Nutrition Flashcards
Estimated average requirements
Average daily intake level to meet requirement of HALF of health individuals in a particular age-gender group
EAR acronym meaning
Estimated average requirements
RDA acronym meaning
Recommended dietary allowances
Recommended dietary allowances definition
Average daily intake level to meet requirement of NEARLY ALL healthy individuals in a particular age-gender group
AI acronym meaning
Adequate intake
UL acronym meaning
(Tolerable) upper intake levels
Adequate intake definition
Estimates of nutrient intake by group of healthy individuals
(Tolerable) upper intake levels definition
Highest average daily intake likely to pose no adverse health effects in almost all individuals in general population
DRI acronym meaning
Dietary reference intake
EER acronym meaning
Estimated energy requirement
Estimated energy requirement definition
Average dietary energy intake predicted to maintain energy balance in healthy adults of particular demographic groups
What affects estimated energy requirement?
Genetics, metabolism, physical activity, behavior
What do food labels estimate estimated energy requirement to be?
2000 kcal/day
AMDR acronym meaning
Acceptable macronutrient distribution range
Acceptable macronutrient distribution range definition
Range of intake associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing adequate essential nutrients
Glycemic index
Measure of the effect of carbohydrates on blood sugar levels
High glycemic index
Carbohydrates that break down quickly, releasing glucose into the bloodstream quickly
Low glycemic index
Carbs break down slowly, releasing glucose into bloodstream slowly
Do foods with low or high glycemic index have health benefits?
LOW
Lower glycemic index characteristics
Slower digestion/absorption, lower insulin demand
PDCAAS acronym meaning
Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scoring
Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scoring definition
Measure of ability to provide the essential amino acids required from tissue maintenance
What are the other ways that people refer to upper body obesity?
Android/“apple-shape”
Upper body obesity
Excess fat located in central abdominal area
Health risks associated with upper body obesity
Higher risk of hypertension, insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease
What are the other ways that people refer to lower body obesity?
Gynoid/“pear-shaped”
Lower body obesity
Excess fat located in lower extremities around hips/gluteal area
What are the health effects of lower body obesity?
Benign healthwise + more common in females
Upper body obesity characteristics
Larger fat cells + more responsive to hormones
Lower body obesity characteristics
More difficult to lose
What are the other names for syndrome X?
Metabolic syndrome or insulin resistance syndrome
Syndrome X
Associated with abdominal obesity + molecular signals from adipocytes
What happens with syndrome X?
Increased risk of diabetes + cardiovascular disease
What causes syndrome X?
Glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, + hypertension
Chief cells
Produce pepsinogen + pepsin
Parietal cells
Produce HCl + intrinsic factor
Stomach metabolism
Pepsin digests proteins. Intrinsic factor aids in B12 absorption
Where are chief cells and parietal cells found?
Stomach
Beta cells
Produce insulin
Alpha cells
Produce glucagon
Pancreas metabolism
Produce bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid + produce digestive enzymes
Gallbladder metabolism
Releases bile salts + bilirubin (BIL)
Intestinal epithelial cells
Digestive enzymes bound to brush borders, absorption through epithelial
