with diseases of the kidney, stomach, gallbladder, intestines, and liver.
Adequate Intake for Vitamin D (Food and Nutrition Board)
___ ____/day
____IU
Adults - 10µg/day or 400 I.U.
Food Sources of Vitamin D
__ ___e.g. sardines and salmon
Fortified ___
Fortified __ ___
Fatty fish e.g. sardines and salmon Fortified milk Fortified breakfast cereals
Possible Roles of Vitamin D
Prevention of ____ and delay of____
____diseases, ____ and_____
____ Disease
Prevention of fractures and delay of osteoporosis Autoimmune diseases, osteoarthritis and diabetes Cardiovascular Disease
Possible Roles of Vitamin D (continued)
____ and ____
____ function and wheezing illnesses
____ prevention More to come…
Schizophrenia and depression Lung function and wheezing illnesses Cancer prevention More to come…
New Guidelines for Vitamin D Intake
Possibly, future research will establish adequate levels for ___ ___ such as children, young adults and seniors.
Possibly, future research will establish adequate levels for various populations such as children, young adults and seniors.
Vitamin E: ______
Tocopherols
Food Sources of Vitamin E
Food Sources of Vitamin E
Veggie Oils
Seeds Nuts
Chief Function: Antioxidant Action
Chief Function: Antioxidant Action
Neutralize free radicals
Deficiency of Vitamin E Deficiency of vitamin E is____
Diseases of____ _____ (e.g. cystic fibrosis) may be associated with deficiency.
____, ____-___ ___ ___ are susceptible to developing deficiency symptoms.
Deficiency of vitamin E is rare. Diseases of fat malabsorption (e.g. cystic fibrosis) may be associated with deficiency. Premature, low-birth weight infants are susceptible to developing deficiency symptoms.
Symptoms
____
___
___
___
Erythrocyte hemolysis (premature infants) Muscle weakness Degenerative neurologic problems Incoordination of limbs
Toxicity
Least toxic of all fat-soluble vitamins
Potential Benefits of Vitamin E
Protection against __ ___
Prevention of ____
Prevention of ___ ___
Protection against heart disease Prevention of cancer Prevention of Alzheimer’s disease
Food Sources of Vit K
___
___
___ ___
___
___
___
____
____
Food Sources
Milk
Eggs
Brussels Sprouts
Collards
Liver
Cabbage
Spinach
Broccoli
Non-Food Source of Vitamin K
____ in the gastrointestinal tract can synthesize vitamin K.
Newborn infants are born with a ____ gut.
The vitamin K producing bacteria take ____ to establish themselves.
Bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract can synthesize vitamin K. Newborn infants are born with a sterile gut. The vitamin K producing bacteria take weeks to establish themselves.
Primary Role:___ ___
____–>_____
Primary Role: Blood Clotting
Deficiency of Vitamin K
Deficiency of vitamin K is generally ____.
It may occur in conditions associated with ___ ___.
____ disease can occur in newborn infants who are born with a ___ gut.
Deficiency of Vitamin K Deficiency of vitamin K is generally uncommon. It may occur in conditions associated with fat-malabsorption. Hemorrhagic disease can occur in newborn infants who are born with a sterile gut.
Toxicity of Vitamin K in Infants
___ ____
___ _____
___ ____
Hemolytic anemia Hyperbilirubinemia Severe jaundice
Non-Vitamins
___
Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals
Fight Cancer
Some Examples Broccoli (sulforaphane) Apples (flavonoids) Soybeans (Isoflavones) Garlic (allicin) Grapes/wine (resveratrol) Strawberries (ellagic acid) Blueberries (flavonoids) Citrus fruits (limonene) Flax seed (lignans) Black tea (flavonoids) Tomatoes (lycopene)
Broccoli (sulforaphane) Apples (flavonoids) Soybeans (Isoflavones) Garlic (allicin) Grapes/wine (resveratrol) Strawberries (ellagic acid) Blueberries (flavonoids) Citrus fruits (limonene) Flax seed (lignans) Black tea (flavonoids) Tomatoes (lycopene)
Summary…
Each fat-soluble vitamin performs a very unique role in human nutrition.
Potential for toxicity exists.
Do not take __ ___ vitamin supplements without consulting a dietitian.
Color your plate with fruits and vegetables!
Each fat-soluble vitamin performs a very unique role in human nutrition. Potential for toxicity exists. Do not take fat-soluble vitamin supplements without consulting a dietitian. Color your plate with fruits and vegetables!
