THE IMMUNOLOGY OF MALARIA FEVER Flashcards
Each year malaria infects about __________ people worldwide.
It kills between ___-________ people yearly especially in endemic areas of _______.
one billion
1-2 million; sub Saharan Africa
Plasmodium spp continues to flourish in spite of all the tools we have for prevention, control and treatment.
T/F
T
3 REASONS MALARIA CONTINUES TO THRIVE.
Parasite _________ to ___________
_________ of __________ to control vector
Inability to _______________________
As a result of inadequate understanding of the Mechanisms of NAI naturally acquired immunity against plasmodia.
resistance to safe anti malarials
Breakdown of Programs
produce vaccine against malaria
Malaria immunity
Definition . The state of _____ to the ____ brought about by processes which ______________ or ______________
resistance; infection
destroy the plasmodia or limit their multiplication.
Malaria immunity
We have two types of immunity
_________ ———— immunity
________ immunity
Natural innate
acquired
Malaria immunity
Acquired immunity can either be _______ or __________
Active acquired immunity
Passive acquired immunity
Plasmodium spp
P. _________
P. _________
P. _________
P. _________
P. falciparum
P. vivax
P. malariae
P. ovale
Plasmodium spp
Europeans in West Africa were susceptible to malaria.
T/F
T
Indigenous population exposed to malaria from birth had a low degree of protection
T/F
F
high
P._________ and ________ helped us to observe that each parasite was antigenically different from the other.
This is why it is reasoned that repeated infections achieved a ______________________________________ to eventually defeat most variants of plasmodium.
This explains the slow onset of immunity after ____ to ______ years.
knowlesi; antigenic variant
sufficiently diverse repertoire of antigenic memory
8 to 15
ENDEMICITY
This is found in _________.
Many people carry _______ of _____ but ____________. This is as a result of _____, in adult.
sub Saharan Africa
loads; parasite; do not have overt disease
NAI
ENDEMICITY
NAI
It is however (present or absent?) in infants and young children and pregnant women, and adults removed from their environment.
Absent
ENDEMICITY
Massive interventions to reduce parasitaemia May prove lethal.
T/F
T
PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY
Hosts can mount a level of immunity which can occur following _________ and this can protect against __________
initial infection
subsequent disease.
PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY
Individuals repeatedly exposed to malaria develop ________ against the sporozoite, liver-stage, blood stage,and asexual stage malaria antigens.
This is why malaria is (low or high ?) in endemic areas.
Antibodies directed against the ______ stages may also reduce the transmission of plasmodia.
antibodies
Low ; sexual