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House Clinical Pathology > Water and Electrolyte metabolism > Flashcards

Water and Electrolyte metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

WATER DISTRIBUTION
TBW- __L
-makes up ___% of body weight in men
-makes up __% of body weight in men

A

42

60

55

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2
Q

WATER DISTRIBUTION

Out of 42L

in ICF (__L)

in ECF (__L)

in plasma(___ L)

interstitial (__L)

A

28

14

3.5

11

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3
Q

Main electrolytes found in

ECF Osmolality(__,__,___,___,___)

ICF Osmolality(___,____)

A

Na, Cl, Hco3-, glucose,urea

K, phosphates

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4
Q

SODIUM DISTRIBUTION

  • intake in our western diet is about _____-______
  • most sodium is excreted in the ____,___,___
A

100mmol/day-300mmol/day

kidneys, sweat, feaces

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5
Q

urinary sodium output is regulated by

  • _____
  • _______
A

Aldosterone

Atrial Natriuretic peptide

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6
Q

HYPERNATREMIA

-when the value is above __-___

A

135-145mmol/L

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7
Q

HYPERNATREMIA

CAUSES:

  • excessive ___ intake
  • inadequate ___ intake
  • excessive ___ loss
  • diseased state like ____,____,____,____
A

sodium

water

water

diabetes insipidus, conn, Cushing,uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

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8
Q

HYPERNATREMIA

Clinical presentation

  • _____,______,____
  • restlessness,agitation, seizures,coma
  • increased ___
  • ______

Management:
-due to water loss, give __________ or ______

A

dehydration, fatigue, muscle fatigue

JVP

pulmonary edema

oral fluids slowly or 5% dextrose slowly

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9
Q

HYPONATREMIA

-______ are lost

A

sodium and water

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10
Q

HYPONATREMIA

diagnosis of hyponatremia: ____,____

A

hypotension, tachycardia

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11
Q

diagnosis of hyponatremia is similar to that of hypernatremia

T/F

A

T

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12
Q

hyponatremia in patients without eodema, who have normal serum urea and creatinine and blood pressure have _______ and this is treated by ______

A

WATER OVERLOAD

fluid restriction

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13
Q

CAUSES of HYPONATREMIA

  • excessive sodium loss from the GI like in ___,_____,_____ etc
  • excessive sodium loss from the kindey like in ————— or _____
  • inadequate sodium intake like in _____
  • diseased state like ___,____
A

diarrhea, vomiting, fistula

adrenal insufficiency or sodium-wasting renal diseases

fasting diets

SIADH, Addison

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14
Q

POTASSIUM HOMEOSTASIS
-total body K= ______

  • __%intracellular ;__% extracellular
  • intake is about ______/day
  • output is mainly by ___
  • __% lost in faeces
A

3600mmol

98;5

30-100mmol

kidneys

5

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15
Q

POTASSIUM HOMEOSTASIS

conc of serum K is __-___/L

  • cellular uptake of potassium is stimulated by ____
  • reciprocal relationship between K and __ ions
A

3.5-4.5mmol

insulin

H

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16
Q

HYPERKALEMIA

CAUSES

  • increased intake of ___
  • ____ hormone deficiency
  • tissue ____
  • reduced excretion (in __osis)
  • ____ disease
  • Pseudo hyper K like in ______
A

K

insulin

breakdown

acid

Addison

a lysed sample

17
Q

HYPERKALEMIA

Features

  • ____ paralysis
  • heart ___, ____, etc
A

flaccid

block

bradycardia

18
Q

HYPERKALEMIA

Management

  • ____ infusion
  • infusion of ______ to counter the effects of hyperkalemia
  • cation exchange resin like ____
  • mild to moderate: _____
  • severe: ______
  • very severe : _____
A

insulin

calcium gluconate

resonium A

IV salbutamol

lactate cocktail

hemodialysis

19
Q

HYPOKALEMIA

CAUSES

  • extracellular loss like in cases of ____ or GI Loss
  • extrarenal loss
  • influx to cell in high ____ situations or ___osis
  • PseudohypoK like in _____
A

burns

insulin

alkal

leukocytosis

20
Q

HYPOKALEMIA

Features

  • _____ paralysis, fatigue, cramps
  • constipation, ileus
  • poly__, poly__
A

spastic

polyuria, polydipsia

21
Q

HYPOKALEMIA

Management

  • diuretic K sparing
  • IV potassium (note that this should not be given faster than _____/hour and must be given ________)
  • oral potassium supplements
A

22mmol

under monitoring with ECG

22
Q

ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS VALUES

hydrogen - ___-___/L
Bicarbonate- ___-___/L
PCo2- 4-6kP (__-__mmHg)
PO2- 11-15kP (__-__mmHg)

A

35-46nmol

22-30mmol

36-46

85-105

23
Q

IN METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

  • Ph is (low or high?)
  • H+ is (low or high?)
  • primary issue is _____
  • secondary response is ___ing the __ levels
A

low

high

low bicarbonate

reduc; PCo2

24
Q

IN METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

Causes:

  • ______
  • ___ failure, ___ acidosis
  • ______ acidosis, severe ___
A

diabetes MELLITUS

renal

lactic

renal tubular

diarrhea

25
Q

IN METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

  • Ph is (low or high?)
  • H+ is (low or high?)
  • primary issue is _____
  • secondary response is ____ing the ___ levels
A

High

Low

high bicarbonate

Increasing; PCo2

26
Q

IN RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS

  • Ph is (low or high?)
  • H+ is (low or high?)
  • primary issue is _____
  • secondary response is ____ing the ____ levels
A

High

Low

low PCo2

decreas

bicarbonate

27
Q

IN RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS

  • Ph is (low or high?)
  • H+ is (low or high ?)
  • primary issue is _____
  • secondary response is ____ing the ____ levels
A

Low

High

high PCo2

Increasing

bicarbonate

28
Q

IN RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS

Causes

  • _____,______,____[
  • pulmonary ____, __________ disease , depression of ______
A

pneumonia , emphysema, asthma

edema

chronic obstructive lung

respiratory center

House Clinical Pathology (45 decks)

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