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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary sex organs (gonads) and accessory reproductive organs?

A
  • primary = testes & ovaries

- accessory = ducts, glands, external genetalia

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2
Q

What do the gonads do? (2)

A

-produce gametes (sex cells)
-Secrete steroid sex hormones
Androgens (males)
Estrogens and progesterone (females)

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3
Q

What do sex hormones play a role in? (3)

A

Development and function of reproductive organs
Sexual behavior and drives
Growth and development of many other organs and tissues

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4
Q

What are the male accessory sex glands? What do they do?

A

Seminal glands
Prostate
Bulbo-urethral glands

Empty secretions into ducts during ejaculation

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5
Q

True or false

the scrotum has lower temperature than rest of body. why? Which 2 muscles are involved?

A

true - for sperm production

-dartos & cremaster muscles

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6
Q

the ____ surrounding each testicular artery Keep testes cool

A

pampiniform venous plexus

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7
Q

What 2 structures are part of the external genitalia of the male?

A

scrotum & penis

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8
Q

circumcision is the cutting off of ___

A

prepuce

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9
Q

what is erection

A

erectile tissue fills with blood, causing penis to enlarge and become rigid

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10
Q

what does the stereocilia of the epididymis do?

A

Microvilli (stereocilia) absorb testicular fluid and pass nutrients to stored sperm

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11
Q

ejaculation is contraction of ___

A

epididymis

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12
Q

sperm is stored in the ___

A

epididymis

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13
Q

the ___ muscle of the ductus deferens propels sperm from epididymis to urethra

A

smooth muscle

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14
Q

___ and ___ join to form ejaculatory duct

A

Duct of seminal gland joins ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct

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15
Q

the semen is acidic/alkaline therefore neutralizes female vagina

A

alkaline, neutralizes acidity of male urethra and female vagina

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16
Q

if time

What are the functions of the semen (7)?

A
  • Prostaglandins decrease viscosity of mucus in cervix;
  • stimulate reverse peristalsis in uterus
  • sperm motility
  • ATP for energy
  • Suppresses female immune response
  • Antibacterial action
  • Clotting factors, then liquefied
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17
Q

___ cells surround each seminiferous tubule. what do they do?

A

Myoid cells surround each tubule

May squeeze sperm, testicular fluids out of testes

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18
Q

the ___ keeps urethra open during erection

A

corpus spongiosum

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19
Q

Most body cells are ___ and contain ___ chromosomes. It has one ___ and one ___. They are ___.

Gametes are ___ and have ___ chromosomes

A

diploids, 46 - one paternal and one maternal (homologous chromosomes)

gametes = haploids, 23 - only 1 of the homologous pair

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20
Q

what are the 2 functions of meiosis?

A

Number of chromosomes halved (from 2n to n)

Introduces genetic diversity

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21
Q

what contributes to the genetic diversity of gametes? (2)

A

Random alignment of homologous pairs in meiosis I

Crossover

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22
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis? (5)

A
  • meiosis has 2 divisions
  • Synapsis of homologous chromosomes
  • 4 instead of 2 daughter cells produced
  • daughter cells are genetically different from mother cells
  • mitosis ensures genetic makeup of all body cell constant, meiosis introduces genetic diversity
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23
Q

What does the Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis regulate? What are the 3 parts?

A

-Regulates production of gametes and sex hormones

  • GnRH indirectly stimulates testes via FSH & LH
  • FSH & LH directly stimulate testes
  • Testosterone & inhibin – negative feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
24
Q

What is the sequence of events of the HPG axis?

A
25
Q

What are the 3 functions of testosterone?

A

sex organ maturation, development/maintenance secondary sex characteristics, libido

26
Q

Without GnRH and gonadotropins (LH/FSH) testes ___ and sperm/testosterone production cease

A

atrophy

27
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics?

A

Features induced in nonreproductive organs by sex hormones

28
Q

testosterone ___ the embryonic brain

A

masculanizes

29
Q

What are the female sex hormones?

A

estrogen and progesterone

30
Q

What is the female gonad? What is its function? What are its accessory ducts?

A

Ovaries - Produce female gametes (ova)
Secrete female sex hormones, estrogen/progesterone

Accessory ducts include
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina

31
Q

The female internal genitalia includes (4)

A

Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina

32
Q

ovaries are held in place by which ligaments? (3)

A

Ovarian ligament
Suspensory ligament
Mesovarium

33
Q

ovaries are surrounded fibrous ___

A

tunica albuginea

34
Q

a fully mature follicle is a ___ follicle. they have fluid filled ___

A

vesicular, antrums

35
Q

what is ovulation? what does it form?

A

Ejection of oocyte from ripening follicle

Corpus luteum develops from ruptured follicle after ovulation

36
Q

where is the site of fertilization

A

uterine/fallopian tube

37
Q

mesentery that supports uterine tubes

A

Mesosalpinx

38
Q

oocytes are carried along the uterine tube with these 2 actions

A

peristalsis and ciliary action

39
Q

what does cervical gland secretions do

A

secrete mucus that blocks sperm entry except during midcycle

40
Q

this part of the broad ligament supports the uterus

A

Mesometrium

41
Q

these 4 ligaments support the uterus

A

mesometrium, cardinal, uterosacral, round

42
Q

endometrium is built of these 2 layers. which sheds during mestruation? what is the bottom layer responsible for?

A 
Stratum functionalis (functional layer)
-Shed during menstruation

Stratum basalis
-Forms new functionalis after menstruation

43
Q

which arteries of the uterus Degenerate and regenerate; spasms > shedding of functionalis layer during menstruation

A

spiral arteries

44
Q

The ___ of the female is Homologous to bulbo-urethral glands. Its function is to ___.

A

Greater vestibular glands

Release mucus into vestibule for lubrication

45
Q

the ___ is the Counterpart of penis

A

clitoris

46
Q

the functional gamete of a male is ___ and of a female is ___

A

sperm, ovum

47
Q

true or false

error in oogenesis is higher than spermatogenesis because they take so long to develop

A

true

48
Q

true or false

Polar bodies degenerate and die

A

true

49
Q

What are the start and end product of each ovarian phase?

A

follicular phase: primordial > vesicular follicle
ovulation
luteal phase: corpus luteum

50
Q

during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, ___ tissue and ___ cells produce estrogen

A

theca folliculi & granulosa cells

51
Q

If time

What are the stages of the 28 day ovarian cycle?

A
  1. GnRH → release of FSH and LH
  2. FSH and LH → growth of several follicles, and hormone release
  3. ↑plasma estrogen levels & inhibin from gradulosa cells inhibit release of FSH and LH
  4. When estrogen levels high → brief positive feedback on brain and anterior pituitary
  5. Stored LH, and some FSH, suddenly released by anterior pituitary at midcycle → surge triggers ovulation (meiosis 1 and 2 completed)
  6. After ovulation Estrogen levels decline
    LH transforms ruptured follicle 🡪 corpus luteum
    LH stimulates corpus luteum 🡪 progesterone and some estrogen almost immediately
  7. Negative feedback (from rising plasma progesterone and estrogen levels) inhibits LH and FSH release
  8. If no fertilization corpus luteum degenerates when LH levels fall 🡪 sharp decrease in estrogen and progesterone 🡪 ends blockage of FSH and LH secretion
52
Q

Describe the stages of the uterine cycle

A

Menstrual phase (Days 1 - 5)

  • Ovarian hormones at lowest levels
  • Stratum functionalis shed
  • By day 5 growing ovarian follicles produce more estrogen

Proliferative phase (Days 6 - 14)

  • Rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new stratum functionalis layer
  • cervical mucus thins in response to rising estrogen (allows sperm passage)
Secretory phase (Days 15 – 28)
-Endometrium prepares for embryo

If fertilization does not occur
-Spiral arteries kink and spasm

53
Q

what are the functions of estrogen (3)

A
  • maturation of female reproductive organs
  • Induce secondary sex characteristics
  • Facilitate calcium uptake
54
Q

which hormones are produced before female puberty, at puberty

A

before puberty = ovaries secrete estrogens that inhibit release of GnRH

puberty = GnRH > FSH/LH > progesterone/estrogen released

55
Q

what are the functions of progesterone (3)

A

Progesterone works with estrogen to establish and regulate uterine cycle & breast development
Promotes changes in cervical mucus

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (14 decks)

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