Trace Minerals II Flashcards
Primary Function IODINE
Constituent of ___ ___
________
_______(____)
Constituent of thyroid hormones Triiodothyronine Tetraiodothyronine (Thyroxine)
Structure of Thyroid Hormones
Structure of Thyroid Hormones
Mechanism of Action of Thyroid Hormones
Mechanism of Action of Thyroid Hormones
Role of Thyroid Hormones in the Human Body
___ ___ ___ (BMR)
____ consumption
Regulation of ___ ___
Synthesis of ___ ___ ___
Development of ___ ___
Role of Thyroid Hormones in the Human Body Basal metabolic rate (BMR) Oxygen consumption Regulation of body temperature Synthesis of red blood cells Development of nervous system
Deficiency of Iodine-Goiter
___ ____of iodine
Ingestion of ____
Dietary insufficiency of iodine Ingestion of goitrogens
Goitrogens
Goitrogens are substances that ____ the ___ of the ___ ___ by interfering with ___ ____ which can, as a result, cause an ____ of the thyroid- namely, ____
Goitrogens are substances that suppress the function of the thyroid gland by interfering with iodine uptake which can, as a result, cause an enlargement of the thyroid- namely, goiter.
Goiter: A Highly Visible Sign of ___ ____
Goiter: A Highly Visible Sign of Iodine Deficiency
Symptoms of Goiter
Not all goiters cause ___ and ____
When symptoms do occur they may include
: A visible____ at the base of the neck.
____
____
Difficulty____ and ____
____/____
___ ___
Not all goiters cause signs and symptoms. When symptoms do occur they may include: A visible swelling at the base of the neck. Coughing Hoarseness Difficulty swallowing and breathing Sluggishness/lethargy Weight gain
Maternal Iodine Deficiency
Maternal Iodine Deficiency
Cretinism
Cretinism affects ___ million children worldwide
____ deficiency (I.Q.-__)
____loss
____ disorders (____ or ____ of muscles)
Cretinism affects 6 million children worldwide Mental deficiency (I.Q.-20) Hearing loss Motor disorders (spasticity or rigidity of muscles)
Food Sources of Iodine
___ ___
___
____ products
____
Iodized salt Bread Dairy products Vegetable
Recommended Dietary Allowances
Adults (males/females): ___ day
Upper level: __/day
Adults (males/females): 150 µg/day Upper level: 1.1mg/day
Toxicity
Severe ____of the __ ___
____ thyroid ____
Severe enlargement of the thyroid gland Depressed thyroid activity
Fluoride:
Primary Functions
_____ of teeth and bones
Protects the teeth in two ways: Prevents ____. Promotes_____
Mineralization of teeth and bones Protects the teeth in two ways: Prevents demineralization Promotes remineralization
Formation of Fluorapatite
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 + xF (Hydroxyapatite) –>>Ca10(PO4)6OH2 – xFx - (_____)
Formation of Fluorapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 + xF (Hydroxyapatite) Ca10(PO4)6OH2 – xFx - (Fluorapatite)
Fluoridation and Dental Caries
Dental caries ranks as the nation’s most widespread __ ____.
An estimated ____ percent of adults have ___, ___ or ___teeth.
Fluoridation of drinking water (____) offers significant protection against dental caries.
Dental caries ranks as the nation’s most widespread health problem. An estimated 90-92 percent of adults have decayed, missing or filled teeth. Fluoridation of drinking water (1 ppm) offers significant protection against dental caries.
Adequate Intake of Fluoride
Adults
Males:_____/day
Females: ____/day
Adults Males: 3.8mg/day Females: 3.1 mg/day
Food Sources of Fluoride
___ ___ (flouridated)
___
____
Drinking water (flouridated) Tea Seafood
_____: Excessive exposure to fluoride.
Excessive exposure to fluoride.
Acute Toxicity of Fluoride (at levels of ___ppm)
___
___
___
___
___ ___
Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Acidosis Cardiac Arrhythmias
Copper
Body contains about ____mg of copper
Occurs in___ ___ ___ and ___
Body contains about 100mg of copper Occurs in muscles, liver, brain and blood
Copper: Primary Functions
Constituent of several _____s
Key role in ___ ____
Constituent of several enzymes Key role in iron metabolism
Deficiency
Observed in ___ ____
Can be caused by___ ___ consumption
Symptoms include____ and ___ ____
Observed in malnourished children Can be caused by excess zinc consumption Symptoms include anemia and bone abnormalities.
Food Sources of Copper
____
__ __
__/___
__ ___
___
Food Sources of Copper Legumes Whole grains Nuts/seeds Organ meats Shellfish
Manganese
Body contains ____ amounts (____)
Occurs mostly in the ____ and metabolically ___ organs such as ___, ___, ___
Body contains minute amounts (20mg) Occurs mostly in the bones and metabolically active organs such as liver, kidneys and pancreas.
Manganese: Primary Functions
____for many enzymes
Formation of ____ ____, ____, ___ ___ ___, etc.
Normal ___ and ___ function requires manganese.
Cofactor for many enzymes Formation of connective tissue, bones, blood clotting factors, etc. Normal brain and nerve function requires manganese.
Deficiency Occurs ____
High intakes of ___ and ___ limit manganese absorption
Occurs rarely High intakes of iron and calcium limit manganese absorption
Food Sources of Manganese
__ ___
___
__ __ __
___
____
Whole grains Nuts Leafy green vegetables Tea Legumes
Toxicity of Manganese
Can occur in specific populations such as ____
Results in ____ disease characterized by abnormalities in ____ and ___
Can occur in specific populations such as miners Results in brain disease characterized by abnormalities in appearance and behavior
Chromium:
Primary Functions
An essential ___ that participates in ___ and ___ ____
Contributes to ___ ____ as part of some ___ ___ ___
An essential mineral that participates in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism Contributes to glucose homeostasis as part of some glucose tolerance factors (GTF)
Glucose Tolerance Factor (GTF)
The ___ ___ form of ____ chromium, glucose tolerance factor (GTF) enhances the effectiveness of ____.
In the absence of chromium, a ____ -like condition may develop.
Glucose Tolerance Factor (GTF) The biologically active form of trivalent chromium, glucose tolerance factor (GTF) enhances the effectiveness of insulin. In the absence of chromium, a diabetes-like condition may develop.
Food Sources of Chromium
__ ___
___
___ ___
___
Whole grains Meat Vegetable oil Mushrooms
Chromium Picolinate Supplements
Sometimes used for control of __ ___, ___ ___ and several other conditions.
Evidence for effectiveness of chromium supplements in these conditions is ____
Sometimes used for control of blood sugar, weight loss and several other conditions. Evidence for effectiveness of chromium supplements in these conditions is uncertain.
Molybdenum
____ for several enzymes.
Significant food sources include___ , ___ and ___ ___
Cofactor for several enzymes. Significant food sources include legumes, cereals, and organ meats.
Contaminant Minerals
___
___
____
Lead Arsenic Mercury
Risks Associated with Herbal Medications/ Preparations
Several _____ may be involved in the ____ of herbal medicines.
Interactions of ___ and ____ is very likely.
Several contaminants may be involved in the manufacture of herbal medicines. Interactions of herbs and medicines is very likely.
Individuals/Populations That Can Benefit From Mineral Supplements
___/___(particularly those with __ ___)
____/____ ____
____ Patients suffering from ___ ___
Infants/children (particularly those with special needs) Pregnant/lactating women Elderly Patients suffering from chronic disease
Summary
Trace minerals perform many important functions in the body.
The amounts in the body are ___ ___.
Certain ___/___ may benefit from _____(determined after careful nutritional assessment).
Trace minerals perform many important functions in the body. The amounts in the body are highly regulated. Certain individuals/populations may benefit from supplements (determined after careful nutritional assessment).
