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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Lymph > Flashcards

Lymph Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

cleans lymph from blood with pathogens and return it to the venous system

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2
Q

What are the 3 parts of the lymphatic system? What are they/what are their functions?

A
  • lymphatic vessels (return IF & plasma proteins back to blood; carry pathogens from tissue bed to lymph nodes)
  • lymph (fluid in the vessels)
  • lymph node (cleanses lymph, has T/B cells, macrophages)
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3
Q

What do Lymphoid Organs and Tissues do? (2)

A

provide structural basis of immune system

House phagocytic cells and lymphocytes

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4
Q

What are the lymphoid structures? (5)

A

tonsils, thymus, spleen, peyer’s patches, appendix

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5
Q

What is a whole blood, plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph?

A
  • whole blood = plasma + WBC + RBC
  • plasma = water + protein
  • once interstitial fluid (liquid/water not in cell/organ) from the blood enters the lymphatics, called lymph (lymph = water + WBC)
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6
Q

What is the flow of lymph through the lymphatic system? What is its direction?

A
  • impurities taken out from lacteals in the intestine > capillaries > vessels > node > trunks > ducts > vena cava > arterial system > intestine
  • unidirectional
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7
Q

What 3 things does the lymphatic vessels include, from smallest to largest? Where do they collect fluid/lymph from?

A

lymphatic capillaries (collect fluid from tissue bed) > collecting lymphatic vessels (collect lymph from capillaries) > lymphatic trunks/ducts

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8
Q

What are the differences between lymphatic and blood capillaries? (6)

A
  • highly permeable (to even cancer cells)
  • due to one way mini valves
  • due to anchored by collagen filaments to prevent collapse of capillaries
  • more anatosomes
  • thinner walls
  • deliver chyle (fatty lymph) to the blood
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9
Q

What are the similarities between lymphatic vessels and blood vessels? (3)

A
  • both have 3 tunic layers
  • both have valves
  • anatomical distribution varies between individuals
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10
Q

What is the lymphatic system’s role in relation to the cardiovascular system?

A

maintains blood volume & pressure

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11
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are absent in which parts of the body?

A

teeth, bone, CNS, bone marrow

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12
Q

Describe the formation of lymph

A

IF collected through lymph capillaries, which mixes with WBC

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13
Q

Describe the path of lymph circulation.

A

lymphatic capillaries > lymphatic vessels (deep vessels travel with arteries, skin with superficial veins) > trunks > duct > venous circulation

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14
Q

Describe the lymph circulation of the right lymphatic and thoracic ducts

A
  • right lymphatic duct drains upper arm & right side of head & thorax
  • thoracic duct drains rest of body (left side body & right abdomen & leg)
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15
Q

What are the largest vessels that empties lymph into venous circulation? What do they join with?

A
  • thoracic & right lymphatic duct

- junction of internal jugular & subclavian veins

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16
Q

The union of which ducts forms the trunks? (5)

A

lumbar, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, jugular trunks, intestincal trunks

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17
Q

How is the lymph propelled? (6)

A
  • Milking action of skeletal muscle
  • Pressure changes in thorax during breathing
  • Valves to prevent backflow
  • Pulsations of nearby arteries
  • Contractions of smooth muscle in walls of lymphatics
  • movment of body
18
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphoid cells/lymphocytes? What do they protect agains (broad vs specific). What is the mechanism of invasion?

A
  • T & B lymphocytes
  • protect against antigens (virus, bacteria, mismatched RBC, cancer)
  • antigens mimic shape to match target cell receptor and gain access to what is inside the cell
19
Q

What do T and B cells do?

A
  • T cells destroy infected cells

- B cells produce plasma cells that produce antibodies

20
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

mark antigens for destruction by phagocytosis or other means

21
Q

What do macrophages do? (2)

A

phagocytize foreign substances; help activate T cells

22
Q

What do dendritic cells do (2) ?

A

-capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes; activate T cells

23
Q

What do reticular cells produce and do?

A

produce reticular fiber stroma that supports other cells in lymphoid organs

24
Q

What do lymphoid tissues do? (3)

A
  • Houses, and provides proliferation site for, lymphocytes
  • Surveillance point for lymphocytes and macrophages
  • where dendritic cells try to find uneducated T/B cell
25
Q

What are lymphoid tissues made of?

A

reticular connective tissue

26
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphoid tissue?

A
  • diffuse lymphoid tissue

- lymphoid follicles

27
Q

What are lymphoid follicles (nodules)? What are germinal centers? What are 2 specific structures?

A
  • packed with lymphoid cells and reticular fibers
  • have germinal centers where B cell proliferate
  • Isolated aggregations of Peyer’s patches and in appendix
28
Q

What is the function of a tonsil? What are the 4 tonsils?

A
  • filter everything that goes to mouth (food & air)

- tubul, pharyngea, palentine, lingual

29
Q

What is the function of the thymus? What happens to them as we age? They are necessary for what population? It does not have ___.

A
  • thymus big lymph node that atrophies/disappears as age
  • necessary for babies/kids that eats everything & has low immunity
  • does not have follicles (that have germinal centers that proliferate B cells) so do not have B cell
30
Q

What is the largest lymphoid organ

A

spleen

31
Q

What are the functions of the spleen? (7)

A
  • Site of lymphocyte proliferation
  • immune surveillance and response
  • Cleanses blood of aged cells and debris
  • Breakdown and stores breakdown products of RBCs (e.g., iron) for
  • Stores blood platelets and monocytes
  • May be site of fetal erythrocyte production
  • Contains lymphocytes, macrophages, and huge numbers of erythrocytes
32
Q

What are lymphatic organs encased by? Why?

A

fibrous capsule so dont let pathogens escape

33
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches located? What do they do?

A
  • in wall of small intestine

- Destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching intestinal wall

34
Q

What is MALT? Where is it? What does it do? Where are the largest collections (3)? Also in ___.

A
  • Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue
  • Lymphoid tissues in mucous membranes
  • Protects from pathogens trying to enter body
  • tonsils, Peyer’s patches, appendix
  • Also in mucosa of respiratory and genitourinary organs; rest of digestive tract
35
Q

What are lymph nodes embedded in? Where are they located? What are its 2 functions?

A
  • connective tissue
  • inguinal, axillary, cervical regions of body
  • Filter lymph
  • Immune system activation—lymphocytes activated
36
Q

What do the cortex vs medulla of a lymph node contain?

A 
cortex = B cells
medulla = T cells
37
Q

Does T or B cell circulate the lymph/blood?

A

T cells

38
Q

What is the difference between spleen and lymph node?

A

spleen has blood, lymph node has lymph running through it

39
Q

Do tonsils have lymph or blood supply?

A

blood

40
Q

Macrophages hang out in the cortex/medulla of lymph node?

A

medulla

41
Q

specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa

A

lacteal

42
Q

Principal lymphoid organs of body

A

lymph nodes

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (14 decks)

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