THE IMMUNOLOGY OF MALARIA FEVER

Question 1

Each year malaria infects about __________ people worldwide.

It kills between ___-________ people yearly especially in endemic areas of _______.

Answer 1

one billion

1-2 million; sub Saharan Africa

Question 2

Plasmodium spp continues to flourish in spite of all the tools we have for prevention, control and treatment.

T/F

Answer 2

T

Question 3

3 REASONS MALARIA CONTINUES TO THRIVE.

Parasite _________ to ___________

_________ of __________ to control vector

Inability to _______________________

As a result of inadequate understanding of the Mechanisms of NAI naturally acquired immunity against plasmodia.

Answer 3

resistance to safe anti malarials

Breakdown of Programs

produce vaccine against malaria

Question 4

Malaria immunity

Definition . The state of _____ to the ____ brought about by processes which ______________ or ______________

Answer 4

resistance; infection

destroy the plasmodia or limit their multiplication.

Question 5

Malaria immunity

We have two types of immunity

_________ ———— immunity

________ immunity

Answer 5

Natural innate

acquired

Question 6

Malaria immunity

Acquired immunity can either be _______ or __________

Answer 6

Active acquired immunity

Passive acquired immunity

Question 7

Plasmodium spp

P. _________
P. _________
P. _________
P. _________

Answer 7

P. falciparum
P. vivax
P. malariae
P. ovale

Question 8

Plasmodium spp

Europeans in West Africa were susceptible to malaria.

T/F

Answer 8

T

Question 9

Indigenous population exposed to malaria from birth had a low degree of protection

T/F

Answer 9

F

high

Question 10

P._________ and ________ helped us to observe that each parasite was antigenically different from the other.

This is why it is reasoned that repeated infections achieved a ______________________________________ to eventually defeat most variants of plasmodium.

This explains the slow onset of immunity after ____ to ______ years.

Answer 10

knowlesi; antigenic variant

sufficiently diverse repertoire of antigenic memory

8 to 15

Question 11

ENDEMICITY

This is found in _________.

Many people carry _______ of _____ but ____________. This is as a result of _____, in adult.

Answer 11

sub Saharan Africa

loads; parasite; do not have overt disease

NAI

Question 12

ENDEMICITY

NAI

It is however (present or absent?) in infants and young children and pregnant women, and adults removed from their environment.

Answer 12

Absent

Question 13

ENDEMICITY

Massive interventions to reduce parasitaemia May prove lethal.

T/F

Answer 13

T

Question 14

PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY

Hosts can mount a level of immunity which can occur following _________ and this can protect against __________

Answer 14

initial infection

subsequent disease.

Question 15

PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY

Individuals repeatedly exposed to malaria develop ________ against the sporozoite, liver-stage, blood stage,and asexual stage malaria antigens.

This is why malaria is (low or high ?) in endemic areas.

Antibodies directed against the ______ stages may also reduce the transmission of plasmodia.

Answer 15

antibodies

Low ; sexual

Question 16

PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY

Release of ______ that act on ______
stages of the parasite and a __________ cell response directed at the ______ stages of the parasite.

Answer 16

cytokines; all the

cytotoxic T

liver

Question 17

PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY

______ cells and ______ cells activate macrophages to phagocytose __________ parasites and free __________

Answer 17

IFN-y

CD4 T

intra erythrocitic; merozoites.