Specimen Collection Flashcards
The urine that is most conc for HCG is taken in ??
The morning
Patient’s review comprises:
Good ______
Good _________
Performing the __________
clinical history
physical examination
right laboratory investigation
Swabs for molecular studies such as ___________ swabs for COVID-19 detection
nasopharyngeal
Site for venepuncture should be noted- cubital, wrist
T/F
T
Venepuncture
Clean the area from ________ using the right concentration of _______
Allow the area to _____
Apply torniquet just (above or below?) the site to occlude _____ flow
Torniquet time should not be greater than _____ to avoid ______ which can affect analyte like ____
After bleeding, use ______ to stop bleeding
inside outward ; alcohol swab.
air dry
Above; venous
one minute; haemoconcentration
calcium
dry gauze
The venepuncture can be performed using ______,________, or _____
syringe, vacutainer needle or butterfly needle
Cautions during venepuncture
Avoid sites with scars, tattoos, oedema, haematoma, arm with intravenous cannula
T/F
T
Cautions during venepuncture
Remove needle if any _____ is noted during the process
Limit your number of venous access to _______ trials. You may need to call a more senior medical personnel for assistance
If a patient demonstrates abnormal or alarming clinical scenario, call attention of physician on ground
Do not ________ or _______ blood to avoid contamination with ________
swelling
one or two
massage or milk
tissue fluid
Heel stick
Used for ______ screening
Use (short or long?) length lancet of about ____ so as not to injure the ____ bone
Collect specimen in ________ tubes or ________ for screening or genetic studies
After specimen collection, apply ______ and _____ the foot.
Do not apply _______
newborn
Short
2 mm; calcaneous
microcollection capillary; filter paper
pressure and elevate
adhesive bandage
Serum is the _____ portion of blood that is exuded after _____ in a plain tube.
Such Samples are collected in _____ coloured capped ______ tubes
watery
blood coagulation
gold; vacutainer
Plasma is the non cellular component of _______ blood gotten after _____ of the whole sample
anticoagulated
centrifugation
(Serum or Plasma?) samples can be used for most biochemistry tests in as much as contamination from ions in anticoagulants can be avoided
Plasma
(Plasma or Serum?) samples is mostly used for running immunoassays
Serum
Anticoagulants in Clinical pathology
Heparin
-available as _____ and ______ in ____colored capped vacutainer tubes
Heparin accelerates the action of ______ and preventing the formation of _____
lithium heparin; sodium heparin
green; antithrombin iii; fibrin
_______ heparin is used mostly in chemistry lab tests except ____ or ____ assay
Lithium
folate or lithium
Anticoagulants in clinical Pathology
EDTA (__________)
-Mostly used for ______ tests and for ____ studies
-Available in ——- capped vacutainer tubes
Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid
haematology; DNA
lavender
Anticoagulants in clinical Pathology
Sodium fluoride
Inhibits ____ enzyme in glycolysis.
It is used for collecting samples for ______ assay and available in ____ capped vacutainer tubes
enolase; glycolysis
glucose
grey
Anticoagulants in Clinical Pathology
Oxalates (Sodium/potassium/Lithium) -
form (soluble or insoluble?) complexes with ____ ions. This is often mixed with _____ in grey capped vacutainer tubes.
Insoluble
calcium
fluoride
Anticoagulants in Clinical pathology
Sodium iodoacetate – inhibits ______
glycolysis
Anticoagulants in Clinical pathology
Sodium Citrate
-converts ____ to ______ form
used for ______ testing.
Tubes are _____ capped vacutainer tubes
calcium
non ionized
coagulation profile
light blue
Tubes in Clinical pathology
Standard tubes in use in Chemistry labs are of 2 types
________ tubes
________ tubes
Vacutainer
Ordinary
Vacutainer tubes – These have _________ pressure and are used with ____ needles for blood collection.
negative intratubular
vacutainer
Ordinary tubes
Lithium heparin –____ coloured capped tube
EDTA –______ capped tube
Flouride oxalate –____ capped tube
Plain tube –____ capped tube
deep blue
Green
Yellow
Red
Which is more in use and why?
Vacutainer or ordinary tubes
Ordinary tubes are Much more in use because they are cheaper and readily available
Order of draw
Blood sample in syringe should be dispensed into ___ tubes, ____ tubes, and then the ___ tubes.
The order is as follows:
______ tubes
______ tubes
______ tubes
____ tubes
______ tube
______ sample tube
sterile; anticoagulant; serum
Sterile; Coagulation study; EDTA; heparin; fluoride oxalate; serum sample
Interference can be as a result of
______
________
_________
Haemolysis
Icteria
Lipaemia
Lipaemia is seen as ______ in serum or plasma due to presence of excess _____ concentration.
turbidity
lipoprotein
Factors that is associated with lipaemia include ______ intake, altered _________, metabolic disorders, lipid _____
fatty food
lipid metabolism
infusions
Lipaemia may be visible at (plasma or serum?) triglyceride concentration above ___mg/dl
Serum
300
Lipaemic interferences can be reduced by ensuring at least ______ before sample collection, ______ of samples at speed of 10000g
12 hrs of fasting
ultracentrifugation
Icteric samples result when the concentration of ______ is quite elevated.
bilirubin
Bilirubin interferes with _____ systems used for measurement of glucose, cholesterol. Triglycerides, urea and creatinine. Also, bilirubin interferes with ____ binding to albumin
peroxidase
dyes
_____________ helps to reduce the effect of spectral bilirubin interferences
Running sample blank alongside
Haemolysis can be caused by
-Using too _______
-Forcing _____
-__________ after blood sample collection and transport
-Presence of excess _____
-Centrifuging blood sample before _______
-_______ and _____ of blood
small-bore needles
blood through needle
Shaking tube vigorously
anticoagulant
completion of clotting
Freezing and thawing
Haemolysis can affect the following analytes during assay – _____,____,_____,______
_________ can help reduce the effect of sample haemolysis
potassium, phosphorus, ALT, acid phosphatase
Sample blanking
Samples for bilirubin assay should be protected from light to prevent ______
Photo degradation
Uncentrifuged samples should not be frozen before separation to avoid _______ which will act as interference during assay
sample haemolysis
Anticoagulated blood samples should be centrifuged for about ___ at speed of _____ to ______ g
15 mins
2000 to 3000
Clotted whole blood should be centrifuged after 30 mins at speed of ______ for about _____
1500g
10 mins
Samples should attain ____ temperature before start of centrifuging.
room
Specimen collected should be centrifuged within ______ of collection
2 hours
Serum and plasma should be dispensed into ______ unless if collected in ________ tube.
plain tubes
serum separating gel
Specimens should be stored at ___°C, If prolonged storage is required, then storage should be at ____°C. Repeated freezing and thawing should be ______
-20
-80
avoided
Urine –
Random for _____, ______
______ urine which is best for investigating Kidney/ bladder disorder
Timed specimen which can be for 24hrs for ____________ assay
spot glucose; ketone bodies
Midstream
creatinine/ protein
Faeces- _____ detection, ____ activity, _____ estimation
occult blood
tryptic
faecal fat
CSF – _______,______,________ estimation
Saliva – _____ studies, ____,______
Buccal smears – Essentially for ____ studies
cell count, glucose, proteins
DNA; cortisol; blood group
DNA
