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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the position of the heart in the thoracic cavity.

What space in the thoracic cavity does it occupy?

It is on the ___ surface of diaphrgam. 2/3 of heart is to the R/L of midsternal line. It is ___ to the vertebral column, ___ to the sternum.

Base leans toward ___. Apex points to ___. Apical impulse palpatated between the __ and __ ribs, just below the ___.

A

-In mediastinum between second rib and fifth intercostal space

  • On superior surface of diaphragm
  • Two-thirds of heart to left of midsternal line
  • Anterior to vertebral column, posterior to sternum
  • Base (posterior surface) leans toward right shoulder
  • Apex points toward left hip
  • Apical impulse palpated between fifth and sixth ribs, just below left nipple
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2
Q

What does AV valve stand for and what do they do? What are the 2 types? Are they L or R?

A
  • atrioventricular valve
  • Prevent backflow into atria when ventricles contract
  • Tricuspid valve (right AV valve)
  • Mitral valve (left AV valve, bicuspid valve)
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3
Q

What is the function of the chordae tendinee? (2)

A

anchor cusps to papillary muscles & Hold valve flaps in closed position

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4
Q

___ carries blood away from the heart and ___ carries blood to the heart

A 
arteries = away
veins = towards
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5
Q

What are the 2 transport systems of the heart?

Where do the two receiving chambers from the heart receive blood from?

Where do the two Pumping chambers of heart pump blood to?

A 
right = pulmonary circuit
left = systemic

receiving chamber
right = systemic circuit
left = pulmonary circuit

pumping chamber
right = pulmonary
left = systemic

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6
Q

What are the coverings of the heart called? What are its layers?

A

pericardium

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7
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity located? What is the function of the pericardial cavity?

A

-between the visceral and parietal layer -decreases friction

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8
Q

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium? (3)

A

Protects, anchors to surrounding structures, and prevents overfilling

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9
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall and what are their functions?

A

epicardium - Visceral layer of serous pericardium

myocardium = spiral budles of cardiac muscle cells that make the cardiac skeleton

endocardium = endothelial lining of blood vessels

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10
Q

Discuss the structure and significance of the endocardium.

A
  • continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels
  • Lines heart chambers
  • covers cardiac skeleton of valves
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11
Q

___ separates the atria and the ___ separates the ventricles

A 
atria = interatrial septum 
ventricles = interventricular septum
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12
Q

___ is the remnant of foramen ovale of fetal heart. What did it used to do?

A
  • fossa ovalis

- connected the two atria together when they were babies

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13
Q

What are the 3 sulcus? Where are they?

A
  • coronary sulcus: Encircles junction of atria and ventricle
  • Anterior interventricular sulcus in the front and Posterior interventricular sulcus in the back, both separate the ventricles
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14
Q

What are auricles?

A

Appendages that increase atrial volume

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15
Q

Where are pectinate muscles located? Where are they not located?

A

located in R atrium, abscent in L atrium (only in auricles)

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16
Q

Are atria wall thin or thick? Do they contribute to the propulsion of blood?

What veins empty into the right atrium? the left?

A

-Small, thin-walled
-Contribute little to propulsion of blood
-Three veins empty into right atrium:
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
-Four pulmonary veins empty into left atrium

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17
Q

The ___ ventricle is most of the anterior, and the ___ ventricle is most of the posteroinferior surface.

A
  • Right ventricle - most of anterior surface

- Left ventricle – posteroinferior surface

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18
Q

Where are Trabeculae carneae located? What are they?

A

ventricles

irregular ridges of muscle on walls

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19
Q

What muscles anchor the chordae tendinae?

A

papillary muscles

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20
Q

Are ventricles walls thick or thin? Its function is to ___. R ventricle pumps blood into ___ and the L ventricle into the ___.

A

R ventricle into pulmonary trunk

L ventricle into aorta

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21
Q

Describe blood flow in the heart. What is the pulmonary circuit? Systemic?

A

vena cava > R atrium > tricuspid valve > R ventricle > pulmonary semilunar valve > pulmonary trunk > pulmonary arteries > lungs > pulmonary veins > L atrium > mitral valve > L ventricle > aortic semilunar valve > aorta > body/systemic circulation

pulmonary circuit from R atrium to L atrium
L atrium to the vena cava is systemic

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22
Q

The thicker side of the heart is always the ___ side because it pushes de/oxygenated blood to the ___.

A

left because pushes oxygenated blood to the body

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23
Q

What is the function of heart valves? What do AV valves do? What is the R AV valve called? The Left? WHat holds valve flaps in closed position?

What do semilulmar (SL) valves do? What are the 2?

A
  • Ensure unidirectional blood flow through heart
  • atrioventricular (AV) valves Prevent backflow into atria when ventricles contrats
  • R AV valve = tricuspid
  • L AV valve = mitral
  • Chordae tendineae anchored to papillary muscles
  • Prevent backflow into ventricles when ventricles relax
  • Aortic semilunar valve
  • Pulmonary semilunar valve
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24
Q

What are the steps to the closing and openings of AV valves?

A
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25
Q

What are the steps to opening and closing of the SL valves?

A
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25
Q

What are the steps to opening and closing of the SL valves?

A
26
Q

un/Equal volumes of blood are pumped to pulmonary and systemic circuits.

Pulmonary is short/long and low/high-pressure circulation.

Systemic is short/long and high/low friction.

This explains why L ventricle is thicker than the R.

A
  • Equal volumes of blood pumped to pulmonary and systemic circuits
  • Pulmonary circuit short, low-pressure circulation
  • Systemic circuit long, high-friction circulation
27
Q

What is coronary circulation? When is it delivered? Which area does has the most blood supply? What do anastomoses do? Can it compensate for occlusions?

A
  • Functional blood supply to heart muscle itself
  • Delivered when heart relaxed
  • Left ventricle receives most blood supply
  • Provide additional routes for blood delivery
  • no
28
Q

what capillaries carry blood to the heart?

Where do the coronary circulation arteries arise from? What does the L coronary artery branch into? The R coronary artery?

A

-coronary arteries

  • arise from aorta
  • L coronary artery > circumflex artery & anterior interventricular artery
  • R coronary artery > right marginal artery & posterior intraventricular artery
29
Q

In coronary circulation, which veins collect blood from capillary beds? ___ empties into right atrium. It is formed by merging ___ (3). ___ empty into the right atrium anteriorly

A
  • Cardiac veins collect blood from capillary beds
  • Coronary sinus empties into right atrium; formed by merging cardiac veins (great, middle, small)
  • Several anterior cardiac veins empty directly into right atrium anteriorly
30
Q

What is the difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle? (10)

A
  • cardiac muscles are branched, skeletal muscles not
  • cardiac muscles have 1 or 2 nuclei, skeletal muscles are multinucleated
  • cardiac has numerous mitochondria
  • cardiac T tubles are less wide/numerous
  • cardiac SR is simpler
  • cardiac have intercalated desks with gap junctions that allow for rapid movement of ions
  • cardiac muscle are held together by desmosomes
  • <1% of cells have automaticity/do not need nerve system stimulation
  • behave as a contractile unit
  • long refractory periods
31
Q

What is functional syncytium?

A

when heart behaves are a single coordinated unit due to intercalated discs

32
Q

What are some similarities between cardiac and muscle contraction?

A
  • Depolarization opens few voltage-gated fast Na+ channels
  • Depolarization wave down T tubules → SR to release Ca2+ → Excitation-contraction coupling occurs
  • Ca2+ binds troponin → filaments slide
33
Q

What is the difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction?

A
  • cardiac slow release of Ca channels in sarcolemma
  • Ca surge prolongs depolarization phase into a plateu
  • Action potential and contractile phase last much longer
  • Repolarization result of inactivation of Ca2+ channels and opening of voltage-gated K+ channels
34
Q

What is the AP pathway of a cardiac muscle contraction?

A
35
Q

cardiac muscle greatly depends on an/aerobic respiration.

A

aerobic

36
Q

True or false

Heart depolarizes and contracts without nervous system stimulation

Rhythm can be altered by autonomic nervous system

A

true

37
Q

What are autorhythmic cells called? They are self ___.

A
  • pacemaker

- self-generating (of AP)

38
Q

___ have unstable resting membrane potentials due to ___

A

pacemaker due to opening of slow Na+ channels

39
Q

What is the pathway of AP of a pacemaker in the heart? What does this produce?

A

produces rhythmic contractions

40
Q

LABEL

What is the intrinsic cardiac conduction system and action potential succession during one heartbeat?

A

-subendocardial conducting network also called Purkinje fibers

AV bundle = bundle of his

41
Q

Heartbeat is modified by ___ via ___. Para/sympathetic increase/decrease HR. They are called the ___ center.

A
  • Heartbeat modified by ANS via cardiac centers in medulla oblongata
  • Sympathetic → ↑ rate and force (Cardioacceleratory cente)
  • Parasympathetic → ↓ rate (Cardioinhibitory center)
42
Q

What does an ECG/EKG show? What are the 3 waves and its process?

A

-action potentials generated

43
Q

What are the 2 heart sounds produced by? What does a pause indicate?

A

-Two sounds (lub-dup) associated with closing of heart valves
-first = First as AV valves close (begins systole)
-Second = SL valves close (begins diastole)
Pause indicates heart relaxation

44
Q

What consists of a cardiac cycle in terms of systole and diastole?
What is systole and diastole?

A

-Blood flow through heart during one complete heartbeat: atrial systole and diastole followed by ventricular systole and diastole

Systole—contraction
Diastole—relaxation

45
Q

What is end diastolic volume (EDV)?

A

volume of blood in each ventricle at end of ventricular diastole

46
Q

What is cardiac output (OC)? What is the formula?

A

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

CO = heart rate (HR) × stroke volume (SV)

47
Q

What are the 3 main factors that affect SV (stroke volume)?

A

Preload - degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells before they contract (Frank-Starling law of heart)
Contractility - contractile strength
Afterload - pressure ventricles must overcome to eject blood

48
Q

What are inotropic agents? What are positive inotropic agents? negative?

A
  • affect contractility
  • increase: Thyroxine, glucagon, epinephrine, digitalis, high extracellular Ca2+
  • decrease: Acidosis, increased extracellular K+, calcium channel blockers
49
Q

What do positive and negative chronotropic factors do?

A

Positive chronotropic factors increase heart rate

Negative chronotropic factors decrease heart rate

50
Q

what hormone of the Sympathetic nervous system (activated by emotional or physical stressors) causes pacemakers to fire more rapidly?

A

norepinephrine

51
Q

what chemical stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system to slow HR? How?

A

Acetylcholine hyperpolarizes pacemaker cells

52
Q

___ increases heart rate; enhances effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine

A

Thyroxine

53
Q

What are Other Factors that Influence Heart Rate?

Age, gender, exercise, body temperature

A
  • Fetus has fastest HR
  • Females faster than males
  • Exercise Increases HR
  • HR Increases with increased body temperature
54
Q

What are factors involved in determining cardiac output?

A
  • venous return - amount of blood returning to heart
  • End diastolic volume (EDV): volume of blood in each ventricle at end of ventricular diastole
  • Contractility - contractile strength at given muscle length
  • ESV - volume of blood remaining in each ventricle after systole (contraction)
55
Q

What happens with vagus nerve stimulation is excessive? Which branch does it stimulate? What happens if you cut it?

A
  • excessive vagus nerve stimulation = heart stop beating
  • stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system
  • cut it = HR increase
56
Q

What is the best donor blood? Why?

A

O-

it has no antigen

57
Q

When you add anti-D and the blood clots, is it Rh- or Rh+?

A

Rh+

58
Q

What blood type is the universal recipient?

A

AB

59
Q

What is the most rare blood? Why is it okay that it is?

A

AB

because universal recipient (can receive any blood type)

60
Q

What blood does a type B take? (2)

A

B & O

61
Q

What blood can type O take? Why?

A

O because have both anti-A and anti-B

62
Q

AB blood produces antibody ___
A
B blood
O blood

A 
AB = no antibody
A = antibody B
B = antibody A
O = antibody A and B

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (14 decks)

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