Lab Practical 2 Flashcards
PhysioX Cardiovascular Dynamics Activity 1
What is laminar flow? Why do blood in direct contact with the vessel flow slower than blood in the center of the vessel? What 2 processes impact blood flow with regards to radius? The opening of the blood vessel where the blood flows is called the ___. Blood flow is measured in ___. Do you think a graph plotted with radius on the X-axis and flow rate onthe Y-axis will be linear (a straight line)? As the radius increases, flow rate ___. They are ___. What is the driving force for blood flow? How is it established? Does the pressure change? After a heavy meal, when we are relatively inactive, we might expect blood vessels in the skeletal muscles to be somewhat ___ and the blood vessels in the digestive organs to be somewhat ___. Describe the effect that radius changes have on the laminar flow of a fluid.
- free flowing blood in the center of the blood vessel
- slow because of friction
- vasoconstriction & vasodilation
- lumen
- ml/min
- exponential, directly proportional to vessel radius to the 4th power
- flow rate increases, they are directly proportional
- pressure gradient established by heart contraction
- pressure remains the same
- constricted, dilated
- laminar flow increases with increase in radius
PhysioX Cardiovascular Dynamics Activity 2
What is viscosity? It is due to ___. Viscosity most directly affects ___. As viscosity increases, resistance ___, and flow rate ___. What is the relationship between fluid flow and viscosity? Increase in number of RBC ___ blood viscosity. ___ is a disease of increased RBC count. ___ is a disease in decreased platelets. ___ is a disease in reduced RBC.
- stickiness of blood
- due to plasma proteins & fromed elements
- viscosity directly affects resistance
- as viscosity increases, resistance increases, flow rate decreases
- They are inversely proportional to each other
- as RBC count increases, viscosity increases
- polycythemia
- thrombocytopenia
- aplastic anemia
PhysioX Cardiovascular Dynamics Activity 3
As blood vessel length increases, resistance ___, friction ____, surface area ___ and laminar flow ___. Blood flow and tube length’s relationship, length and resistance? Gaining weight results in ___ in blood vessel length, and losing weight results in ____ in blood vessel length. Does blood vessel length or radius have a larger effect on the body?
- resistance, friction, surface area increases
- laminar flow decreases
- fluid flow and length are inversely proportional (not linear), length and resistance directly proportional
- weight gain = increase length
- weight loss = decrease length
- radius because it is to the 4th power
PhysioX Cardiovascular Dynamics Activity 4
Pressure difference is called the ___. It is the ___ for blood flow. The initial pressure/main pressure is provided by the ___ and ___ contributes to the pressure gradient. Arteries closer to the heart has ___ force. The relationship of pressure and flow rate is ___ and linear/exponential. What most contributes to flood flow control (length, radius, viscosity, pressure)?
- pressure gradient
- driving fore of blood flow
- initial pressure by the force of contraction of heart & resistance contribute to gradient
- closer to the heart, more force
- directly proportional, linear
- radius because to the 4th power
PhysioX Cardiovascular Dynamics Activity 5
What is diastole and systole? What is one factor that determines the amount of blood that fills up? What is end diastolic volume? What is stroke volume? end systolic volume? Right side of heart pumps blood to the ___ and left side to the ___. ___ is the layer of blood vessel stimulated by the ANS. As the radius increases, pump rate to maintain constant pressure ___.
- diastole = relaxation of heart, when blood fills
- systole = contraction of heart, blood pumped out
- length of relaxation
- EDV = volume in the ventricles at end of diastole
- SV = volume ejected by contraction
- ESV = volume remaining in ventricle after contraction
- R to the lungs, L to the body
- smooth muscle
- increase radius = increases pump rate
- in
PhysioX Cardiovascular Dynamics Activity 6
What is the formula for SV? What 3 factors affect SV? What does the frank-starling law of the heart state? What is preload? As heart rate decreases, EDV ___. what increases EDV? What 2 things decrease EDV?
SV = EDV - ESV
- preload, contractility, afterload
- the more volume returned by the venous system, more heart muscles stretch, which results in more forceful contraction of the ventricles
- preload = degree of stretch by EDV (hence, preload affected by ventricular filling or magnitude of EDV)
- decrease HR = increase EDV
- exercise increase EDV
- blood loss/dehydration decrease EDV
PhysioX Cardiovascular Dynamics Activity 6
What is contractility? When does it increase? Which results in ___ SV. Cardiac muscle demonstrate ___ relationship.
- strength of cardiac contraction (as space between sacromeres increase)
- increase with increase EDV, which increases SV
- length-tension relationship
PhysioX Cardiovascular Dynamics Activity 6
What is afterload? Does it affect healthy people? What about those with high BP?
- back pressure generated by blood in aorta and pulmonary trunk, the threshold that. must be overcome for the SL valves to open
- does not affect healthy people
- those w/high BP contract against greater pressure so SV decreases
PhysioX Cardiovascular Dynamics Activity 6
What is the equation for cardiac output? What is the relationship between blood flow and CO? Hence, when SV decreases, HR ___ to maintain CO and vice versa
Chart - venous return, contractility, afterload, EDV
CO = SV x HR
- directly proportional
- decrease SV have to increase HR
PhysioX Cardiovascular Dynamics Activity 6
Graph
Does blood flow change? As SV increased, HR ___. Why do athlete’s HR lower than?
- blood flow = CO, which remains the same by either HR or SV compensating for the other
- increase SV = decrease in HR
- SV & contractility increased
PhysioX Cardiovascular Dynamics Activity 7
What is aortic valve stenosis? It ___ resistance and afterload. The body compensates by ___ contractility and making ___ the myocardium. The myocardium increases in ___ as well. What is atherosclerosis? It ___ resistance.
- partial blockage of the aortic SL valve
- increases resistance & afterload
- increase in contractility by making the myocardium thicker
- athletes
- atherosclerosis = plaques in arteries, increase resistance
***PhysioX Cardiovascular Dynamics Activity 7
What is the most logical way to compensate for an increase in peripheral resistance? Without a difference in pressure between the pump and the destination beaker ___. What is the most logical way to compensate for decreased pressure due to increased radius? With aortic stenosis, radius ___ and heart rate ___ because.
- increase in resistance = increase contractility
- the valve will not open
- increase contraction force
- radius decrease (constrict) to compensate for decreased pressure due to decreased heart rate (to give more time for heart to fill up)
Increase/decrease ____ to increase preload.
Increase/decrease ____ to increase contractility.
Increase/decrease ____ to decrease afterload.
Which mechanism had the greatest compensatory effect?
Increase radius to increase preload.
Increase pressure to increase contractility.
Increase HR to decrease afterload (since pumping more out)
preload and contractility
What is the advantage of breathing through the nose?
nasal mucous membranes trap dust/debris, hair also traps, warms the air so more efficient to diffuse thru bloodstream
Why do we need a hard palate for the roof of mouth? Why do we need soft palate?
- need something strong to chew (bone)
- soft palate need bc need to squeeze food down
What does the uvula do?
useful in moving direction of food
What does the hyaline cartilage of the mouth do?
keeps trachea open
Where does the esophagus and trachea open? What is always closed and open?
- laryngopharynx
- esophagus closed until food runs through it
- trachea always open
Pharynx development occurs in the ___.
first 2-4 weeks
Identify the organ
Lung
Identify the structure. What are the 3 layers?
trachea
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
submucosa
hyaline cartilage
What disease is this?
Emphysema
What disease is this?
Lung cancer
What is this structure?
Duct