carbohydrates

Question 1

what are carbohydrates used for?

Answer 1

energy, storage of energy, + cell adhesion molecules

Question 2

carbon-hydrogen-oxygen ratio in carbs

Answer 2

1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen

Question 3

monosaccharides

Answer 3

single sugar. subdivided by number of carbons

Question 4

disaccharides

Answer 4

two sugars

Question 5

disaccharide examples

Answer 5

maltose, sucrose, lactose

Question 6

oligosaccharides

Answer 6

3-10 sugars

Question 7

polysaccharides

Answer 7

more than 10 sugars

Question 8

polysaccharide examples

Answer 8

starch + dextrin

Question 9

3 carbon monosaccharide name

Answer 9

triose

Question 10

4 carbon monosaccharide name

Answer 10

tetrose

Question 11

5 carbon monosaccharide name

Answer 11

pentose

Question 12

6 carbon monosaccharide name

Answer 12

hexose

Question 13

9 carbon monosaccharide name

Answer 13

nonose

Question 14

monosaccharide functional groups

Answer 14

aldehyde + ketone

Question 15

glucose functional group

Answer 15

aldehyde aka aldose

Question 16

fructose functional group

Answer 16

ketone aka ketose

Question 17

stereoisomers

Answer 17

presence of chiral carbons

Question 18

what is a chiral carbon?

Answer 18

a carbon w/4 different atoms/groups bonded to it

Question 19

D-isomers

Answer 19

naturally occurring in carbs

Question 20

hemiacetal

Answer 20

aldehyde reacts w/alcohol group to form acetal bond

Question 21

hemiketal

Answer 21

ketone reacts w/alcohol group to form a hemiketal bond

Question 22

pyranose (ring structure)

Answer 22

6 member ring

Question 23

furanose (ring structure)

Answer 23

5 member ring

Question 24

anomers

Answer 24

ring structure can open + re-close allowing rotation at carbon #1

Question 25

what is another name for the rotation that occurs in anomers?

Answer 25

mutorotation

Question 26

alpha anomers

Answer 26

OH (alcohol) group drawn down on carbon #1

Question 27

what type of anomers does dextrose have?

Answer 27

mix of alpha and beta anomers. aka d-glucose

Question 28

beta anomers

Answer 28

OH (alcohol) group drawn up on carbon #1

Question 29

epimers

Answer 29

stereoisomers that differ in the position of a hydroxyl group at only one asymmetric carbon atom

Question 30

what type of glucose epimer molecule is altered at carbon #4?

Answer 30

galactose

Question 31

what type of glucose epimer molecule is altered at carbon #2?

Answer 31

mannose

Question 32

sucrose composition

Answer 32

glucose + fructose

Question 33

sucrose common food name

Answer 33

table sugar

Question 34

lactose composition

Answer 34

galactose + glucose

Question 35

lactose common food name

Answer 35

milk sugar

Question 36

maltose composition

Answer 36

glucose + glucose

Question 37

maltose common food name

Answer 37

malt sugar

Question 38

what is the name of the polymer of glucose?

Answer 38

glucosan

Question 39

starch common food source

Answer 39

cereals, potatoes, veggies

Question 40

amylose structure

Answer 40

non-branching (linear)

Question 41

amylopectin structure

Answer 41

found in plants. non-branching (linear) + branching isomers

Question 42

glycogen structure

Answer 42

non-branching (linear) + branching isomers. branching more common

Question 43

location of glycogen

Answer 43

liver + muscle

Question 44

function of glycogen

Answer 44

storage form of glucose

Question 45

cellulose structure

Answer 45

non-branching (linear), can’t break down

Question 46

insoluble fibers

Answer 46

decreases bowel transit time, gives stool “bulk”

Question 47

soluble fibers

Answer 47

protects against cardiovascular disease. gives feeling of “fullness” after eating

Question 48

inulin

Answer 48

polymer of fructose (fructosan)

Question 49

proteoglycans

Answer 49

GAG linked to core protein. “bottle-brush” appearance

Question 50

what is another name for proteoglycans?

Answer 50

mucosaccharides