Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Immune > Flashcards

Immune Flashcards

1
Q

Compare and contrast innate (nonspecific) defenses with adaptive (specific) defenses. Do they attack healthy or infected cells? Do they need priming? What do they both do?

A

Innate

  • attacks anything that does not have your genetic code
  • Natural killer cells also take out healthy cells in the process

Adaptive

  • T/B lymphocytes fights off particular pathogen, involves antibodies
  • T cells fight just infected cells
  • must be primed by initial exposure

Both
-Protects against infectious agents and abnormal body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 lines of defense for the innate defense system? What is the 3rd line of defense? Which one is faster? - chart

A

First - external body membranes
Second - internal defense
Third - adaptive immune system (T/B cells)
-innate system faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 5 components of an internal (second line) defense of the innate immune system?

A

antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and NK cells, inflammation, fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some Protective chemicals that inhibit or destroy microorganisms on the skin? (7)

A

Acidity of skin and secretions – acid mantle – inhibits growth
Enzymes - lysozyme of saliva, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid – kill many microorganisms
Defensins – antimicrobial peptides – inhibit growth
Other chemicals - lipids in sebum, dermcidin in sweat – toxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the mucosa protectors? (2)

A

Mucus-coated hairs in nose

Cilia of upper respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the surfaces barriers ward off invading pathogens? (3)

A

Skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions

  • Physical barrier to most microorganisms
  • Keratin resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins
  • Mucosae provide similar mechanical barriers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is opsonization?

A

phagocytes marks pathogens—coating by complement proteins or antibodies so they can undergo phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the steps of phagocytosis? What are the 2 types of phagocytes?

A

neutrophils and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of natural killer cells? (3)

A
  • Attack cells that lack “self” cell-surface receptors (MHC)
  • Induce apoptosis in cancer cells and virus-infected cells
  • Secrete potent chemicals that enhance inflammatory response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the purpose of the inflammatory response? (4) When is it triggered?

A

Prevents spread of damaging agents
Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
Alerts adaptive immune system
Sets the stage for repair

-Triggered whenever body tissues injured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the steps of neutrophil mobilization? What follows them?

A

Neutrophils lead; macrophages follow, then monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the steps of inflammatory response - chart.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why can inflammation be beneficial?

A

inflammation causes area to swell with white blood cells that phagocytize pathogens and cleans the area for healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the mechanism of fever and the role of pyrogens.

A
  • Leukocytes and macrophages secrete pyrogens

- Pyrogens act on body’s thermostat in hypothalamus, raising body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain why fever can be beneficial. (High and moderate)

A

moderate

  • Causes liver and spleen to sequester (hold onto) iron and zinc (needed by microorganisms)
  • Increases metabolic rate → faster repair

high
-high fever kills microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 main characteristics of adaptive defense?

A

Specific – recognizes and targets specific antigens
Systemic – not restricted to initial site
Have memory – stronger attacks to “known” antigens

17
Q

What are the 2 arms of adaptive defense and how are they different?

A

Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

  • antibodies circulate freely
  • mark target cell for destruction
  • extracellular targets
  • antibodies produced by B cells (that stay in lymph node) go out

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity

  • directly kill infected cell or
  • indirectly release chemicals that enhance inflammatory response/activate other lymphocytes or macrophages
  • cellular targets
  • T cells directly go to site of infection
18
Q

What is immunogenecity vs reactivity of complete antigens?

A
  • immuno = ability to stimulate proliferation of lymphocytes

- reactivity = ability to react with activated lymphocytes and antibodies released

19
Q

What is the difference between complete and incomplete antigens? What are incomplete antigens called? What are some examples?

A
  • incomplete antigens = haptens
  • (haptens) not immunogenic by themselves but is if attaches to body proteins
  • complete ex - protein, lipids, polysach, nucleic acid
  • hapten ex - poison ivy, detergents, cosmetics, animal dancer
20
Q

What are antigenic determinants? How much do most have?

A
  • certain parts of entire antigen are immunogenic

- Most antigens have several different antigenic determinants.

21
Q

What are self-antigens? What is an example? What does it do?

A
  • Protein molecules (self-antigens) on surface of cells not antigenic to self but antigenic to others in transfusions or grafts
  • MHC unique to individuals
  • MHC of APC presents antigens to T lymphocyte to start immune resposne
22
Q

What are the steps to lymphocyte development, maturation, and activation?

A

immunocompetance = ability to recognize specific antigen
self tolerance = unresponsive to own antigen
effector cells = fight antigen

23
Q

Describe the immunological memory (anamnestic) response.

A

primary immune response - Cell proliferation and differentiation upon first antigen exposure. lag period then peaks

Secondary immune response - Re-exposure to same antigen gives faster, more prolonged, more effective response. responds within hours

24
Q

What are the 2 types of active humoral immunity?

A

Naturally acquired—response to bacterial or viral infection

Artificially acquired—response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens

25
Q

How do vaccines work?

A
  • Most of dead or attenuated (inactivated) pathogens
  • Spare us symptoms of primary response
  • Provide antigenic determinants that are immunogenic and reactive
26
Q

What is passive humoral immunity? Are B cells challenged by antigens? Does immunological memory occur? Does protection end?

A

-Readymade antibodies introduced into body
-B cells are not challenged by antigens
Immunological memory does not occur
Protection ends when antibodies degrade

27
Q

What are the 2 types of passive humoral immunity?

A

Naturally acquired—antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk

Artificially acquired—injection of serum, such as gamma globulin

28
Q

Humoral immunity types chart

A
29
Q

What are the 3 kinds of antigen presenting cells? (APC) What do they do?

A
  • dendritic, macrophages, B cells

- engulf & present antigens to T cells for recognition

30
Q

Why can inflammation be beneficial? (3) Is it beneficial in the long-run?

A
  • swelling causes pressures on nerves that causes pain and alerts injury
  • body slows down so focus energy on healing
  • WBC, haptens, antibodies all come to the site of infection
  • not beneficial in long run because disrupts organ function
31
Q

Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the lymphatic system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body.

A

-innate and adaptive immunity work to bring body back to non-infected state

32
Q

Explain how the lymphatic system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis.

A
  • parasympathetic system activated to focus energy on repair

- other systems do not functions as well

33
Q

Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the lymphatic system could not maintain homeostasis.

A
  • constantly getting sick because no immune system to fight back
  • can be killed
34
Q

Predict factors or situations affecting the lymphatic system that could disrupt homeostasis.

A

-pathogens, tylenol (disrupts fever)

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions