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Block 3 Week 1 > Ward Gastric Physiology of digestion > Flashcards

Ward Gastric Physiology of digestion Flashcards

1
Q

(blank) are secreted from the mouth to the terminal regions of the intestine.

A

digestive enzymes

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2
Q

(blank) is secreted throughout the GI tract by glands to provide lubrication and protection of the epithelial lining.

A

mucus

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3
Q

What are the two primary types of secretion?

A

digestive enzymes

mucus

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4
Q

What are the four types of glands associated with secretion?

A

single cell mucous glands
crypts of Leberkuhn
Tubular glands
Salivary glands, pancreas and liver

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5
Q

What is this:
(mucous cells/goblet cells) Are located in the epithelium and are found in most parts of the GI tract and respond to local stimulation of the epithelium by extruding their mucus onto the epithelial surface to act as a lubricant and to protect the epithelial surface.

A

Single cell mucous glands

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6
Q

What is this:
These are in the small intestine and are invaginations of epithelium into the submucosa. These are usually deep and contain specialized secretory cells.

A

Crypts of Leiberkuhn

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7
Q

What is this:
Located in the stomach and upper duodenum are large numbers of deep tubular glands which often secrete acid and pepsinogen.

A

Tubular glands

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8
Q

What is this:
More complex glands with a primary function to provide secretions for digestion and emulsification of food. Two of these glands are compound acinus (containing many acinar cells) glands that lie outside the wall of the GI tract and are connected via ducts that empty into the GI tract itself.

A

Salivary glands, pancreas and liver

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9
Q

The (blank) and (blank) are compound acinus (containing many acinar cells) glands that lie outside the wall of the GI tract and are connected via ducts that empty into the GI tract itself.

A

salivary and pancreatic glands

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10
Q

Transportation of nutrient material needed for the formation of the secretory material must diffuse or be transported into the base of the glandular cell from (blank)

A

capillaries

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11
Q

Synthesis of the secretory substance occurs in the (blank) and (blank)

A

ER and golgi complex

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12
Q

The secretory substance is transported through the ER, passing into the (blank)

A

golgi complex

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13
Q

In the golgi, secretory substances are modified, concentrated and discharged into the cytoplasm in the form of (blank)

A

secretory vesicles

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14
Q

Secretory vesicles are normally stored in the (blank) ends of the cell until (blank) cause them to empty their contents through the cell’s surface.

A

apical ends

neural or hormonal signals

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15
Q

The mechanism by which the secretory vesicle fuses to the plasma membrane (exocytosis) is usually (blank) dependent.

A

calcium

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16
Q

The neural or hormonal substance causes an increase in (blank), which leads to a fusion of the secretory vesicle with the apical membrane.

A

intracellular calcium

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17
Q

Sufficient water and electrolytes need to be secreted along with (blank).

A

organic substances

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18
Q

Nerve stimulation has a specific effect on the (blank) portion of the cell membrane, causing (blank) transport of (blank) ions into the cell.

A

basal
active
Cl-

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19
Q

When you have nerve stimulation that causes active tranport of Cl- into the cell you have a resultant (blank) charge inside the cell which causes (blank) to move into the cell.

A

negative charge

Na+

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20
Q

When nerve stimulation causes Cl- to enter the cell and as a result, Na+ into the cell, the excess of both these ions inside the cell creates a (blank) condition within the cell and a force that does what?

A

hyperosmotic

OSMOTIC force -> pulls water into the cell increasing the hydrostatic pressure

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21
Q

The increase in hydrostatic pressure resulting from nerve stimulation and the subsequent increase in Na+ and Cl- ions into the cell causes (blank) of the secretory border. Release of water through these openings results in the flushing of (blank) and (blank) out of the apical end of the cell and into the lumen of the gland

A

minute rupturing

electrolytes and organic substances

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22
Q

The increase in hydrostatic pressure resulting from nerve stimulation and the subsequent increase in Na+ and Cl- ions into the cell causes minute rupturing of the secretory border. Release of water through these openings results in the flushing of electrolytes and organic substances out of the (blank) end of the cell and into the lumen of the gland

A

apical

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23
Q

The presence of (blank) in a particular segment of the GI tract causes glands, in that region and often in adjacent regions to secrete digestive juices.

A

food

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24
Q

What are the two types of local stimulation of the GI tract glands?

A

direct contact-> of food with glands

epithelial stimulation-> neural activity causes secretion

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25
Q

What kind of GI stimulation is this:

activates the autonomic nervous system via tactile, chemical and distension mechanisms. The increase in neural activity causes mucus glands and deeper glands in the mucosa to increase secretion.

A

Epithelial stimulation of GI tract glands

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26
Q

What is the parasympathetic stimulation of secretion?

A

increase rate of glandular secretion

  • > upper portion of GI tract (Vagus)
  • > distal portion of large intestine (Pelvic Parasympathetics)
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27
Q

What are the components of the upper GI tract that the parasympathetics increase stimulation of secretion in? What are these innervated by?

A 
salivary glands
esophageal glands
gastric glands
pancreas
brunner's glands in 
Innervated by the vagus!
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28
Q

What parasympathetics innervate the distal portion of the large intestine?

A

the pelvic parasympathetics

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29
Q

Secretion in the remainder of the small and large intestine not innervated by parasympathetics is controlled how?

A

by local neural and hormonal stimuli in each segment of the gut

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30
Q

What is the sympathetic stimulation of secretion?

A

causes slight/moderate increase in secretion

constriction of blood vessels

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31
Q

When will sympathetic stimulation cause an increase in secretion?

A

if parasympathetic nerve stimulation of salivary glands is low. If parasympathetic stimulation of salivary glands is high,then sympathetic stimulation will result in a reduction in secretion.

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32
Q

Summarize the hormonal stimulation of secretion:

A

GI hormones (polypeptides) from stomach and intestines are liberated from mucosa in response to food. They are absorbed into circulatory system and carried to particular gland to stimulate secretion

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33
Q

What is saliva necessary for and what is it dependent on?

A

Speech and mucus

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34
Q

What are the 6 constituents of saliva?

A 
serous secretion
mucus secretion
lactoferrin
proteolytic enzymes
thiocyanate ions
binding glycoprotein for IgA
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35
Q

(blank) an enzyme for digesting starches.

A

Ptyalin (alpha-amylase)

ph of saliva is optimal for this

36
Q

(blank) Chelates iron and inhibits the growth of organisms that require it for growth.

A

lactoferrin

37
Q

(blank) attack bacterial cell walls

A

proteolytic enzymes (lyzozomes)

38
Q

(blank) With IgA forms secretory IgA that is immunologically active against viruses and bacteria.

A

Binding glycoprotein for IgA

39
Q

What is Composed of electrolytes, glycoproteins and water. Composition varies in the GI tract, but is an excellent lubricant and protectant.

A

saliva

40
Q

(blank) properties of mucus allow it to tightly bind to food and spread a thin film over the surface of particles.

A

adherent

41
Q

What are the functions of mucus

A

binds to food
acts as a barrier to mucosa
binds fecal material
can buffer (amphoteric properties)

42
Q

(blank) allows for the easy passage of food along the GI tract and also prevents abrasions or chemical damage to the epithelium.

A

mucus

43
Q

What are the three majory salivary glands and what are they all drained by?

A

parotid, sublingual, submandibular

a single major excretory duct

44
Q

What is a minor salivary gland consisting of many single packages and are polystomatic.

A

buccal

45
Q

In (blank) glands, sexual dimorphosism often exists

A

mandibular

46
Q

(Blank) lie outside the wall of the GI tract and are connected via ducts that empty into the GI tract itself.

A

acinus glands

47
Q

(blank) are involved with directing fluids into the oral cavity.

A

ductal cells

48
Q

(blank) are contractile and are involved in helping move serous and mucous secretions into ducts.

A

myoepithelial cells

49
Q

(blank) are Secretions of ptyalin (-amylase) and/or mucin from acinar cells in a solution of ions similar to that found in extracellular fluid.

A

primary secretions

50
Q

Explain the intracellular mechanism for the movement of ions in salivary glands

A

Na+ ions are reabsorbed, K+ ions are secreted. This leads to a membrane potential of -70mV. This allows for passive reabsorption of Cl- ions. Cl- and Na+ ions are now at a low level in the ducts. Ca ions and bicarb are secreted by the ductal epithelial by an exchange of bicarb for chloride (actively)

51
Q

What is the net result o the intracellular movements of ions in the duct?

A

Na+ and Cl- ions are low (10% of plasma)
K+ ions are higher
Bicarb ions are higher

52
Q

During (blank) of the salivary glands, Na+ and Cl- ion concentration approaches levels found in plasma. In the presence of excess (blank) secretion, Na+ and Cl- ion absoprtion and K+ ion secretion is greatly increased!

A

maximal secretion

aldosterone

53
Q

Conditioned reflexes, smell, taste, pressure, and nausea do what to the salivary nucleus of the medulla?

A

activate it

54
Q

Fatigue, sleep, fear, and dehydration do what to the salivary nucleus of the medulla?

A

suppress it

55
Q

What is the primary regulator of the salivary glands?

A

parasympathetic nerves

56
Q

What parasympathetic nerves stimulate the release of aCH thus increasing salivary secretion, vasodilation, myoepithelial contraction, metabolism and growth?

A

CN IX and X

57
Q

What sympathetics effect secretion and through which ganglion?

A

T1-3 through the superior cervical ganglion

58
Q

(blank) nerve stimulation to the salivary glands begins and maintains salivary secretion.

A

parasympathetic

59
Q

Increased secretion is enhanced by (blank) which are also innervated by the parasympathetic system.

A

Myoepithelial cell contractions,

60
Q

Increased cellular activity in response to parasympathetic stimulation causes a release of (blank) resulting in the production of (blank) potent vasodilator) and also growth of the salivary glands.

A

Kallikrein

Bradykinin

61
Q

(blank) is Associated with chronic ulcerations of the buccal mucosa and with dental caries.

A

xerostomia (dry mouth)

62
Q

(blank) is the absence of saliva

A

congenital xerostomia

63
Q

(blank) is the Atrophy of the glands and decreased saliva production. In cystic fibrosis, salivary sodium, calcium and protein are elevated. Digitalis drugs cause increased calcium and potassium concentrations in saliva.

A

sjorgren’s syndrome

64
Q

(blank) is when sodium concentrations are increased.

A

addison’s disease

65
Q

(blank) can create Excessive salivation

A

tumors or parkinsons’s disease

66
Q

(blank) activity aids digestion.

A

gastric motor activity

67
Q

What are four constituents of gastric juice that have physiologic functions?

A

intrinsic factors
hydrogen ions
pesin
mucus

68
Q

What is required for the absorption of vitamin B12 by the ileal mucosa (released from parietal cells)

A

intrinsic factors

69
Q

What is necessary for the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin. Also kills bacterial

A

hydrogen ions

70
Q

What, along with acid, begins to breakdown protein and is released from chief cells

A

pepsin

71
Q

What protects the mucosa lining of the stomach, lubricates and neutralizes a small amount of acid (released from goblet/mucus cells)

A

mucus

72
Q

What are the 2 gland areas of the gastric mucous?

A

oxyntic and pyloric

73
Q

What does this:

secretes acid, pepsinogen, mucus and intrinsic factor and is located on the proximal 80% of the stomach.

A

oxyntic gland area

74
Q

What does this:

The distal 20% (antrum) synthesizes and secretes the hormone gastrin and mucus.

A

pyloric gland area

75
Q

The line of demarcation between the oxyntic and pyloric gland mucosa is in the region of the (blank) on the lesser curvature.

A

incisura or angulus

76
Q

The (blank) lie deep in the stomach wall and receive a rich blood supply and autonomic innervation.

A

gastric glands

77
Q

(blank) Contain the acid-producing parietal cells and the peptic or chief cells, which secrete the enzyme precursor pepsinogen.

A

oxyntic glands

78
Q

(blank) are Present where the glands open into the pits. These cells divide and the daughter cells migrate to the surface where they become mature mucous cells and down into the glands where they become parietal cells in the oxyntic gland area or G cells in the region of the pyloric gland mucosa.

A

mucous neck cells

79
Q

(blank) are capable of mitosis, but they can also arise from mucus neck cells during the repair of damage to the mucosa.

A

peptic cells

80
Q

To generate the massive concentration of H ions brought to us by the 3 billion parietal cells that secrete HCL at a conc. of 150-160 mMolar, how many calories/L of gastric juice is required?

A

1500

81
Q

Between meals the cytoplasm of the parietal cell is dominated by numerous (blank) and intracellular (blank) that is continuous with the lumen of the oxyntic gland. During acid secretion, what happens to the tubulovesicles?

A

tubulovesicles.
canaliculus
they become microvilli and project into the canaliculus (which expand)

82
Q

What enzymes are located in the microvilli of the parietal cells during acid secretion?

A

carbonic anhydrase, ATPase enzymes

83
Q

What is the mechanism of HCL acid secretion by parietal cells?

A

in apical membrane active H+/K+ATPase pumps H+ ions out of cell (from dissociated water) and pumps K in (from acid secretion).
Basolateral membrane has a Cl/HCO3 exchanger that brings cl into the lumen and HCO3 into the blood.

84
Q

To obtain the H needed in the HCL secretion of parietal cells, what do we need? How do we replenish this?

A

we need to breakdown water

To replenish water we need carbonic acid which is made from OH and CO2 (provided by metabolic sources in cell)

85
Q

To get the H secretion from the parietal cell you need an abundance of H (given by water) and an increased K conductance, where does this increase in K come from?

A

from active acid secretion

86
Q

Because of the HCO3- that is secreted into the blood stream during active acid secretion into the lumen of the oxyntic gland, the blood is quite alkaline, a phenomenon known as the (blank). Water is also drawn into the lumen, maintaining the iso-osmolallity of acid secretion.

A

ALKALINE TIDE.

87
Q

astric juice has high concentration of what 2 ions and a low concentration of what 2 ions?

A

Cl-, H+

K+, Na+

Block 3 Week 1 (18 decks)

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