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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of hemoglobin? 3 parts. How many O2 molecules does each hemoglobin carry?

A
  • globin = 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha & 2 beta)
  • heme attached to each globin (gives red color)
  • each heme has a central iron that binds 1 O2
  • each hemaglobin carries 4
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2
Q

What is the structure of hemoglobin? 3 parts. How many O2 molecules does each hemoglobin carry?

A
  • globin = 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha & 2 beta)
  • heme attached to each globin (gives red color)
  • each heme has a central iron that binds 1 O2
  • each hemaglobin carries 4
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3
Q

What is produced when O2 is loaded into a Hb? What color? When O2 is unloaded? What is it called when CO2 binds?

A
  • oxyhemoglobin
  • deoxyhemoglobin
  • carbaminohemoglobin
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4
Q

Formation of the blood cell is called ___. Which blood cells? They occur in the ___.

Which is found where? (4)

A
  • hematopoiesis
  • RBC, WBC, platelets
  • occur in the red bone marrow

-axial skeleton, girdles, humerus, femur

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5
Q

What cells start hematopoiesis? What determines what pathway it takes? Committed cells ___.

A
  • Hematopoietic stem cells
  • Hormones and growth factors
  • Committed cells cannot change
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6
Q

What is the production of RBC called? What does it begin with?

What are its stages? (6) What indicated rate of RBC formation?

A
  • erythropoiesis
  • begins with hemocytoblast/hematopoietic stem cell

-reticulocyte count = rate of RBC formation

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7
Q

What organ controls erythropoiesis thru EPO?

What is the stages of a lifecycle of RBC? (6)

A

kidney

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8
Q

Events of coagulation.
What do they require?
The 2nd stage is an example of ___.

How is each stage related?
What does the 3rd stage require?

A
  • requires clotting factors (procoagulants)
  • platelet plug formation example of positive feedback

-if muscle spasms not enough to stop bleeding, platelet plug forms and if that is not enough (major bleeds) blood coagulates

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9
Q

___ are easily torn with pressure but ___ much more solid

A
  • platelet plug easily torn with pressure

- fibrin strands much more solid

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10
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

cannot make fibrin (stage 1 of coagulation) so bleed out

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11
Q

What are the Three phases of coagulation? In which stage can this thickening of blood be stopped?

A
  1. Prothrombin activator formed in both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
    - can be stopped here
  2. Prothrombin converted to enzyme thrombin
  3. Thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen → fibrin
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12
Q

What are the steps to prothrombin activator synthesis?

A
  1. Intrinsic and extrinsic pathway initiates the process.
  2. TF triggers extrinsic pathway
  3. PF3 released through the intrinsic pathway
  4. Ca, TF, and PF3 and factor X and factor V (procoagulants) form the prothrombin activator
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13
Q

Thrombin + ___ strengthens and stabilizes clot to turn ___ to ___.

A

Ca

turn fibrinogen to fibrin

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14
Q

The extrinsic or intrinsic pathway is faster in coagulation?

A

extrinsic (bypasses steps of intrinsic pathway_

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15
Q

What are antigens? (2) What are they also called? Where are they located? What are the 4 classifications and what antigen do they have?

A
  • generates an immune response to Pick up on anything perceived as foreign
  • Promoters of agglutination; called agglutinogens
  • antigen protein receptors on surface of the cell
  • classification = A, B, AB, O
    • type A means have A antigen on it
    • type B has a B antigen
    • type AB has both A and B (codominance)
    • type O has no antigen
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16
Q

Antigens are called ___ and anti-antibodies are called ___

A 
antigen = agglutinogen
anti-antibodies = agglutinins
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17
Q

What are antibodies?

A

antibodies proteins that cover antigens and dont allow them to enter cell

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18
Q

type A blood can receive which blood and cannot receive which blood? What is the mechanism?

A

receive = A and O
cannot receive = B and AB
-anti-B of type A blood coagulate with B cell

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19
Q

What does blood consist of? (3)

A

Fluid connective tissue
Plasma – non-living fluid matrix
Formed elements – living blood “cells” suspended in plasma

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20
Q

What is a hematocrit?

A

Percent of blood volume that is RBCs

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21
Q

Spun tube of blood yields three layers

A

Plasma on top (~55%)
Erythrocytes on bottom (~45%)
WBCs and platelets in Buffy coat (< 1%)

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22
Q

High O2 results in ___ color blood, and low O2 ___ color

A

high O2 = scarlet

low O2 = dark red

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23
Q

What are the 3 functions of blood?

A

-Distributing substances (nutrients/O2, waste/CO2, hormones)
-Regulating blood levels of substances (body temp, pH, fluid volume)
Protection (preventing blood loss & infections)

24
Q

Blood plasma is mostly ___. The most abundant solute is ___.

A

water, plasma proteins

25
Q

What is the order of abundance of plasma proteins?

A

60% albumin; 36% globulins; 4% fibrinogen

26
Q

What is the functions of albumin (3)

A

Substance carrier
Blood buffer
Major contributor of plasma osmotic pressure

27
Q

RBC has no ___ and ___. In formed elements, ___ is the only complete cell. Platelets have ___. Blood cells survive for ___ and do not ___.

A

nuclei or other organelles
WBC
cell fragments
few days, do not divide

28
Q

In formed elements, ___ is the only complete cell.

A

WBC

29
Q

___ provides the flexibility to change shape (squeeze through capillaries) in erythrocytes. It is a major factor contributing to ___.

A

spectrin, blood viscosity

30
Q

Erythrocytes have no ___ and ATP production is ___ and do not consume ___.

A

No mitochondria; ATP production anaerobic; do not consume O2 they transport

31
Q

___ hormone enhances EPO production, resulting in higher RBC counts in males

A

testosterone

32
Q

Some athletes abuse artificial erythropoietin (EPO hormone). Why? What are the consequences?

A
  • athletes want more O2 & glucose transport so enhance performance
  • dangerous: disrupts homeostasis, heart attacks
33
Q

What 4 things do we need to form blood? (erythropoiesis)

A

Nutrients—amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates
Iron
Vitamin B12 and folic acid

34
Q

Leukocytes make up ___ of total blood volume

A

<1%

35
Q

What is the ongoing research on of the relationship between eosinophils and allergies?

A

bad asthma and had high levels of eosinophils even tho dont have worms. gave her worms in research trial, eosinophil levels dropped and symptoms got better. basically had too much eosinophils to deal with and body didn’t know what to do

36
Q

What is the pathway of leukopoiesis for monocytes and lymphocytes?

A
  • all start with hematopoeitic stem cells (hematocytoblast)
  • Lymphoid stem cells → lymphocytes
  • Myeloid stem cells → all others
37
Q

What are the chemicals secreted by platelets do help blood clot in platelet formation? (4)

A

Willebrand factor, ADP, serotonin, thromboxane A

38
Q

What is fibrinolysis? Which enzyme is involved? What is its function?

A
  • Removes unneeded clots after healing

- Plasmin is a fibrin-digesting enzyme

39
Q

What factors are involved in vessel repair?

A
  • Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
  • stimulates division of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to rebuild blood vessel wall

-Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) -stimulates endothelial cells to multiply and restore endothelial lining

40
Q

What inhibits clot growth/formation? (3)

A

antithrombin, heparin in basophil, mast cells

41
Q

What 3 mechanisms limit clot size?

A
  • Swift removal and dilution of clotting factors

- Inhibition of activated clotting factors

42
Q

What 3 things inhibit platelet adhesion?

A

smooth endothelium, Nitric oxide, prostacyclin, vitamin E quinone

43
Q

Discuss the difference in leukopoiesis of granulocytes and agranulocytes.

A

Granulocytes
Myeloblast → promyelocyte → myelocyte → band → mature cell
-stored in bone marrow
-Shorter life span; die fighting microbes

Agranulocyte
-Monocytes – live several months
Share common precursor with neutrophils
Monoblast → promonocyte → monocyte

Lymphocytes – live few hours to decades
Lymphoid stem cell → T lymphocyte precursors (travel to thymus) and B lymphocyte precursors

44
Q

Platelets are cytoplasmic fragments of ____. What do its granules contain? (5) How many lobes of nuclei does it have? They undergo ___ but no___.

A
  • fragments of megakaryocytes
  • serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
  • multilobed nucleus
  • Mitosis but no cytokinesis
45
Q

What is the function of a platelet?

A

Form temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels

46
Q

What is the pathway of platelet formation?

A
47
Q

Describe the role of endothelial cells in vascular spasms

A

release chemicals (together with platelets)

48
Q

Vascular spasm induces ___.

A

pain reflex

49
Q

Distinguish between the development of anti-Rh antibodies and the development of anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

A
  • anti-Rh antibodies do not spontaneously form, only form when receive Rh+ blood
  • second exposure results in transfusion reaction
50
Q

What is the Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn called (Homeostatic Imbalance)? What happens?

A
  • erythroblastosis fetalis
  • Rh– mom exposed to Rh+ blood of fetus during delivery of first baby –> Mother synthesizes anti-Rh antibodies
  • Second pregnancy: Mom’s anti-Rh antibodies cross placenta and destroy RBCs of Rh+ baby
51
Q

What results from low blood volume?

A

shock = Death

-erythropoeisis takes a while and cannot keep up

52
Q

What tests for anemia?

A

hematocrit

53
Q

How do you measure WBC count?

A

blood test -differential WBC count

54
Q

___ count indicates rate of RBC formation

A

Reticulocyte

55
Q

WBC/RBC are nucleated while the other is not

A

WBC nucleated

56
Q

identify the blood type

A

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (14 decks)

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