Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Water > Flashcards

Water Flashcards

1
Q

What population has the most water and why? Then what? Then what? Why do females have less water content than males? Which has the least?

A
  • infants high because low body fat & bone mass
  • adult males next
  • adult females because higher fat, less skeletal muscle (Adipose tissue least hydrated of all)
  • least = old age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many L is total body water?

A

40L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 2 main fluid compartments? Which one has more? What 2 types of ECF? What is IF? What is the order of abundance?

A

intracellular fluid (ICF) - 2/3

extracellular fluid (ECF) = 1/3

  • plasma
  • interstitial fluid - fluid b/t cells

ICF > IF > plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Water is a universal ___.

A

solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are solutes? What are the 2 classifications? What are some examples? Which has greater osmotic power? What unit is Electrolyte Concentration in? What does it measure?

A
  • Solutes: what is dissolved in water
  • Classified as nonelectrolytes and electrolytes
  • Nonelectrolytes: Do not dissociate (most organic)
  • glucose, lipids, creatinine, and urea
  • Electrolytes: Dissociate into ions, conduct electrical current
    ex. acids/basis
  • Greater osmotic power (ability to shift fluids) than nonelectrolytes

-milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L): # of electrical charges per liter sol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the major cat and anion of the ECF?

What are they for ICF? What also is found there more?

A

ECF
cation = Na+
anion Cl-

ICF
cat = K+
anion = HPO42–
more soluble proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is found in the blood plasma (4), IF (4), ICF (8)?

A

blood plasma = Na, Cl, HCO3, protein anions
IF = Na, HCO3, Cl, H2O
ICF = K, Mg, HCO3, HPO4, SO4, protein anions, CO2, O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

___ is the most abundant solutes in body fluids, and they cause ___ to happen.

A
  • Electrolytes most abundant solutes in body fluids

- cause chemical reactions to hapen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

___ and ___ pressures regulate continuous exchange and mixing of fluids. Where does water go if you increase ECF osmolality? Decrease ECF osmolality?

A

Osmotic and hydrostatic pressures

↑ ECF osmolality (solute concentration increases) → water leaves cell
↓ ECF osmolality → water enters cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does fluid move between plasma and IF?

Between IF and ICF?

A
  • across capillary walls

- across selective cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How much water should you in and ouput a day? What are some examples of input? (3) of output? (4)

A

2500ml
input = beverages, food, and metabolic water
ouput = urine (60%), insensible water loss (lost through skin and lungs), perspiration, and feces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens when there is a rise in osmolality with ADH & thirst? What center is responsible for it? What is this an example of?

A 
increase = ADH released, stimulates thirst
decrease = ADH inhibition, inhibits thirst

-hormones help regulate electrolytes in the urinary system to regulate water (involves the endocrine, nervous, and renal system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Thirst mechanism is governed by which center? What detects what and is activated by (4)?

A
  • Governed by hypothalamic thirst center
  • Hypothalamic osmoreceptors detect ECF osmolality
activated by
↑ Plasma osmolality
Dry mouth
Decreased blood volume or pressure
Angiotensin II or baroreceptor input
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are inhibitory feedback mechanisms for the thirst center?

A

Drinking water causes:

  • Relief of dry mouth
  • Activation of stomach and intestinal stretch receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Thirst mechanism for regulating water intake - chart

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are obligatory water losses?

A

insensible water loss, feces, sensible water loss (urine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Solute concentration and volume or urine is a function of ___ (3).

A

fluid intake, diet, and water loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mechanism of ADH control in water output - chart

High or low ADH creates dilute/concentrated urine? What happens to the volume of body fluids?

A

↓ ADH → dilute urine and ↓ volume of body fluids

↑ ADH → concentrated urine; reabsorption of water → ↑ volume of body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some factors that lower blood volume? (6)

A

intense sweating, vomiting, or diarrhea; severe blood loss; traumatic burns; and prolonged fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is dehydration? - image

When does it occur? What does this do to osomotic pressure in the ECF? What happens to the cells?

A

ECF water loss

intense sweating, vomiting, or diarrhea; severe blood loss; traumatic burns; and prolonged fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is hypotonic hydration/water intoxication? When causes it? What happens to the ECF osmotic pressure? What happens to the cells?

A
  • cellular overhydration

- renal insufficiency or rapid excess water ingestion

22
Q

What is edema? (2) What is it a result of? (2) Why is it bad? (3)

A
  • accumulation of IF → tissue swelling (not cell swelling)
  • screw up balance between IF and ECF
  • Result of ↑ fluid out of blood or ↓ fluid into blood
  • Increases diffusion distance for nutrients and oxygen
  • Results in low blood pressure and severely impaired circulation
23
Q

Why is electrolyte balance important? (4)

A

Salts control fluid movements; provide minerals for excitability, secretory activity, membrane permeability

24
Q

How does salt enter body (2) and lost (4)

A

Salts enter body by ingestion and metabolism; lost via perspiration, feces, urine, vomit

25
Q

True or false

Na is the Only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure

A

true

26
Q

Which ion controls ECF volume and water distribution?

What is the homeostatic importance of ECF ___ concentration and body ___ content? How are they regulated?

A

Na

27
Q

True or false

Na + never secreted into filtrate

Where does it move back and forth instead?

A

true

keeps moving back and forth between IF and the cell

28
Q

Water in filtrate follows Na only if ___. What is the mechanism?

A

ADH present

↑ Na+ in urine → ↑ water loss (water follows salt)

29
Q

what is the mechanism of aldosterone release in the regulation of Na and K? - image

What does aldosterone do to urine output? blood volume?

A
  • decreased urinary output; increased blood volume

- granular cells

30
Q

What are the 3 ways blood pressure is increased through the renal, nervous, and endocrine system? chart

A
31
Q

Why is K balance important? How is it balanced? Most important factor affecting K+ secretion? What is the mechanism? What hormones influence K+ levels?

A
  • Affects RMP in neurons and muscle cells (especially cardiac muscle)
  • regulating amount secreted into filtrate
  • concentration in ECF
  • High K+ diet → ↑ K+ content of ECF → K+ entry into principal cells → K+ secretion
  • Influence of aldosterone = K secretion
32
Q

Maintaining body’s Ca2+ levels in ECF is important for (4)

A

Blood clotting
Cell membrane permeability
Secretory activities
Neuromuscular excitability - most importan

33
Q

What is the purpose of Cl-? Is it reabsorbed? Wha happens in acidosis?

A
  • Helps maintain osmotic pressure of blood
  • 99% of Cl– is reabsorbed under normal pH conditions
  • When acidosis occurs, fewer chloride ions are reabsorbed
34
Q

Alkalosis if pH > ___ and acidosis is arteriole pH < ___.

A

Alkalosis or alkalemia: arterial pH >7.45

Acidosis or acidemia: arterial pH <7.35

35
Q

True or false

Most H+ produced by metabolism

A

true

36
Q

How is H+ produced?

A

H+ liberated when CO2 converted to HCO3– in blood

37
Q

Concentration of hydrogen ions regulated sequentially by in order of quicket to slowest (3)

A
  • Chemical buffer systems
  • Brain stem respiratory centers: act within 1–3 min
  • Renal mechanisms: most potent, but require hours to days to effect pH changes
38
Q

___ dissociates completely, which ____ affects pH.
___ dissociates partially, which ____ pH change.

___ dissociates easily in water, which ___ H+.
___ accepts H+ more slowly.

A

Strong acids dissociate completely in water; can dramatically affect pH
Weak acids dissociate partially in water; are efficient at preventing pH changes
Strong bases dissociate easily in water; quickly tie up H+
Weak bases accept H+ more slowly

39
Q

What is a chemical buffer system and what are the 3 types?

A

-system of one or more compounds that act to resist pH changes when strong acid or base is added

Bicarbonate buffer system
Phosphate buffer system
Protein buffer system

40
Q

The bicarbonate buffer system is a mixture of ___ (2) that buffers the ___ (location).

The reserve of ___ is called the alkaline reserve. It is controlled by the ___ (organ).
H2OC3 supply is controlled by ___ system,

What happens when strong acid is added? Strong base?

A
  • Mixture of H2CO3 (weak acid) and salts of HCO3– (e.g., NaHCO3, a weak base)
  • Only important ECF buffer
  • all available HCO3– (alkaline reserve)
  • HCO3– concentration closely regulated by kidneys
  • H2CO3 supply controlled by the respiratory system

strong acid added = HCO3– ties up H+ and forms H2CO3
strong base added = causes H2CO3 to dissociate and donate H+ which ties up the base to form H2O
(NaOH + H2CO3 → NaHCO3 + H2O)

41
Q

How does the respiratory system regulate H+? What happens in CO2 unloading? What happens when ECF is basic? What happens to the H+ that is produced when hold onto CO2?

A

CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3–

  • Respiratory system eliminates CO2
  • CO2 unloading (breathing out) shifts reaction to the L and H+ forms H2O
  • CO2 loading (breathing in) shifts reaction to the R and H+ buffered by proteins
  • when ECF basic, want to hold onto (breathe in more) CO2 so shift equation to R to produce H+ to neutralize base
  • H+ disposed of thru the urinary system
42
Q

What happens in hypercapnia?

A

hypercapnia (increased CO2) increases H+ which activates increased respiration so more CO2 removed from body and H+ concentration reduced

43
Q

Respiratory system impairment causes acid-base imbalances.

What does hypoventilation and hyperventilation cause?

A
  • hypoventilation = respiratory acidosis because not breathing out CO2 so go up in H+
  • hyperventilation = respiratory alkalosis because breathing out CO2 so go down in H+
44
Q

How does the renal system regulate acid-base balance? What does reabsorbing and excreting HCO3- do to H+?

A

CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3–

  • balance HCO3-
  • reabsorbing one HCO3– same as losing one H+
  • Excreting one HCO3– same as gaining one H+
45
Q

What are the 2 classes acid-base abnormalities?

A

-respiratory or metabolic

46
Q

Respiratory acidosis/alkalosis is indicated by fluctuations in ___.

What causes respiratory acidosis? Because ___ accumulates in the blood pH ___.

What causes respiratory alkalosis? Because ___ is eliminated.

A

PCO2 level

Respiratory acidosis

  • decrease in ventilation or gas exchange
  • CO2 accumulates in blood
  • Characterized by falling blood pH and rising PCO2

Respiratory alkalosis

  • hyperventilation often due to stress or pain
  • CO2 eliminated faster than produced
47
Q

What causes metablic acidosis? It is characterized by ___ pH and HCO3-

Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by ___. What causes it?

A

-low blood pH and HCO3–

Ingestion of too much alcohol (→ acetic acid)
Excessive loss of HCO3– (e.g., persistent diarrhea)
Accumulation of lactic acid (exercise or shock), ketosis in diabetic crisis, starvation, and kidney failure

  • rising blood pH and HCO3–
  • vomiting of acid contents of stomach or by intake of excess base (e.g., antacids)
48
Q

What does acidosis and alkalosis do to the nervous system?

A

Blood pH below 6.8 → depression of CNS

Blood pH above 7.8 → excitation of nervous system

49
Q

If acid-base imbalance due to malfunction of physiological buffer system,

___ system attempts to correct metabolic acid-base imbalances
___ attempt to correct respiratory acid-base imbalances

A

Respiratory system attempts to correct metabolic acid-base imbalances
Kidneys attempt to correct respiratory acid-base imbalances

50
Q

Respiratory compensation of metabolic:

Acidosis

Alkalosis

A

CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3–

Acidosis = stimulates respiratory centers to increase rate & depth of breathing to eliminate CO2
-HCO3 - low

Alkalosis = shallow breathing to let CO2 accumulate in blood
-HCO3 - high

51
Q

Renal Compensation for Respiratory Acid-Base Imbalance

Alkalosis

Acidosis

A

CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3–

respiratory acidosis

  • due to hypoventilation
  • increases HCO3–

respiratoy alkalosis
-decrease HCO3–

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions