Lab Practical 1 Flashcards
Posterior pituitary - What hormones? One is an example of positive/negative feedback
Which tissue? What cell? What appearance does it have?
Posterior pituitary has pituicytes that make ADH & oxytocin (positive feedback)
Stringy like neurons
anterior pituitary What hormones?
What cells? What is their appearance?
Anterior pituitary has
acidophils (light) - makes GH and prolactin
basophils (dark) - makes LH, ACTH, FSH, TSH
What are the dark and light structures?
Dark = parathyroid Light = thyroid
What tissue? What does it contain? What cells? What do these cell make? What hormones? (3)
Thyroid gland contains colloid-filled follicles
Follicular cells make thyroglobulin (thyroglobulin + iodine = t3)
Make thyroxine and calcitonin hormones
What tissue? What cell? What hormone? What is the function of the hormone? What is it’s antagonist hormone?
Parathyroid gland (2 dots on back of thyroid gland)
Parathyroid cells
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) that increases blood Ca levels
Calcitonin
What tissue? What are the layers from top to bottom? What hormones do they produce? What are the functions of each hormone?
Adrenal gland
Zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) - Na reabsorption and retention water
zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids (cortisol) - hold onto fat in times of stress, gluconeogenesis to elevate blood glucose, FA, aa levels
zona reticularis - gonadocorticoids (androgens) - masculine traits
Adrenal medulla - adrenaline/epinephrine - for short term stress such as increased heart rate, vasodilation
What tissue? What cells? What color? What hormones? What are its functions? Why is it a dualistic organ?
Pancreatic islet
Alpha cells - dark - glucagon - make glycogen into glucose
Beta cells - light - insulin - convert glucose to glycogen
Dualistic because endocrine (hormones) and digestive (enzymes)
___ pituitary gland produces hormones and ___ pituitary gland holds hormones released by the hypothalamus
anterior pituitary gland produces hormones and
posterior pituitary gland holds hormones released by the hypothalamus
the ___ pituitary gland has the hypophyseal portal system and the ___ gland has neurohypophysis
anterior pituitary gland has the hypophyseal portal system
posterior pituitary gland has neurohypophysis
TSH
Hormone name? Stimulus for release? Target? Effect?
thyroid-stimulating hormone
FSH
Hormone name? Stimulus for release? Target? Effect?
LH
What hormone? Stimulus? Target? Effect?
luteinizing hormone
ACTH
Hormone name? Stimulus for release? Target? Effect?
GH
Hormone name? Stimulus for release? Target? Effect?
growth hormone
target muscle & bone
PRL
Hormone name? Stimulus for release? Target? Effect?
oxytocin
Stimulus for release? Target? Effect?
ADH
Hormone name? Stimulus for release? Target? Effect?
antidieuretic hormone
T4/T3/TH
Hormone name? Stimulus for release? Target? Effect?
thyroxine
Calcitonin
Hormone name? Stimulus for release? Target? Effect?
PTH
Hormone name? Stimulus for release? Target? Effect?
parathyroid hormone
Adrenal cortex - 3 layers
Zone name? Hormones? Stimulus for release? Target? Effect?
adrenal medulla
What cells? Hormone name? Stimulus for release? Target? Effect?
pancreas
Hormone name? Stimulus for release? Target? Effect?
ovaries
Hormone name? Stimulus for release? Target? Effect? x 2
testes
Hormone name? Stimulus for release? Target? Effect?
Growth hormone (GH)
effects of hyposecretion & hypersecretion
antidieretic hormone (ADH)
effects of hyposecretion & hypersecretion
thyroid hormone
effects of hyposecretion & hypersecretion
parathyroid hormone
effects of hyposecretion & hypersecretion
insulin
effects of hyposecretion & hypersecretion
Physio Ex activity 1
Flowchart
How does the BMR of the thyroid removed (thyroidectomized) and pituitary gland removed (hypophysectomized) rat?
No injection, thyroxine injection, TSH injection
hypothalamus > anterior pituitary > thyroid > cell
TRH > TSH > thyroxine
No injection:
BMR of Tx and Hypox lower than normal
Thyroxine injection
BMR of all rats increased
TSH injection
BMR of normal & hypox increased, Tx no change
PhysioX activity 2
What is diabetes 1 and 2? What do they do to blood sugar levels? What does Heparin do? What did the experiment measure? How does homeostasis happen? What is diabetes in a pregnant women called?
Type 1 diabetes = pancreas does not produce enough insulin
Type 2 diabetes = body produces insulin but the body does not respond to it
- Heparin is added to prevent blood clots
- Optical density increase as glucose concentration increase
- To maintain homeostasis insulin-mediated transport of glucose into cells acts as negative feedback when plasma glucose levels rise
- If pregnant and fasting plasma glucose levels hi, gestational diabetes
PhysioX activity 3
FSH is secreted from which organ? It stimulates the release of what hormone to prevent what disease? Which hormone produced in what organ also counteracts this disease? In this experiment, what was done to the rats? As a result they cannot excrete ___. What did the T score measure? An injection of which hormone (calcitonin, estrogen, saline) caused the most increase in T score? 2nd place? 3rd place?
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates ovarian follicle growth that makes estrogen
- Protection against osteoporosis
- Calcitonin (secreted by thyroid gland) also counteracts osteoporosis
- 3 ovariectomized rats do not secret estrogen because ovaries removed
- T score = measure of mineral content of bone (Indicator of strength of bone/screen for osteoporosis)
- Administer estrogen or calcitonin as hormone replacement therapy
- Injecting estrogen had most increase in T score, then the calcitonin, saline had no effect
PhysioX activity 4
Flow chart. What is a tropic hormone? How does homeostasis work in this process? What is cushing’s syndome? Cushing’s disease? Addison’s disease? Is it hypercortisolism or hypocortisolism? What are they caused by? What does iatrogenic mean?
- Tropic hormones secrete another hormone
- Increased levels of cortisol negatively feed back to inhibit release of ACTH and CRH
- cushings syndrome = Increased cortisol in blood (hyercortisolism) due to adrenal gland tumor
- Cushing’s syndrome can be iatrogenic (physician induced)
- cushings disease = Hypercortisolism caused by anterior pituitary tumor
- addison’s disease = Decreased cortisol in blood (hypcortisolism) caused by destruction adrenal cortex or damage to the anterior pituitary
PhysioX Activity 4 Chart Cortisol and ACTH levels
Anterior pituitary has the ___ system and the posterior pituitary has the ___ system.
anterior - hypophyseal portal system
posterior - neurohypophysis
___ has a capillary net like structure.
anterior pituitary gland
calcitonin and PTH are ___ hormones
antagonist
What constitutes a plasma? (4)
water, salts, plasma proteins, substances transported by blood
What are the 6 electrolytes/salts in water? What is its function? (2)
Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, bicarbonate
osmotic balance & pH buffering
What is the function of water in blood? (2)
solvent for dissolving/carrying other substances
absorbs heat
What are some substances transported by blood? (4)
- nutrients (glucose, FA, aa, vitamins)
- waste products of metabolism (urea, uric acid)
- respiratory gases (2/CO2)
- hormones
What are the 3 kinds of plasma proteins? What do they do?
- albumin = osmotic balance
- fibrinogen = clot blood
- globulin = defense (antibodies) & lipid transport
What are formed elements?
solid
What are the 3 major categories of formed elements in the blood?
RBC (erythrocytes), WBC (leukocytes), platelets
What are red blood cells called? What is a unique cellular characteristic about them? What are their functions?
- erythrocytes
- no nucleus
- transport gas
What are WBC called? What are the 5 types of white blood cells? Which are granulocytes? Agranulocyte?
- leukocyte
- neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte, monocyte
- granulocyte = neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
- agranulocyte = lymphocyte, monocyte
What is this cell? How do their nucleus appear? What are they called? What do they do?
- multilobed nucleus
- bacteria slayers; phagocytize
What cell is it? How does its nucleus appear? What is its function?
- eosinophil
- 2 lobes
- kill parasitic worms
What is the order of abundance of WBC?
Never let monkeys eat bananas
neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil
What is the function of a basophil? (3)
- release histamine, mediate inflammation
- released w/allergic reactions
- signals danger
What is this cell? What does it contain? What is its function?
- platelets
- contain granules
- use them with small ruptures of cells so dont lose fluid (clot blood)
What is this cell? What are the 2 types? What are their functions?
- lymphocytes (T & B cells)
- help mount specific immune response like COVID, polio, etc
What cell is it? What is the look of the nucleus? What is its function?
- monocyte
- nucleus a U > big smile
- develops into macrophages that eat cell debris
identify the structures
neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil
identify the blood type
What is blood doping? Why do athletes do this?
-blood doping = enhances performance by adding more RBC to add more O2
What is the best donor blood? Why?
O-
it has no antigen
When you add anti-D and the blood clots, is it Rh- or Rh+?
Rh+
What blood type is the universal recipient?
AB
What is the most rare blood? Why is it okay that it is?
AB
because universal recipient (can receive any blood type)
What blood does a type B take? (2)
B & O
What blood can type O take? Why?
O because have both anti-A and anti-B
What is the most common blood?
O
AB blood produces antibody ___
A
B blood
O blood
AB = no antibody A = antibody B B = antibody A O = antibody A and B
What disease is this?
Iron deficiency anemia
What disease is this?
Sickle cell anemia
What is the structure of hemoglobin? 3 parts. How many O2 molecules does each hemoglobin carry?
- globin = 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha & 2 beta)
- heme attached to each globin (gives red color)
- each heme has a central iron that binds 1 O2
- each hemaglobin carries 4
Identify this tissue
Cardiac muscle
Physio Ex Cardiovascular System activity 1
Explain why the larger waves seen on the oscilloscope represent the ventricular contraction
What happened to the amplitude of the wave when you increased the frequency of the stimulation?
Why is it only possible to induce an extrasystole during relaxation?
Explain why wave summation and tetanus are not possible in cardiac muscle tissue.
- because the ventricles of the heart are much stronger than the atria; the ventricles have to pump blood throughout the whole body.
- The amplitude did not change with frequency because the heart has a long stimulation refractory period
- Because the cardiac muscle is only able to depolarize after it repolarizes because of its long refractory period, so the extrasystole is not able to occur until the relaxation period.
Wave summation and tetanus are not possible in cardiac muscle tissue because cardiac cells have longer action potentials and a very long refractory period compared to other cells.
Physio Ex Cardiovascular System activity 2
What happens to the HR and force of contraction with stimulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?
What happens with vagus nerve stimulation is excessive? Which branch does it stimulate? What is it called when ventricles resume beating? What branch does this involve?
Explain two ways that the heart can overcome excessive vagal stimulation
Research shows that, in the absence of neural and hormonal influences, the SA node generates action potentials at a frequency of approximately 100 times per minute. However, the resting heart rate is approximately 70 beats per minute, which suggests that ___. What do you think would happen to the heart rate if the vagus nerve was cut?
- stimulation of symp = increase HR and force
- stimulation para = decrease heart rate but no change in force
- excessive vagus nerve stimulation = heart stop beating
- stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system
- resumption of hearbeat = vagal escape
- vagal escape = sympathetic reflexes
-1: Sympathetic reflexes 2: initiation of a rhythm by the Purkinje Fibers.
- the parasympathetic nervous system has more control over heart rate
- It would increase and go back to the 100bpm.
Physio Ex Cardiovascular System activity 3
What happened to the HR when the ringer solution was 5 (cold - hypothermia/low body temperature), 23 (normal), 32 (hot - hyperthermia/high body temp).
Physio Ex Cardiovascular System activity 4
What happened to HR with the addition of epinephrine, pilocarpine, atropine, and digitalis?
Distinguish between cholinergic and adrenergic chemical modifiers. What do they both do (mechanism)?
- epinephrine and atropine increased HR
- pilocarpine and digitalis decreased HR
- Cholinergic decreases the heart rate by mimicking acetylcholine, which was Pilocarpine and digitalis (decreases frequency of AP)
- Androgenic inhibits, mimics, or enhances the action of epinephrine, which was atropine (by increasing frequency of AP)
Physio Ex Cardiovascular System activity 5
Background Info:
What kind of blockers are used to treat high BP and abnormal HR? What does it do? What is chronotropic and inotropic? What is it called when modifiers lower HR and increase HR?
Experiment:
What happened to HR when you added Ca, Na, K? The effect of Ca/Na/K on heart is positive/negative chronotropic, ionotropic? Which had the most profound effect?
- Ca channel blockers decrease rate of depolarization & force of contraction (negative chronotropic and inotropic)
- chronotropic = modifiers that affect HR
- inotropic = modifiers that affect force of contraction
- lower HR = negative chronotropic, increase HR = positive chrnotropic
- HR increased with Ca, decreased with Na, K
- Ca positive chronotropic and inotropic
- negative chronotropic, inotropic no effect
- K is negative chronotropic and negatve inotropic
- k most profound
Which is vessel and artery?
Thick-artery
Thin-vessel
draw the diagram for the regulation of thyr
give an example of a negative feedback mechanism
