Lab Practical 3 Flashcards
What makes up the urinary trigone? Why do infections tend to persist in this region?
2 ureteric orifices & internal urethral orifice
-because of openings for ureters and urethra entry point for bacteria
What does the rugae in the urinary bladder allow for? Which is allowed by which cells?
distensibility, transitional epithelial cells
What is the muscle around the urinary bladder called? What does it do?
- muscle around bladder
- collapses urinary bladder to void
What muscle is the internal and external urethral sphincter made of? How does voiding happen? What is it called? What is it called when one cannot control it? What can cause it?
internal = smooth
external = skeletal
micturition occurs when internal, external urethral sphincter relax and detrusor contracts
incontinence due to spinal chord injuries or urinary tract pathology
What is the function of the kidney? Where specifically is it balanced? In simple terms, what is the process? Hence, ___ indicates a kidney problem.
- balance water and electrolytes in the cortex
- unbalanced blood goes in and comes back balanced
- urine in blood or blood in urine
What is the flow of blood from the renal artery to the vena cava? (11)
renal artery > segmental artery > interlobar artery > arcuate artery > cortical radiate artery > NEPHRON > cortical radiate vein > arcuate vein > interloabr vein > renal vein > vena cava
Why is there no segmental vein in the kidney?
not enough pressure to keep the blood going in different paths
What makes it have the striated appearance? Where does it merge? (which goes through this pathway)
striated due to collecting ducts
merges at renal column > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter
What is the working unit of a kidney called? It is uni/multicellular?
nephron, muliticellular
What is the flow of filtrate from nephron to ureter?
nephron > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter > urethra
What does urine contain? (4) Hence, what 2 tests are used?
water, salt, hormones (hence pregnancy tests), anything body cannot use/breakdown (drugs, hence drug tests)
What tissue surrounds the kidney? What type? Why? (2)
fibrous capsule - thick CT so fluid doesnt spill out; prevent spread of infection to kidney
Trace the flow of filtrate from the periubular capillaries to the bladder. Where does deoxygenated blood go?
peritubular capillaries > proximal convoluted tube > descending limb > ascending limb > distal convoluted tubule > collecting duct > renal column > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ueter > bladder
-meanwhile the deoxygenated blood in the efferent arterials goes to the peritubular capillaries goes to the cortical radiate vein and … to the vena cava
What wraps around the convoluted tubules in the cortical nephron? What does this allow for?
peritubular capillaries allow for multiple opprotunities to push salt back into the bloodstream (reabsorption) or push more into the renal tubule (secretion)
What 2 structures make up the renal corpuscle?
glomerulus (capillaries) & glomerular/bowman’s capscle
What are the 2 major types of nephrons? Which one is closer to the cortex-medulla junction with the nephron loop going into the medulla?
cortical nephron
juxtamedullary nephron closer to medulla
What type of urine is the juxtamedullarly nephron responsible for handling? What is the special structure about this nephron and why? For both cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons, what does the ascending loop deal with? Descending?
*what do descending limbs have?
- concentrated urine
- has a net of capillaries called vasa recta because nephron look so long
- ascending = salts
- descending = water, lots of aquaporins
Why is urine darker in the morning?
not as hydrated
What are the 3 processes a nephron does? Hence, what does the kidney do as an overall process?
- glomerular filtration - high pressure pushes substances like salt into bowmans
- Tubular reabsorption - Kidney to blood stream
- Tubular secretion - Blood stream to kidney tube
-kidney dumps everything into bowmans capsule and be selective about what to put back
What are the teeth of comes called? What do they do? What do they pass through?
filtration slits only allows small things like salt through, no RBC
-small molec like water, aa, glucose, nitrogenous waste
In the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)
What do the macula densa cells do? What do the granular cells do? (2) What does the extraglomerular mesangial cells do?
What happens when there is a lot of salt? When there is less salt?
- macula densa = picks up on the amount of salt in the distal convoluted tubule
- granular cells = senses blood pressure; regulate the constriction/dilation of afferent arteriole
- extraglomerular mesangial cells = pass signals between the macula densa and granular cells
- lots of salt in blood (too much pressure) = granular cells widens artery so not as much hydrostatic pressure & reduces amount of salt being pushed out because so much salt is already there
- less salt = arteries constrict to pull more salt
What does a high salt volume in blood mean? (3)
- dehydrated, not enough water in body
- too much salt eaten
- kidney not working right
Why is it important for the kidney to keep functioning correctly?
electrolyte imbalances mean AP not fired correctly, which means heart not pumping correctly
What are kidney stones? Where do we see them? (3) What happens?
- wet salts
- see in collecting duct or ureter or urethra
- fluid gets backed up in the kidney so salts not taken out of blood, throwing the balance system out of whack