Trace Minerals II

Question 1

Primary Function IODINE

Constituent of ___ ___

________
_______(____)

Answer 1

Constituent of thyroid hormones Triiodothyronine Tetraiodothyronine (Thyroxine)

Question 2

Structure of Thyroid Hormones

Answer 2

Structure of Thyroid Hormones

Question 3

Mechanism of Action of Thyroid Hormones

Answer 3

Mechanism of Action of Thyroid Hormones

Question 4

Role of Thyroid Hormones in the Human Body

___ ___ ___ (BMR)

____ consumption

Regulation of ___ ___

Synthesis of ___ ___ ___

Development of ___ ___

Answer 4

Role of Thyroid Hormones in the Human Body Basal metabolic rate (BMR) Oxygen consumption Regulation of body temperature Synthesis of red blood cells Development of nervous system

Question 5

Deficiency of Iodine-Goiter

___ ____of iodine

Ingestion of ____

Answer 5

Dietary insufficiency of iodine Ingestion of goitrogens

Question 6

Goitrogens

Goitrogens are substances that ____ the ___ of the ___ ___ by interfering with ___ ____ which can, as a result, cause an ____ of the thyroid- namely, ____

Answer 6

Goitrogens are substances that suppress the function of the thyroid gland by interfering with iodine uptake which can, as a result, cause an enlargement of the thyroid- namely, goiter.

Question 7

Goiter: A Highly Visible Sign of ___ ____

Answer 7

Goiter: A Highly Visible Sign of Iodine Deficiency

Question 8

Symptoms of Goiter

Not all goiters cause ___ and ____

When symptoms do occur they may include

: A visible____ at the base of the neck.

____

____

Difficulty____ and ____

____/____

___ ___

Answer 8

Not all goiters cause signs and symptoms. When symptoms do occur they may include: A visible swelling at the base of the neck. Coughing Hoarseness Difficulty swallowing and breathing Sluggishness/lethargy Weight gain

Question 9

Maternal Iodine Deficiency

Answer 9

Maternal Iodine Deficiency

Question 10

Cretinism

Cretinism affects ___ million children worldwide

____ deficiency (I.Q.-__)

____loss

____ disorders (____ or ____ of muscles)

Answer 10

Cretinism affects 6 million children worldwide Mental deficiency (I.Q.-20) Hearing loss Motor disorders (spasticity or rigidity of muscles)

Question 11

Food Sources of Iodine

___ ___

___

____ products

____

Answer 11

Iodized salt Bread Dairy products Vegetable

Question 12

Recommended Dietary Allowances

Adults (males/females): ___ day

Upper level: __/day

Answer 12

Adults (males/females): 150 µg/day Upper level: 1.1mg/day

Question 13

Toxicity

Severe ____of the __ ___

____ thyroid ____

Answer 13

Severe enlargement of the thyroid gland Depressed thyroid activity

Question 14

Fluoride:

Primary Functions

_____ of teeth and bones

Protects the teeth in two ways: Prevents ____. Promotes_____

Answer 14

Mineralization of teeth and bones Protects the teeth in two ways: Prevents demineralization Promotes remineralization

Question 15

Formation of Fluorapatite

Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 + xF (Hydroxyapatite) –>>Ca10(PO4)6OH2 – xFx - (_____)

Answer 15

Formation of Fluorapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 + xF (Hydroxyapatite) Ca10(PO4)6OH2 – xFx - (Fluorapatite)

Question 16

Fluoridation and Dental Caries

Dental caries ranks as the nation’s most widespread __ ____.

An estimated ____ percent of adults have ___, ___ or ___teeth.

Fluoridation of drinking water (____) offers significant protection against dental caries.

Answer 16

Dental caries ranks as the nation’s most widespread health problem. An estimated 90-92 percent of adults have decayed, missing or filled teeth. Fluoridation of drinking water (1 ppm) offers significant protection against dental caries.

Question 17

Adequate Intake of Fluoride

Adults

Males:_____/day

Females: ____/day

Answer 17

Adults Males: 3.8mg/day Females: 3.1 mg/day

Question 18

Food Sources of Fluoride

___ ___ (flouridated)

___

____

Answer 18

Drinking water (flouridated) Tea Seafood

Question 19

_____: Excessive exposure to fluoride.

Answer 19

Excessive exposure to fluoride.

Question 20

Acute Toxicity of Fluoride (at levels of ___ppm)

___

___

___

___

___ ___

Answer 20

Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Acidosis Cardiac Arrhythmias

Question 21

Copper

Body contains about ____mg of copper

Occurs in___ ___ ___ and ___

Answer 21

Body contains about 100mg of copper Occurs in muscles, liver, brain and blood

Question 22

Copper: Primary Functions

Constituent of several _____s

Key role in ___ ____

Answer 22

Constituent of several enzymes Key role in iron metabolism

Question 23

Deficiency

Observed in ___ ____

Can be caused by___ ___ consumption

Symptoms include____ and ___ ____

Answer 23

Observed in malnourished children Can be caused by excess zinc consumption Symptoms include anemia and bone abnormalities.

Question 24

Food Sources of Copper

____

__ __

__/___

__ ___

___

Answer 24

Food Sources of Copper Legumes Whole grains Nuts/seeds Organ meats Shellfish

Question 25

Manganese Body contains ____ amounts (\_\_\_\_) Occurs mostly in the ____ and metabolically ___ organs such as \_\_\_, \_\_\_, \_\_\_

Answer 25

Body contains minute amounts (20mg) Occurs mostly in the bones and metabolically active organs such as liver, kidneys and pancreas.

Question 26

Manganese: Primary Functions \_\_\_\_for many enzymes Formation of ____ \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, ___ \_\_\_ \_\_\_, etc. Normal ___ and ___ function requires manganese.

Answer 26

Cofactor for many enzymes Formation of connective tissue, bones, blood clotting factors, etc. Normal brain and nerve function requires manganese.

Question 27

Deficiency Occurs \_\_\_\_ High intakes of ___ and ___ limit manganese absorption

Answer 27

Occurs rarely High intakes of iron and calcium limit manganese absorption

Question 28

Food Sources of Manganese \_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_ __ \_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_\_

Answer 28

Whole grains Nuts Leafy green vegetables Tea Legumes

Question 29

Toxicity of Manganese Can occur in specific populations such as \_\_\_\_ Results in ____ disease characterized by abnormalities in ____ and \_\_\_

Answer 29

Can occur in specific populations such as miners Results in brain disease characterized by abnormalities in appearance and behavior

Question 30

Chromium: Primary Functions An essential ___ that participates in ___ and ___ \_\_\_\_ Contributes to ___ \_\_\_\_ as part of some ___ \_\_\_ \_\_\_

Answer 30

An essential mineral that participates in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism Contributes to glucose homeostasis as part of some glucose tolerance factors (GTF)

Question 31

Glucose Tolerance Factor (GTF) The ___ \_\_\_ form of ____ chromium, glucose tolerance factor (GTF) enhances the effectiveness of \_\_\_\_. In the absence of chromium, a ____ -like condition may develop.

Answer 31

Glucose Tolerance Factor (GTF) The biologically active form of trivalent chromium, glucose tolerance factor (GTF) enhances the effectiveness of insulin. In the absence of chromium, a diabetes-like condition may develop.

Question 32

Food Sources of Chromium ## Footnote **\_\_ \_\_\_** **\_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_**

Answer 32

Whole grains Meat Vegetable oil Mushrooms

Question 33

Chromium Picolinate Supplements Sometimes used for control of __ \_\_\_, ___ \_\_\_ and several other conditions. Evidence for effectiveness of chromium supplements in these conditions is \_\_\_\_

Answer 33

Sometimes used for control of blood sugar, weight loss and several other conditions. Evidence for effectiveness of chromium supplements in these conditions is uncertain.

Question 34

Molybdenum \_\_\_\_ for several enzymes. Significant food sources include\_\_\_ , ___ and ___ \_\_\_

Answer 34

Cofactor for several enzymes. Significant food sources include legumes, cereals, and organ meats.

Question 35

Contaminant Minerals \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_\_

Answer 35

Lead Arsenic Mercury

Question 36

Risks Associated with Herbal Medications/ Preparations Several _____ may be involved in the ____ of herbal medicines. Interactions of ___ and ____ is very likely.

Answer 36

Several contaminants may be involved in the manufacture of herbal medicines. Interactions of herbs and medicines is very likely.

Question 37

Individuals/Populations That Can Benefit From Mineral Supplements \_\_\_/\_\_\_(particularly those with __ \_\_\_) \_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ Patients suffering from ___ \_\_\_

Answer 37

Infants/children (particularly those with special needs) Pregnant/lactating women Elderly Patients suffering from chronic disease

Question 38

Summary Trace minerals perform many important functions in the body. The amounts in the body are ___ \_\_\_. Certain \_\_\_/\_\_\_ may benefit from \_\_\_\_\_(determined after careful nutritional assessment).

Answer 38

Trace minerals perform many important functions in the body. The amounts in the body are highly regulated. Certain individuals/populations may benefit from supplements (determined after careful nutritional assessment).