carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

what are carbohydrates used for?

A

energy, storage of energy, + cell adhesion molecules

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2
Q

carbon-hydrogen-oxygen ratio in carbs

A

1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen

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3
Q

monosaccharides

A

single sugar. subdivided by number of carbons

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4
Q

disaccharides

A

two sugars

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5
Q

disaccharide examples

A

maltose, sucrose, lactose

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6
Q

oligosaccharides

A

3-10 sugars

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7
Q

polysaccharides

A

more than 10 sugars

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8
Q

polysaccharide examples

A

starch + dextrin

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9
Q

3 carbon monosaccharide name

A

triose

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10
Q

4 carbon monosaccharide name

A

tetrose

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11
Q

5 carbon monosaccharide name

A

pentose

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12
Q

6 carbon monosaccharide name

A

hexose

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13
Q

9 carbon monosaccharide name

A

nonose

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14
Q

monosaccharide functional groups

A

aldehyde + ketone

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15
Q

glucose functional group

A

aldehyde aka aldose

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16
Q

fructose functional group

A

ketone aka ketose

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17
Q

stereoisomers

A

presence of chiral carbons

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18
Q

what is a chiral carbon?

A

a carbon w/4 different atoms/groups bonded to it

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19
Q

D-isomers

A

naturally occurring in carbs

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20
Q

hemiacetal

A

aldehyde reacts w/alcohol group to form acetal bond

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21
Q

hemiketal

A

ketone reacts w/alcohol group to form a hemiketal bond

22
Q

pyranose (ring structure)

A

6 member ring

23
Q

furanose (ring structure)

A

5 member ring

24
Q

anomers

A

ring structure can open + re-close allowing rotation at carbon #1

25
what is another name for the rotation that occurs in anomers?
mutorotation
26
alpha anomers
OH (alcohol) group drawn down on carbon #1
27
what type of anomers does dextrose have?
mix of alpha and beta anomers. aka d-glucose
28
beta anomers
OH (alcohol) group drawn up on carbon #1
29
epimers
stereoisomers that differ in the position of a hydroxyl group at only one asymmetric carbon atom
30
what type of glucose epimer molecule is altered at carbon #4?
galactose
31
what type of glucose epimer molecule is altered at carbon #2?
mannose
32
sucrose composition
glucose + fructose
33
sucrose common food name
table sugar
34
lactose composition
galactose + glucose
35
lactose common food name
milk sugar
36
maltose composition
glucose + glucose
37
maltose common food name
malt sugar
38
what is the name of the polymer of glucose?
glucosan
39
starch common food source
cereals, potatoes, veggies
40
amylose structure
non-branching (linear)
41
amylopectin structure
found in plants. non-branching (linear) + branching isomers
42
glycogen structure
non-branching (linear) + branching isomers. branching more common
43
location of glycogen
liver + muscle
44
function of glycogen
storage form of glucose
45
cellulose structure
non-branching (linear), can't break down
46
insoluble fibers
decreases bowel transit time, gives stool "bulk"
47
soluble fibers
protects against cardiovascular disease. gives feeling of "fullness" after eating
48
inulin
polymer of fructose (fructosan)
49
proteoglycans
GAG linked to core protein. "bottle-brush" appearance
50
what is another name for proteoglycans?
mucosaccharides