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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary sex organs (gonads) and accessory reproductive organs?

A
  • primary = testes & ovaries

- accessory = ducts, glands, external genetalia

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2
Q

What do the gonads do? (2)

A

-produce gametes (sex cells)
-Secrete steroid sex hormones
Androgens (males)
Estrogens and progesterone (females)

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3
Q

What do sex hormones play a role in? (3)

A

Development and function of reproductive organs
Sexual behavior and drives
Growth and development of many other organs and tissues

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4
Q

What are the male accessory sex glands? What do they do?

A

Seminal glands
Prostate
Bulbo-urethral glands

Empty secretions into ducts during ejaculation

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5
Q

True or false

the scrotum has lower temperature than rest of body. why? Which 2 muscles are involved?

A

true - for sperm production

-dartos & cremaster muscles

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6
Q

the ____ surrounding each testicular artery Keep testes cool

A

pampiniform venous plexus

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7
Q

What 2 structures are part of the external genitalia of the male?

A

scrotum & penis

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8
Q

circumcision is the cutting off of ___

A

prepuce

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9
Q

what is erection

A

erectile tissue fills with blood, causing penis to enlarge and become rigid

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10
Q

what does the stereocilia of the epididymis do?

A

Microvilli (stereocilia) absorb testicular fluid and pass nutrients to stored sperm

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11
Q

ejaculation is contraction of ___

A

epididymis

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12
Q

sperm is stored in the ___

A

epididymis

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13
Q

the ___ muscle of the ductus deferens propels sperm from epididymis to urethra

A

smooth muscle

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14
Q

___ and ___ join to form ejaculatory duct

A

Duct of seminal gland joins ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct

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15
Q

the semen is acidic/alkaline therefore neutralizes female vagina

A

alkaline, neutralizes acidity of male urethra and female vagina

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16
Q

if time

What are the functions of the semen (7)?

A
  • Prostaglandins decrease viscosity of mucus in cervix;
  • stimulate reverse peristalsis in uterus
  • sperm motility
  • ATP for energy
  • Suppresses female immune response
  • Antibacterial action
  • Clotting factors, then liquefied
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17
Q

___ cells surround each seminiferous tubule. what do they do?

A

Myoid cells surround each tubule

May squeeze sperm, testicular fluids out of testes

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18
Q

the ___ keeps urethra open during erection

A

corpus spongiosum

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19
Q

Most body cells are ___ and contain ___ chromosomes. It has one ___ and one ___. They are ___.

Gametes are ___ and have ___ chromosomes

A

diploids, 46 - one paternal and one maternal (homologous chromosomes)

gametes = haploids, 23 - only 1 of the homologous pair

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20
Q

what are the 2 functions of meiosis?

A

Number of chromosomes halved (from 2n to n)

Introduces genetic diversity

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21
Q

what contributes to the genetic diversity of gametes? (2)

A

Random alignment of homologous pairs in meiosis I

Crossover

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22
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis? (5)

A
  • meiosis has 2 divisions
  • Synapsis of homologous chromosomes
  • 4 instead of 2 daughter cells produced
  • daughter cells are genetically different from mother cells
  • mitosis ensures genetic makeup of all body cell constant, meiosis introduces genetic diversity
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23
Q

What does the Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis regulate? What are the 3 parts?

A

-Regulates production of gametes and sex hormones

  • GnRH indirectly stimulates testes via FSH & LH
  • FSH & LH directly stimulate testes
  • Testosterone & inhibin – negative feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
24
Q

What is the sequence of events of the HPG axis?

25
What are the 3 functions of testosterone?
sex organ maturation, development/maintenance secondary sex characteristics, libido
26
Without GnRH and gonadotropins (LH/FSH) testes ___ and sperm/testosterone production cease
atrophy
27
What are secondary sex characteristics?
Features induced in nonreproductive organs by sex hormones
28
testosterone ___ the embryonic brain
masculanizes
29
What are the female sex hormones?
estrogen and progesterone
30
What is the female gonad? What is its function? What are its accessory ducts?
Ovaries - Produce female gametes (ova) Secrete female sex hormones, estrogen/progesterone Accessory ducts include Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina
31
The female internal genitalia includes (4)
Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina
32
ovaries are held in place by which ligaments? (3)
Ovarian ligament Suspensory ligament Mesovarium
33
ovaries are surrounded fibrous ___
tunica albuginea
34
a fully mature follicle is a ___ follicle. they have fluid filled ___
vesicular, antrums
35
what is ovulation? what does it form?
Ejection of oocyte from ripening follicle Corpus luteum develops from ruptured follicle after ovulation
36
where is the site of fertilization
uterine/fallopian tube
37
mesentery that supports uterine tubes
Mesosalpinx
38
oocytes are carried along the uterine tube with these 2 actions
peristalsis and ciliary action
39
what does cervical gland secretions do
secrete mucus that blocks sperm entry except during midcycle
40
this part of the broad ligament supports the uterus
Mesometrium
41
these 4 ligaments support the uterus
mesometrium, cardinal, uterosacral, round
42
endometrium is built of these 2 layers. which sheds during mestruation? what is the bottom layer responsible for?
``` Stratum functionalis (functional layer) -Shed during menstruation ``` Stratum basalis -Forms new functionalis after menstruation
43
which arteries of the uterus Degenerate and regenerate; spasms > shedding of functionalis layer during menstruation
spiral arteries
44
The ___ of the female is Homologous to bulbo-urethral glands. Its function is to ___.
Greater vestibular glands | Release mucus into vestibule for lubrication
45
the ___ is the Counterpart of penis
clitoris
46
the functional gamete of a male is ___ and of a female is ___
sperm, ovum
47
true or false error in oogenesis is higher than spermatogenesis because they take so long to develop
true
48
true or false Polar bodies degenerate and die
true
49
What are the start and end product of each ovarian phase?
follicular phase: primordial > vesicular follicle ovulation luteal phase: corpus luteum
50
during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, ___ tissue and ___ cells produce estrogen
theca folliculi & granulosa cells
51
If time What are the stages of the 28 day ovarian cycle?
1. GnRH → release of FSH and LH 2. FSH and LH → growth of several follicles, and hormone release 3. ↑plasma estrogen levels & inhibin from gradulosa cells inhibit release of FSH and LH 4. When estrogen levels high → brief positive feedback on brain and anterior pituitary 5. Stored LH, and some FSH, suddenly released by anterior pituitary at midcycle → surge triggers ovulation (meiosis 1 and 2 completed) 6. After ovulation Estrogen levels decline LH transforms ruptured follicle 🡪 corpus luteum LH stimulates corpus luteum 🡪 progesterone and some estrogen almost immediately 7. Negative feedback (from rising plasma progesterone and estrogen levels) inhibits LH and FSH release 8. If no fertilization corpus luteum degenerates when LH levels fall 🡪 sharp decrease in estrogen and progesterone 🡪 ends blockage of FSH and LH secretion
52
Describe the stages of the uterine cycle
Menstrual phase (Days 1 - 5) - Ovarian hormones at lowest levels - Stratum functionalis shed - By day 5 growing ovarian follicles produce more estrogen Proliferative phase (Days 6 - 14) - Rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new stratum functionalis layer - cervical mucus thins in response to rising estrogen (allows sperm passage) ``` Secretory phase (Days 15 – 28) -Endometrium prepares for embryo ``` If fertilization does not occur -Spiral arteries kink and spasm
53
what are the functions of estrogen (3)
- maturation of female reproductive organs - Induce secondary sex characteristics - Facilitate calcium uptake
54
which hormones are produced before female puberty, at puberty
before puberty = ovaries secrete estrogens that inhibit release of GnRH puberty = GnRH > FSH/LH > progesterone/estrogen released
55
what are the functions of progesterone (3)
Progesterone works with estrogen to establish and regulate uterine cycle & breast development Promotes changes in cervical mucus

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (14 decks)

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