Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

House Clinical Pathology > Gonadal Function > Flashcards

Gonadal Function Flashcards

1
Q

Reproductive endocrinology is made up of the hormones of the ______________ axis and the _________

These hormones are crucial for proper reproductive function.

A

hypothalamo-pituitary –gonadal

adrenal glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hormones

_________________
——————-
____________
___________________

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Leutinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Sex steroids (oestrogens, progesterone, and androgens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Male Reproductive Physiology

The function of the testes is to synthesize ________________

Sertoli cells in the ________ of the ________ play a cruicial role in ________________ and secrete ________ which inhibits _________________

A

both spermatozoa and androgens

seminiferous tubules

testes ;sperm maturation

inhibin ; pituitary secretion of FSH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Male Reproductive Physiology

Surrounding the seminiferous tubules are the _______ of ________ which produce testicluar ______ and necessary for sperm maturation, and secondary sex characteristics.

A

interstitial cells of Leydig

androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Male Reproductive Physiology

GnRH is a ____peptide synthesized in the ________ and transported to the ________ where it stimulates release of ____________

A

deca; hypothalamus

anterior pituitary

both FSH and LH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Male Reproductive Physiology

LH acts on ________ to synthesize ______.

FSH acts on ________ to stimulate _______ and the synthesis and release of ______.

A

Leydig cells ; testosterone.

Sertoli cells ; gametogenesis

inhibin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Male Reproductive Physiology

Sex steroids and inhibin provide the negative feed back control of _______________ secretion respectively.

A

LH and FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Androgens

Androgens cause ________ of the genital tract and maintenance of the male secondary sex characteristics

Muscle bulk, deepening of voice
Bone mass
Libido and sexual performance in men

A

masculinization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

__________ is the main androgen secreted by the ____ cells in men

Women produce _____% as much as men

A

Testosterone

leydig

5-10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Other androgens secreted by the adrenal glands

List 4

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA – S)
Androstenedione
Androstenediol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Other androgens secreted by the gonads

List 2

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Androstenedione

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Biochemistry and Physiology

The synthesis of androgens begins with formation of __________ from _______

A

pregnenolone from cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Biochemistry and Physiology

Testosterone circulates free or bound to plasma proteins like ____________________ and ____________.

A

sex hormone binding globulin and albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

SHBG binds ________________________. In either sex

increased SHBG ______eases oestrogen dependent effects and decreased SHBG ases androgen dependent effects.

A

both testosterone in males and oestradiol in females

incr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Metabolism of testosterone
Testosterone : precursor for formation of ______(___________) and _______.

Both are active metabolites and are converted by _______ and _______ respectively.

A

DHT (dihydrotestosterone)

oestradiol

5α reductase; aromatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Metabolism of testosterone

Aromatisation occurs in _______ tissue of both sexes because of the high concentration of _ _______ in adipose tissue.

A

adipose

aromatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

DHT is formed in _____ target tissues eg _______ and _____

A

androgen

skin and prostate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Metabolism of testosterone

Excretory products of these androgens constitute a group of androgens known as __________ – ketosteroids , 90% of which is excreted in ____.

A

‘17 - ketosteroids

urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Male reproductive development

Fetus: has both _________ (female) and _________ (male) reproductive tracts.
The _________ duct differentiates into the fallopian tubes, uterus, upper vagina and female reproductive tract.
The ________ differentiates into vas deferens, epididymis, seminal vesicles and male reproductive tract.

A

Mullerian duct (female)

Wolffian duct (male)

Mullerian duct

Wolffian duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Male reproductive tract

In males, _______ maintains the _______ duct and ________ of the urogenital sinus and external genitalia.

________________ is responsible for repression of the Mullerian duct.

A

testosterone

Wolffian; virilisation

Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Post natal development: Male reproductive system

After birth, concentration of testosterone increases and remains elevated for _______ then falls to baseline by ______ (< 1nmol/L). I

t remains low although (lower or higher?) in boys than girls till _______.

A

3 months

1 year

Higher ; puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

At birth concentration of testosterone is only SLIGHTLY higher in boys than girls.

T/F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Puberty: Male Reproductive System

Hypothalamopituitary system becomes (more or less?) sensitive to feedback inhibition by circulating androgens, resulting in (lower or higher?) androgen secretion.

A

Less

Higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Puberty: Male Reproductive System

By 6/7 yrs of age, ______,_______, and ________ begin to increase. Puberty is associated with (diurnal or nocturnal?) surges of ____ and to a lesser extent ____.

A

androstenedione, DHEA and DHEA-S

nocturnal

LH; FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Andropause

The ______ process leads to physiological lowering of androgens in men ____ yrs and above.

Symptoms include:
- ____eased well being
- ____eased energy levels
- ____eased sexual function

A

aging; 50

decr; decr; decr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Andropause

Unlike menopause, andropause does not result in _________________. The process is (more or less?) gradual, progressing over several decades.

A

absolute loss of gonadal function

More

27
Q

Disorders of male sex hormones

Deficiency in sperm production and decreased testosterone secretion is known as __________. (Low sperm count)

A

hypogonadism

28
Q

Disorders of male sex hormones

They can be PRIMARY DISORDERS affecting the ____ or ____gonadotrophic ____gonadism.((high or low?) FSH/LH).

Or due to a defect in the ______ or SECONDARY DISORDERS or ____gonadotrophic ____gonadism.

A

testes; hyper; hypo
.(High FSH/LH).

hypothalamus; hypo; hypo

29
Q

Disorders of male sex hormones

In hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism _____________ may be absent, or ______ may be absent.

A

both FSH and LH

only LH

30
Q

Disorders of male sex hormones

Other male reproductive abnormalities include defects in androgen action,

__________

____________

A

impotence

gynaecomastia.

31
Q

Causes of primary hypogonadism

Congenital defects – _______ syndrome or testicular _______

Acquired defects like testicular infections eg ______, trauma, _______ or _______ drugs

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome or testicular agenesis

mumps, trauma, irradiation or cytotoxic drugs

32
Q

Causes of secondary hypogonadism

_________________

Hypothalamic disorders such as _______ syndrome

A

Pituitary tumours

Kallman’s

33
Q

Causes of secondary hypogonadism

Kallman’s syndrome – decreased ______ during _____________ _

It is characterized by ________ and ______ in male or female patients, ____x more common in men. It is a congenital defect with several genetic causes.

A

GnRH

embryonic development

hypogonadism and anosmia

5x

34
Q

Female reproductive physiology

Consists of vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries.

Ovaries are located on either side of ______ near ___________.

They produce _____ and secrete sex hormones ______ and _______

A

uterus ; fallopian tubes.

ova ;progesterone and oestrogen.

35
Q

Female reproductive physiology

Every healthy female neonate has _____ primordial follicles, each containing and immature ovum of which ________ follicles will reach maturity.

A

400,000

300 to 400

36
Q

Female reproductive physiology

A ___________ is produced during each normal menstrual cycle at day ____.

During ovulation the mature follicle _____ releasing the ______ into the _____ near the ___________.

A

single mature follicle; 14

ruptures; oocyte; space ; fallopian tube.
After ovulation, granulosa and theca cells of the follicle become the corpus luteum. These luteal cells produce oestrogen and progesterone.
If fertilization and pregnancy occur, the corpus luteum persists and continues to produce oestrogen and progesterone.

37
Q

Female reproductive physiology

After ovulation, ________ and _______ cells of the follicle become the _________.

These _____ cells produce oestrogen and progesterone.

If fertilization and pregnancy occur, the ______ persists and continues to produce oestrogen and progesterone.

A

granulosa and theca

corpus luteum

luteal

38
Q

Female physiology

If pregnancy does not occur, corpus luteum ______ and is replaced by _______

A

regresses; scar tissue.

39
Q

Female physiology

Fallopian tubes arise from the _____, extend towards the ______.

They convey the _____ __ward from the ________ and provide site for _______ of oocyte.

Fertilized egg is transported _____ along the ________ to the _______

A

Uterus ; ovaries

sperm; up

uterine cavity ; fertilization

Back; fallopian tubes

uterine cavity.

40
Q

Uterine cavity is lined by _______ which undergoes___ changes in preparation for implantation and pregnancy.

During the _____ phase, endometrial lining increases in thickness and vascularity.

A

endometrium; cyclical

luteal

41
Q

Role of the hypothalamopituitary axis

In adult women, a tightly coordinated feedback system exists between ________,________, and ______ to cause menstruation.

A

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and ovaries

42
Q

Role of the hypothalamopituitary axis

FSH stimulates ___________

LH stimulates ________ and ______ secretion from developing corpus luteum.

A

follicular growth

ovulation; progesterone

43
Q

Oestrogens

Oestrogens are sex hormones responsible for development and maintenance of female sex organs and female secondary sex characteristics.

T/F

A

T

44
Q

Oestrogens

Oestrogen and progesterone regulate the _____ cycle, _____ and ______ growth and _______ pregnancy.

A

menstrual

breast and uterine

maintain

45
Q

Oestrogens

Oestrogens affect _______ homeostasis, bone ___, _____eases linear bone growth and results in _______

A

calcium

mass; incr

epiphyseal closure.

46
Q

Oestrogens

Oestrogen depletion is associated with loss of _______ content, _____ease in stress fractures, post menopausal ________.

A

bone mineral

incr

osteoporosis

47
Q

Oestrogen

Secreted in adult women by ________ and _______ and during pregnancy by the ______.

The ______ gland and ______ also secrete minute quantities of oestrogens.

A

ovarian follicles and corpus luteum

placenta ; adrenal gland

testes

48
Q

____________ is the most important oestrogen.

A

Oestradiol

49
Q

Progesterone like oestrogens is a female sex hormone.

It is secreted from _______ through ________ just like in the ________.

A

cholesterol

pregnonolone

adrenal cortex.

50
Q

Disorders of female gonadal function
__________
__________
________ ,_______, and ————

A

Hirsutism
Virilism

Subfertility, amenorrhoea and oligomenorrhoea

51
Q

Hirsuitism

_____eased body hair with ____ pattern distribution.
Genetic in origin and (benign or malignant ?) in majority of cases. (present in some Nigerian tribes)

A

Incr

male

52
Q

Hirsuitism

The commonest pathological cause is _____________ syndrome.

It is important to exclude this diagnosis when investigating hirsute women.

A

polycystic ovarian

53
Q

Virilism

Although (common or uncommon?), is a sign of serious disease.

Testosterone concentrations are markedly ________ in the virilised patient.

A

uncommon

elevated

54
Q

Virilism

Symptoms include ______ pattern hair distribution, ______ of the voice and breast _______.

Tumours of the _____ or the ________ are the likely cause.

A

male

deepening

atrophy

ovary; adrenal gland

55
Q

Subfertility, amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea

Subfertility is defined as _______ of a couple to ______________________.

A full clinical history will give information about previous pregnancies, contraception, serious illnesses, radiotherapy, cytotoxic drugs, smoking, drug usage, sex transmitted diseases, frequency of intercourse.

A

failure

conceive after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse

56
Q

Subfertility, amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea

Physical examination, hypothalamopituitary disorders, thyroid disorders, Cushing’s syndrome, galactorrhoea, hirsutism.

In ________ analysis should detail volume, sperm density, motility and presence of abnormal spermatozoa.

A

male semen

57
Q

Subfertility, amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea

Endocrine investigations of the infertile woman.

Serum progesterone in the middle of the ______ phase or day ____ progesterone should be analysed.
If > ____nmol/L, then patient is ovulating.

If <____nmol/L, then patient is not ovulating.

A

luteal; 21

30; 10

58
Q

Subfertility, amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea

For women with irregular menses, measurement of _______ and ________(19- 100 IU/L) may detect ________ failure or __________ disease.

Measurement of ______ and _______ are also important.

A

oestrodiol and FSH/LH

primary ovarian

polycystic ovarian

prolactin and androgens

59
Q

Causes of infertility in women
______________ failure
Hyper _________
_________________ disease
_________ syndrome
_____gonadotrophic _____gonadism

A

Primary ovarian failure Hyperprolactinemia
Polycystic ovarian disease Cushing’s syndrome Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism

60
Q

Endocrine investigations in the subfertile man
In a man with ________ analysis no endocrine investigations are needed.

In the hypogonadal male, _____ and _________ should be measured first.

A

normal sperm

testosterone and gonadotrophins (FSH/LH)

61
Q

Causes of subfertility in the male

Primary testicular failure

___________ ———- disease (_______ syndrome)

____________ is a rare cause of infertility in the male.

A

Primary testicular failure

Hypothalamic pituitary disease (Kallman’s syndrome)

Hyperprolactinemia is a rare cause of infertility in the male.

62
Q

Causes of subfertility in the male

In both men and women a serum FSH concentration greater than ____ U/L indicates ________ ———- ———

A

23

primary gonadal failure.

63
Q

Tests in Pregnancy
Specific ______ changes
Secondary _______ changes
_________ monitoring
______ monitoring
Metabolic effects of ________

A

hormonal

metabolic

Maternal

Fetal; oral contraceptives

House Clinical Pathology (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions