Blood Flashcards
What is the structure of hemoglobin? 3 parts. How many O2 molecules does each hemoglobin carry?
- globin = 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha & 2 beta)
- heme attached to each globin (gives red color)
- each heme has a central iron that binds 1 O2
- each hemaglobin carries 4
What is the structure of hemoglobin? 3 parts. How many O2 molecules does each hemoglobin carry?
- globin = 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha & 2 beta)
- heme attached to each globin (gives red color)
- each heme has a central iron that binds 1 O2
- each hemaglobin carries 4
What is produced when O2 is loaded into a Hb? What color? When O2 is unloaded? What is it called when CO2 binds?
- oxyhemoglobin
- deoxyhemoglobin
- carbaminohemoglobin
Formation of the blood cell is called ___. Which blood cells? They occur in the ___.
Which is found where? (4)
- hematopoiesis
- RBC, WBC, platelets
- occur in the red bone marrow
-axial skeleton, girdles, humerus, femur
What cells start hematopoiesis? What determines what pathway it takes? Committed cells ___.
- Hematopoietic stem cells
- Hormones and growth factors
- Committed cells cannot change
What is the production of RBC called? What does it begin with?
What are its stages? (6) What indicated rate of RBC formation?
- erythropoiesis
- begins with hemocytoblast/hematopoietic stem cell
-reticulocyte count = rate of RBC formation
What organ controls erythropoiesis thru EPO?
What is the stages of a lifecycle of RBC? (6)
kidney
Events of coagulation.
What do they require?
The 2nd stage is an example of ___.
How is each stage related?
What does the 3rd stage require?
- requires clotting factors (procoagulants)
- platelet plug formation example of positive feedback
-if muscle spasms not enough to stop bleeding, platelet plug forms and if that is not enough (major bleeds) blood coagulates
___ are easily torn with pressure but ___ much more solid
- platelet plug easily torn with pressure
- fibrin strands much more solid
What is hemophilia?
cannot make fibrin (stage 1 of coagulation) so bleed out
What are the Three phases of coagulation? In which stage can this thickening of blood be stopped?
- Prothrombin activator formed in both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
- can be stopped here - Prothrombin converted to enzyme thrombin
- Thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen → fibrin
What are the steps to prothrombin activator synthesis?
- Intrinsic and extrinsic pathway initiates the process.
- TF triggers extrinsic pathway
- PF3 released through the intrinsic pathway
- Ca, TF, and PF3 and factor X and factor V (procoagulants) form the prothrombin activator
Thrombin + ___ strengthens and stabilizes clot to turn ___ to ___.
Ca
turn fibrinogen to fibrin
The extrinsic or intrinsic pathway is faster in coagulation?
extrinsic (bypasses steps of intrinsic pathway_
What are antigens? (2) What are they also called? Where are they located? What are the 4 classifications and what antigen do they have?
- generates an immune response to Pick up on anything perceived as foreign
- Promoters of agglutination; called agglutinogens
- antigen protein receptors on surface of the cell
- classification = A, B, AB, O
- type A means have A antigen on it
- type B has a B antigen
- type AB has both A and B (codominance)
- type O has no antigen
Antigens are called ___ and anti-antibodies are called ___
antigen = agglutinogen anti-antibodies = agglutinins
What are antibodies?
antibodies proteins that cover antigens and dont allow them to enter cell
type A blood can receive which blood and cannot receive which blood? What is the mechanism?
receive = A and O
cannot receive = B and AB
-anti-B of type A blood coagulate with B cell
What does blood consist of? (3)
Fluid connective tissue
Plasma – non-living fluid matrix
Formed elements – living blood “cells” suspended in plasma
What is a hematocrit?
Percent of blood volume that is RBCs
Spun tube of blood yields three layers
Plasma on top (~55%)
Erythrocytes on bottom (~45%)
WBCs and platelets in Buffy coat (< 1%)
High O2 results in ___ color blood, and low O2 ___ color
high O2 = scarlet
low O2 = dark red
What are the 3 functions of blood?
-Distributing substances (nutrients/O2, waste/CO2, hormones)
-Regulating blood levels of substances (body temp, pH, fluid volume)
Protection (preventing blood loss & infections)
Blood plasma is mostly ___. The most abundant solute is ___.
water, plasma proteins
What is the order of abundance of plasma proteins?
60% albumin; 36% globulins; 4% fibrinogen
What is the functions of albumin (3)
Substance carrier
Blood buffer
Major contributor of plasma osmotic pressure
RBC has no ___ and ___. In formed elements, ___ is the only complete cell. Platelets have ___. Blood cells survive for ___ and do not ___.
nuclei or other organelles
WBC
cell fragments
few days, do not divide
In formed elements, ___ is the only complete cell.
WBC
___ provides the flexibility to change shape (squeeze through capillaries) in erythrocytes. It is a major factor contributing to ___.
spectrin, blood viscosity
Erythrocytes have no ___ and ATP production is ___ and do not consume ___.
No mitochondria; ATP production anaerobic; do not consume O2 they transport
___ hormone enhances EPO production, resulting in higher RBC counts in males
testosterone
Some athletes abuse artificial erythropoietin (EPO hormone). Why? What are the consequences?
- athletes want more O2 & glucose transport so enhance performance
- dangerous: disrupts homeostasis, heart attacks
What 4 things do we need to form blood? (erythropoiesis)
Nutrients—amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates
Iron
Vitamin B12 and folic acid
Leukocytes make up ___ of total blood volume
<1%
What is the ongoing research on of the relationship between eosinophils and allergies?
bad asthma and had high levels of eosinophils even tho dont have worms. gave her worms in research trial, eosinophil levels dropped and symptoms got better. basically had too much eosinophils to deal with and body didn’t know what to do
What is the pathway of leukopoiesis for monocytes and lymphocytes?
- all start with hematopoeitic stem cells (hematocytoblast)
- Lymphoid stem cells → lymphocytes
- Myeloid stem cells → all others
What are the chemicals secreted by platelets do help blood clot in platelet formation? (4)
Willebrand factor, ADP, serotonin, thromboxane A
What is fibrinolysis? Which enzyme is involved? What is its function?
- Removes unneeded clots after healing
- Plasmin is a fibrin-digesting enzyme
What factors are involved in vessel repair?
- Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
- stimulates division of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to rebuild blood vessel wall
-Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) -stimulates endothelial cells to multiply and restore endothelial lining
What inhibits clot growth/formation? (3)
antithrombin, heparin in basophil, mast cells
What 3 mechanisms limit clot size?
- Swift removal and dilution of clotting factors
- Inhibition of activated clotting factors
What 3 things inhibit platelet adhesion?
smooth endothelium, Nitric oxide, prostacyclin, vitamin E quinone
Discuss the difference in leukopoiesis of granulocytes and agranulocytes.
Granulocytes
Myeloblast → promyelocyte → myelocyte → band → mature cell
-stored in bone marrow
-Shorter life span; die fighting microbes
Agranulocyte
-Monocytes – live several months
Share common precursor with neutrophils
Monoblast → promonocyte → monocyte
Lymphocytes – live few hours to decades
Lymphoid stem cell → T lymphocyte precursors (travel to thymus) and B lymphocyte precursors
Platelets are cytoplasmic fragments of ____. What do its granules contain? (5) How many lobes of nuclei does it have? They undergo ___ but no___.
- fragments of megakaryocytes
- serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
- multilobed nucleus
- Mitosis but no cytokinesis
What is the function of a platelet?
Form temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
What is the pathway of platelet formation?
Describe the role of endothelial cells in vascular spasms
release chemicals (together with platelets)
Vascular spasm induces ___.
pain reflex
Distinguish between the development of anti-Rh antibodies and the development of anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
- anti-Rh antibodies do not spontaneously form, only form when receive Rh+ blood
- second exposure results in transfusion reaction
What is the Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn called (Homeostatic Imbalance)? What happens?
- erythroblastosis fetalis
- Rh– mom exposed to Rh+ blood of fetus during delivery of first baby –> Mother synthesizes anti-Rh antibodies
- Second pregnancy: Mom’s anti-Rh antibodies cross placenta and destroy RBCs of Rh+ baby
What results from low blood volume?
shock = Death
-erythropoeisis takes a while and cannot keep up
What tests for anemia?
hematocrit
How do you measure WBC count?
blood test -differential WBC count
___ count indicates rate of RBC formation
Reticulocyte
WBC/RBC are nucleated while the other is not
WBC nucleated
identify the blood type
