water

Question 1

are hydrogen bonds strong or weak?

Answer 1

typically weak but can be strong

Question 2

what determines hydrogen bond strength?

Answer 2

temperature, pressure, bond angle, and environment

Question 3

what kind of bonds are found in water molecules?

Answer 3

covalent and hydrogen bonds

Question 4

covalent bonds

Answer 4

characterized by sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms

Question 5

water molecule

Answer 5

small localized negative charge around the oxygen atom + a small localized positive charge around the hydrogen atoms

Question 6

polarity

Answer 6

an uneven distribution of electron density within a molecule

Question 7

water characteristics

Answer 7

donates unpaired e- to electrophiles. nucleophile

Question 8

what biological pathways is water important for?

Answer 8

protein degradtion, release of glucosyl residues in glycogenolysis, hydrolysis reactions, end product in ETS, reactant + product in reactions

Question 9

what are H+ ions responsible for?

Answer 9

lowering pH

Question 10

what are OH- ions responsible for?

Answer 10

raising pH

Question 11

intracellular fluid (ICF)

Answer 11

fluid inside the cell. 40% of body weight. 11:1 potassium to sodium ratio

Question 12

extracellular fluid (ECF)

Answer 12

fluid outside the cell. 20% of body weight. 14:1 ratio of sodium to potassium

Question 13

interstitial fluid (ISF)

Answer 13

surrounds the cells but doesn’t circulate + makes up about 3/4 of the ECF

Question 14

ion

Answer 14

an atom or molecule which has lost or gained one or more valence electrons

Question 15

anions

Answer 15

negatively charged ions

Question 16

cations

Answer 16

positively charged ions

Question 17

plasma

Answer 17

1/4 of ECF that circulates Na+ & Cl-

Question 18

osmosis

Answer 18

type of diffusion of water through semi-permeable membrane to area of higher concentration

Question 19

edema

Answer 19

cell swells up from water entering cell. hypertonic ICF, hypovolemic ICF, hypotonic ECF, hypervolemic ECF

Question 20

dehydration

Answer 20

cell shrivels up due to water leaving the cell. hypervolemic ICF, hypotonic ICF, hypertonic ECF, hypovolemic ECF

Question 21

what do hypothalamic mechanisms control in regards to water?

Answer 21

thirst

Question 22

what does anti-diuretic hormone regulate in regards to water?

Answer 22

controls sodium, potassium, + water

Question 23

what do kidneys regulate in regard of water?

Answer 23

retention or excretion of water

Question 24

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Answer 24

results from the inability of renal tubular ADH osmoreceptors (in kidneys) to respond to ADH