Trace Minerals I Flashcards
Trace Minerals (Micronutrients) Definition: Trace minerals, also known as____ are nutrients that are needed by the human body in very small amounts (less than ___ ___ of __ percent of total body weight).
Trace Minerals (Micronutrients) Definition: Trace minerals, also known as microminerals are nutrients that are needed by the human body in very small amounts (less than one-hundreth of 1 percent of total body weight).
Trace Mineral Content of Foods
Dependent upon:
Composition of ___ and ___
___ of foods.
Many dietary components and other factors within the ___ affect the ____ of minerals.
Dependent upon: Composition of soil and water. Processing of foods. Many dietary components and other factors within the body affect the bioavailability of minerals.
Distribution of Trace Minerals
Distribution of Trace Minerals
Iron is highest
Dietary Need for the Body
* 1 part per million (1 ppm) or less
Most Extensively Studied Trace Minerals
___
___
___
___
___
Iron Zinc Selenium Iodine Fluoride
Other Trace Minerals
___ ___ ___ ___
Several others being researched currently…
Copper Manganese Chromium Molybdenum Several others being researched currently…
Characteristics of Trace Minerals
Concentrations in the body are ___ ___.
Normal body function necessitates an ___ ___.
Toxicity can occur at intakes__ __ ___ the estimated requirement.
Concentrations in the body are highly regulated. Normal body function necessitates an optimal range. Toxicity can occur at intakes not far above the estimated requirement.
Status of Iron
Most people __ __ __ ___ amount of iron because of their dietary choices.
Others consume __ ___ iron (due to intake of iron ____) which may also pose a health hazard.
Most people do not get sufficient amount of iron because of their dietary choices. Others consume too much iron (due to intake of iron supplements) which may also pose a health hazard.
Primary Function of Iron
Most of the body’s iron is found in two proteins:
____n (__ __ cells)
___ (____ cells)
Most of the body’s iron is found in two proteins: Hemoglobin (red blood cells) Myoglobin (muscle cells)
Role of Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is the ___ ____ protein of the red blood cell that transports oxygen from the ___ to the body ____.
Hemoglobin accounts for ___ percent of the body’s iron.
Hemoglobin is the oxygen-transferring protein of the red blood cell that transports oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues. Hemoglobin accounts for 80 percent of the body’s iron.
Role of Iron in the Body
Transport of ____ to the tissues
____ production
Maintenance of ____
Synthesis of___ ___, ____, __ ___
Transport of oxygen to the tissues Energy production Maintenance of immunity Synthesis of amino acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters
Metab of Iron
IRON in food–> ___ cells
Store in____ if not needed, or shed in intestinal cells
If body needs iron Package iron in ____
Transferrin carries iron in blood
Some lost
Iron to ___
__ __ incorporates iron into ___. Store excess in ___ and ___
Iron containing Hb carries __. Some losses if bleeding occurs
___ and ___ break down blood cells and ____ iron in transferrin. Store excess in ferritin and hemoderin
Metabolism of Iron
IRON in food–> intestinal cells
Store in ferritin if not needed, or shed in intestinal cells
If body needs iron Package iron in transferrein
Transferrin carries iron in blood
Some lost
Iron to Myoglobin
Bone marrow incorporates iron into Hb. Store excess in ferritin and hemoderin
Iron containing Hb carries O2. Some losses if bleeding occurs
Liver and spleen break down blood cells and package iron in transferrin. Store excess in ferritin and hemoderin
Heme and Nonheme Iron in Foods
Only foods derived from ____ flesh provide heme but they also contain ____e iron
All the iron in foods derived from plants is ____e iron
Heme accts for about ___% of the avg daily iron intake, but ___% of the iron is absorbed
Heme and Nonheme Iron in Foods
Only foods derived from animal flesh provide heme but they also contain nonheme iron
All the iron in foods derived from plants is nonheme iron
Heme accts for about 10% of the avg daily iron intake, but 35% of iron is absorbed
Factors That Affect Iron Absorption Increase
___ ___
___ iron in food
High body demand for ___ ___ ___ (blood ___,___ altitude, physical ___, ___)
Low body ____ of iron
___ ___ ___(MPF)
Vitamin ___
Factors That Affect Iron Absorption
Gastric acid
Heme iron in food
High body demand for red blood cells (blood loss, high altitude, physical training, pregnancy
Low body stores of iron
Meat protein factor (MPF)
Vitamin C
Factors That Affect Iron Absorption Decrease
___ ___ (in dietary ___)
___ ___in ___ ___
____ in __, as well as in ___, ___ ___, andother foods
____ body stores of iron
Excess of other ____(__ ___ ___)*
____ gastric acid output
Some ____
* Especially when taken as supplements
Factors That Affect Iron Absorption Decrease
Phytic acid (in dietary fiber)
Oxalic acid in leafy vegetables
Polyphenols in tea, as well as in coffee, red wine, and
other foods
Full body stores of iron
Excess of other minerals (Zn, Mn, Ca)*
Reduced gastric acid output
Some antacids
* Especially when taken as supplements
Transport and Storage of Iron
Transport and Storage of Iron
Recommended Dietary Allowances for Adults
Males: ____
Females (19-50yrs): ____/day
Females (51+):___/day
Males: 8mg/day Females (19-50yrs): 18mg/day Females (51+): 8mg/day
Significant Food Sources of Iron
___
__
___
___
___
___ ___
Red meat Fish Poultry Eggs Legumes Dry fruits
Meat Fish Poultry (MFP) Factor MFP factor: A factor associated with the ____ of meat, fish, and poultry that ____ absorption of iron.
MFP factor: A factor associated with the digestion of meat, fish, and poultry that enhances absorption of iron.
Iron Absorption: Other Important Facts
Iron absorption varies with an individual’s___ , ___ ___ and iron ___/status.
Can vary from ____ percent, with an average of 18 percent.
Iron absorption is enhanced with higher needs such as pregnancy and other life stages characterized by __ ___ (infancy and childhood).
Iron absorption varies with an individual’s health, life stage and iron needs/status. Can vary from 2-35 percent, with an average of 18 percent. Iron absorption is enhanced with higher needs such as pregnancy and other life stages characterized by rapid growth (infancy and childhood).
Iron Deficiency: Anemia Definition:
Severe depletion of ___ __ that results in ___ emoglobin and ___, ___, red blood cells (_____, _____).
Definition: Severe depletion of iron stores that results in low hemoglobin and small, pale, red blood cells (microcytic, hypochromic).
Nutrient-Deficient Anemias
___
___ - vitamin _
___
Other Vitamins, e.g., _
Iron Cobalamin - vitamin B12 Protein Other Vitamins, e.g., B6
Other Conditions That Can Lead to Anemia
____
___ Abnormalities
____ disease states
____
____
____ disease
___ toxicity
Hemorrhage Genetic Abnormalities Chronic disease states Cancer Hypothyroidism Cardiovascular disease Drug toxicity
Populations Vulnerable to Iron Deficiency
___
____
___ during____ years
____ women
Infants Adolescents Women during childbearing years Pregnant women
Symptoms of Iron-Deficiency Anemia
___
___
____ ____ to ____
__ ___ ____
___ ___ ___ (in ____)
Fatigue Anorexia Reduced capacity to work Poor immune response Impaired cognitive function (in children)
Treatment of Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Treatment will depend upon the underlying ___ and ____.
Includes ___y modifications, ____, and appropriate ____.
Severe iron-deficiency anemia may require a ___ ___n, ___ ___, or ___ __ ___. Treatment may need to be done in a ___
Treatment will depend upon the underlying cause and severity. Includes dietary modifications, supplements, and appropriate medications. Severe iron-deficiency anemia may require a blood transfusion, iron injections, or intravenous iron therapy. Treatment may need to be done in a hospital.
Toxicity/Iron Overload * An estimated __% of the population in the United States is in positive iron balance, with _% having iron overload.
* Two types -________s and _____
* An estimated 10% of the population in the United States is in positive iron balance, with 1% having iron overload. * Two types - Hemochromatosis and Hemosiderosis.
Iron and Heart Disease Recent research has linked iron overload (high blood iron) with an increased risk of ___ ____
(Possible mechanism: free iron ___ ___, and oxidized LDL is more damaging to the ___ ___).
Recent research has linked iron overload (high blood iron) with an increased risk of heart disease. (Possible mechanism: free iron oxidizes LDL, and oxidized LDL is more damaging to the cardiovascular system).
ZINC
Most of the zinc in the body is concentrated in __ ___ ___ ____ tissues.
Amount of zinc in the adult human body ranges from ___-___ grams.
Most of the zinc in the body is concentrated in bone, liver, kidney and muscle tissues. Amount of zinc in the adult human body ranges from 1.5-2.5 grams.
Primary Functions of Zinc
Cofactor for more than 100 enzymes Cellular growth (DNA synthesis) Bone formation Cell-mediated immunity Part of insulin Thyroid function Behavior and learning performance
Recommended Dietary Allowances for Adults
Males (19-50 years): __mg/day
Females (19-50 years): __mg/day
Males (19-50 years): 15mg/day Females (19-50 years): 12mg/day
Deficiency of Zinc Human zinc deficiency was reported in the 1960s in ____ and adolescent ____ in Egypt, Iran, and Turkey.
___ ___ ___ are associated with higher zinc needs.
Human zinc deficiency was reported in the 1960s in children and adolescent boys in Egypt, Iran, and Turkey. Rapid growth phases are associated with higher zinc needs.
Populations Vulnerable to Zinc Deficiency VPATES
Alcoholics Trauma patients Lacto-vegetarians Pregnant women Elderly Post-surgical patients
Symptoms of Zinc Deficiency
___Growth retardation
___Skeletal abnormalities
___Collagen Syn
___H poor wound heeling
___M sexual maturity
____Taste diminished hypoguiseria
Growth retardation Skeletal abnormalities Defective collagen synthesis Poor wound healing Delayed sexual maturation (children) Hypogeusia (diminished taste)
Significant Food Sources of Zinc
_____
____
_____
Protein-containing foods: meat, fish, poultry Whole grains Vegetables e.g. green peas
Metabolism of Zinc
Metabolism of Zinc
Absorption of Zinc and Copper
Zinc and copper in foods
Zinc induces the syn of ____ which ___ both ions and __ ___
High ion need: Ions are transferred in the ____ and bind to transport proteins
Low ion need: Zn and Cu are ___d into the ____ with sloughed mucosal cell
Absorption of Zinc and Copper
Zinc in copper foods
Zinc induces the syn of metallothionein which binds both ions and limits absorption.
High ion need: Ions are transferred in the blood and bind to transport proteins
Low ion need: Zn and Cu are shed into the intestine with sloughed mucosal cell
Metabolism of Zinc Various Steps
Zinc in food absorbed by ___ ____.
Attached to ___ and ____ and ____ in blood.
Excess stored in the ____ as ____.
____ uses zinc to make___ ____.
Some losses in ___ ___ ___ and ___
Zinc in food absorbed by intestinal cells. Attached to albumin and transferrin and circulated in blood. Excess stored in the liver as metallothionein. Pancreas uses zinc to make digestive enzymes. Some losses in urine, skin, blood, and semen.
Selenium: Primary Functions
____
_____ for ____ ____
Antioxidant Co-factor for Glutathione Peroxidase
The Glutathione Peroxidase System
–>
——–glutathioine peroxidase—>
The Glutathione Peroxidase System
Peroxidases–> Cell damage by free radicals
Peroxidases——–glutathioine peroxidase—> Alcohols and H20
Recommended Dietary Allowances for Adults
Adults:_____/day
Upper Level: ____/day
Adults: 55µg/day Upper Level: 100µg/day
Selenium Deficiency (Observed in China)
___ ___
___ ___ ____
Keshan Disease Kashin-Beck’s Disease
Keshan Disease
_____
____ ___ ____
_____ of ___ ___
Cardiomyopathy Congestive Heart Failure Necrosis of heart tissue
Kashin-Beck’s Disease
A disorder of the ____ and___ of the ___ ____ ____ ___ ____s in ____ and ____.
This occurs due to necrosis (____) of the ___ ___of___ AnD ___ ___
A disorder of the bones and joints of the hands, fingers, elbows, knees and ankles in children and adolescents. This occurs due to necrosis (death) of the growth plates of bones and joint cartilage.
Selenium and Cancer
___ ___ ____correlates with a high incidence of certain kinds of cancer.
Selenium supplements may not be ____ in prevention.
Selenium-poor soil correlates with a high incidence of certain kinds of cancer. Selenium supplements may not be effective in prevention.
