Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

House Clinical Pathology > MARKERS OF INFLAMMATION, HEART FAILURE AND COAGULATION DISORDERS > Flashcards

MARKERS OF INFLAMMATION, HEART FAILURE AND COAGULATION DISORDERS Flashcards

1
Q

Heart disease

Approximately _______ cases of MI occur annually in the United States.

A

1.5 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Heart disease

Increasing prevalence in Nigeria and Africa

In UBTH – __/______ patients (1998 – 2007 V.A Joseph)

In Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital from 2000 – 2005. Prevalence of CVS diseases –___%

A

4/1,000

20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Symptoms of Heart Disease
There are ——- classic symptoms of heart disease that, if recognized early, can aid in the accurate and early diagnosis of heart disease.

A

seven

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

all individuals with heart disease will experience symptoms

T/F

A

F

It is important to note that not all individuals with heart disease will experience symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

all people who experience the 7 seven symptoms will have heart disease.

T/F

A

F

not all people who experience symptoms will have heart disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List the 7 classic symptoms of heart disease

A

Dyspnea
Cyanosis
Chest pain
Palpitations
Syncope
Edema
Fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Symptoms of Heart Disease

Dyspnea is a medical term used to describe __________

There are three basic types of dyspnea:
________,_________,_________

A

shortness of breath.

cardiac, pulmonary, and psychological.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

earliest and most common symptom of heart disease is ________, aka ___

A

shortness of breath

Dyspnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Symptoms of Heart Disease

Angina

Angina pectoris, also known as angina, is ______________

It is described as _______ or ______ felt ______ or _____ within the chest.

A

chest pain from the heart.

griping or crushing central chest pain

around or deep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

_______ is the second most common symptom of heart disease.

A

Chest pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

all chest pain is due to heart disease

T/F

A

F

However, not all chest pain is due to heart disease as it may originate from other chest structures, a chest muscle or from organs below the chest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Angina

The pain may radiate to the ____ or ____ , less commonly to the _____ or ____ , and is associated with pain in _______(usually _____) ______

A

neck or jaw

back or abdomen

one (usually the left) or both arms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Angina is most often caused by _____ (restriction of blood supply to the heart) due most commonly to ______ disease.

A

ischemia

coronary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Angina is usually worsened by ______ and relieved by ____.

A

exercise

rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Symptoms of Heart Disease

Palpitation is the term used to describe the _____________

A

awareness one has of their own heartbeat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Symptoms of heart disease

Syncope is the term used to indicate _______ or the ________.

A

fainting or the sudden loss of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Syncope may be caused by a number of conditions that result in the _________________________.

A

deprivation of oxygen and blood to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The most common cardiovascular cause of syncope is __________(______ ).

Without warning, the patient _______ with a ______________ pulse and, after a ______, recovers.

A

an irregular heartbeat

arrhythmia

falls to the ground

slow or absent; few seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Symptoms of Heart Disease

Edema refers to the _______ around the ankles, legs, eyes, chest wall, or abdominal wall due to the _____ of ______ or _______ in the cells of the tissues.

A

swelling of tissue

retention of water or lymph fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The edema associated with heart disease is often present in the morning

T/F

With reason

A

F

absent

as fluid is reabsorbed while lying down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The edema associated with the heart is progressively worse during the day.

T/F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Symptoms of Heart Disease

Cyanosis is a term used to describe a ________ of the skin and is caused by an increased amount of _________ in the blood due to ______.

A

bluish discoloration

non oxygenated hemoglobin

dyspnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cyanosis becomes apparent when ___g/dl or more of reduced hemoglobin is present.

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Inflammation and Coagulation Disorders

Markers of inflammation are used for assessment of risk of developing these disorders.

T/F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Inflammation plays a role in atherogenesis, atherosclerosis, plaque formation and acute coronary syndrome.

T/F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The markers of inflammation include ______________(hsCRP), _______________ (PAPP-A) and ________________ (Lp-PLA2).

A

high sensitivity C-reactive protein

pregnancy associated plasma protein A

lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein
hsCRP is one of the most extensively studied proposed markers of inflammation

T/F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

______ marker of inflammation Has some controversy regarding its clinical use, but appears to be the most promising to date.

A

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein
hsCRP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein
hsCRP

CRP is _______ protein produced by the ____ in response to _____,_____, and _____

A

an acute-phase ; liver

injury, infection, and inflammation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

CRP

a (general or specialized?) (specific or nonspecific?) marker of inflammation

Has (low or high?) predictive value for coronary artery disease in the healthy population.

A

General
Nonspecific

High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Epidemiologic data document a positive association between hsCRP and the prevalence of coronary artery disease.

T/F

A

T

32
Q

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein

Elevated baseline levels of hsCRP are correlated with higher risk of ______________________ among those with and without clinical evidence of _______

A

future cardiovascular morbidity and mortality

vascular disease.

33
Q

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein

In patients with established vascular disease, each standard deviation increase in baseline hsCRP is associated with a ___% increase in relative risk of _______ or _________ over 2 years of follow-up.

A

45

nonfatal MI or sudden cardiac death

34
Q

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein
hsCRP only demonstrates prognostic capacity in those who have a diagnosis of vascular disease.

T/F

A

also demonstrates prognostic capacity in those who do not yet have a diagnosis of vascular disease.

35
Q

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein
hsCRP

A mild elevation of baseline levels of hsCRP among apparently healthy individuals is associated with __________________________ events.

A

higher long term risk for future cardiovascular

36
Q

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein
hsCRP

It’s predictive capacity offers patients the ability to receive treatment to reduce _____ and, thus, their risk.

A

inflammation

37
Q

Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A
PAPP-A is a ____-binding protein found in high serum concentrations of women in ( early or advanced?) stages of pregnancy.

A

zinc

Advanced

38
Q

Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A

PAPP-A was recently identified as a major contributor to the progression of ________ by _______et al., who found high levels of PAPP-A in the cells and extracellular matrix of _____ from patients who died suddenly of cardiac causes.

A

atherosclerosis

Bayes-Genis ; plaques

39
Q

Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A
PAPP-A

These researchers also found high concentrations of PAPP-A in (stable or unstable?) plaques compared with (stable or unstable ?) plaques.

A

Unstable

Stable

40
Q

Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2

LP-PLA2, also known as ______ factor ________, is an enzyme associated with the (small or large?) , (light or dense?) LDL cholesterol particles, which are pathogenic and readily undergo ____ modification.

A

platelet-activating; acetyl hydrolase

Small; dense; oxidative

41
Q

Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2

circulates mainly bound to _____ and ___, and studies have shown that elevated LP-PLA2 values are associated with an increased risk for _____ and _____

A

LDL and HDL

heart disease and stroke.

42
Q

Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2

When analysed with ____, it was shown to have an ____ effect of increasing risk for CVD.

A

CRP

additive

43
Q

INFLAMMATION AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Atherosclerosis
Deposition of ______ in the _____ of blood vessels which protrude into and obstruct vascular lumens and weaken the vessels.

A

fibrofatty plaques

intima

44
Q

pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

STAGE 1

______ formation.
These are the earliest lesions of atherosclerosis. It is initiated by focal
increases of ____ containing ____ in the ___ of the vessels.

A

Fatty steak; apo B ; lipoproteins; intima

45
Q

pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
•
Fatty steak formation.

The vascular endothelium induces cytokine release to the presence of the chemically modified lipoprotein particles within the intima of the blood vessels.
The cytokines; ________ and ______, mediate ________________ to the site of the lesion.

These cytokines also regulate the expression of ________ leading to further leukocyte recruitment.

A

interleukins 6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha

mononuclear leukocyte migration

adhesion molecules

46
Q

pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

Stage2

_______ formation

In the intima, the mononuclear phagocytes differentiate into ______ that take up the ________ particles by endocytosis and transform into _____ laden _____ cells

A

Foam cell

macrophages

modified lipoprotein

lipid laden foam cells.

47
Q

pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

Foam cell formation

The foam cells further elaborate _______ and _______ that contribute to plaque evolution.

A

cytokines and growth factors

48
Q

pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
Stage 3

______ evolution

Inflammatory cytokines secreted by the modified macrophages;____ and ____ and _______ from activated T-lymphocytes, contribute to atherogenesis.

A

Atheroma

IL-1, TNF- alpha; interferon-gamma

49
Q

pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
Atheroma evolution

The evolution of the fatty streak to the complex fibrofatty atherosclerotic lesion is as a result of _______ recruited into the ______ from the ____ of the blood vessel by products of the _________

A

smooth muscle cells

intima

Media; modified macrophages.

50
Q

pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
Atheroma evolution

The smooth muscle cells elaborate ______ which contribute to the growth of the atheroma.

A

extracellular matrix

51
Q

Testing the Inflammatory Hypothesis of Atherosclerosis

Inflammation plays a major role in heart attack and stroke, and patients with elevated inflammatory biomarkers such as high sensitivity C- reactive protein (hsCRP) have increased vascular risk. Yet, it remains unknown whether ________ will reduce the risk of recurrent heart attack and stroke for our patients.

A

direct inhibition of inflammation

52
Q

Markers of Congestive Heart Failure

The natriuretic peptides (NPs) are a group of hormones that include _________ (ANP), ______ (BNP), _________ (CNP), and ________ (DNP).

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

B-type natriuretic peptide

C-type natriuretic peptide

D-type natriuretic peptide

53
Q

The Natriuretic peptides play an important role in the regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis.

T/F

A

T

54
Q

__NP and the ______ fragment of its prohormone (______) are released on _____ stretch or stress to the myocytes in the (presence or absence?) of necrosis.

A

B

terminal ; NT-proBNP

ventricular

Absence

55
Q

Markers of Congestive Heart Failure

Therefore, BNP is _____eased in diseases characterized by an expanded fluid volume (e.g., renal failure, hepatic cirrhosis, primary aldosteronism, and congestive heart failure)

These conditions are characterized by (enhanced or reduced?) renal clearance of peptides or stimulation of peptide production.

A

Incr

Reduced

56
Q

BNP and not NT-proBNP work well in diagnosing heart failure

A

F

Both BNP and NT-proBNP

57
Q

BNP and NT-proBNP are of prognostic value in patients with acute coronary syndromes.

T/F

A

T

58
Q

Markers of Congestive Heart Failure

BNP has a circulating half-life of _______, so it is indicative of a ______ of myocardial function, while NT-proBNP circulates approximately ______, giving a (shorter or longer?) view of myocyte function.

A

20 minutes; snapshot; 1.5 hours

Longer

59
Q

Role of Laboratory in Monitoring Heart Disease

The laboratory’s role in monitoring heart function primarily involves measuring the _________ on ________ such as the lungs, liver, and kidney.

A

effects of the heart on other
organs,

60
Q

Arterial blood gases measure the patient’s _______ and _____ status and are used to determine the respiratory (acidosis or alkalosis?) and elevated ________ levels that are often seen in
patients with heart disease

A

acid-base and oxygen

acidosis

carbon dioxide

61
Q

Role of Laboratory in Monitoring Heart Disease

Decreased cardiac output results in sodium ________ by the kidneys but also causes increased fluid ______

therefore, the serum sodium level generally ____________ or may be _________.

A

retention

retention

remains within the reference ranges

slightly decreased

62
Q

Serum electrolyte determinations, including _____,_____,_____ and ______ are important to monitor diuretic and drug therapy in patients with heart disease.

A

sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium

63
Q

Role of Laboratory in Monitoring Heart Disease

Elevations of ____,_______, and _____ are often seen in patients with chronic right ventricular failure, and the - ________value may be twice the
value of the upper limit of the normal range in CHF, suggesting ______ congestion and damage.

A

AST, alanine aminotransferase (ALT),
and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

glutamyltransferase (GGT)

liver

64
Q

Role of Laboratory in Monitoring Heart Disease

Lipid evaluation will assess risk for _______ disease. Maintenance of near-normal ________,________, and _______ levels is highly recommended for cardiac patients.

A

coronary artery

HDL cholesterol, LDL
cholesterol, and triglyceride

65
Q

AST is found in the _____ of the liver

ALT is found in the ______ of the liver

A

Mitochondria

Cytosol

66
Q

Alcohol affects the _____ of the liver

Viral hepatitis affects the ______ of the liver

A

Mitochondria

Cytosol

67
Q

________ ACP is the most tartarate labile

A

Prostatic

68
Q

Ig__ is the gamma globulin that can cross the placental barrier

A

G

69
Q

Cancer of the _____ can cause obstructive jaundice

A

Head of pancreas

70
Q

Which type of diabetes mellitus, is there weight loss

A

Type1

71
Q

Classical symptoms of tipe 1 DM is ??

A

Polyuria

Polydispsia

Polyphagia

72
Q

Clotting factors test can be used to test the functioning of the liver

T/F

A

T

73
Q

Types of headaches

________
_______
__________

A

Tension
Cluster
Migraines

74
Q

Clinical features of stroke

______ speech

________

_________ eyelids

_____ levels on __________ scale (less than ____)

A

Slurred

Paralysis

Drooping

Low; Glasgow coma; 3

75
Q

Spironolactone causes _______ and _______

Side effects of methyl dopa is _______

Loop diuretic causes _____

A

Hyperkalemia and gynecomastia

Hemolytic Anaemia

Ototoxicity

76
Q

CNP is produced in the ??

A

Ventricle

77
Q

_______ is the commonest cause of heart disease

_______ is the commonest cause of heart failure

A

Dyspnoea

Edema

House Clinical Pathology (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions