Nourani GI intro

Question 1

What does the GI tract do?

Answer 1

breaks down carbs, proteins, and fats

Question 2

What are the two components of the GI tract?

Answer 2

hollow organs and solid organs

Question 3

What is the long twisting tube that connects your mouth to the anus?

Answer 3

the hollow organ

Question 4

What is the hollow organ composed of?

Answer 4

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (includes rectum), anus

Question 5

What are the four major solid organs that connect to the hollow organ?

Answer 5

salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gall bladder

Question 6

What does digestion do?

Answer 6

breaks down carbs into simple sugars
proteins into AA
and Fats into FAs and glycerol

Question 7

What are the five taste receptors?

Answer 7

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (savory)

Question 8

Which AA are we sensing with umami?

Answer 8

glutamate

Question 9

What does the mouth do?

Answer 9

mastication and saliv

Question 10

(blank) begins to break down starch (inactivated in the stomach)

Answer 10

salivary amylase

Question 11

(blank) begins fat digestion, but has minimal effectl

Answer 11

salivary lipase

Question 12

What has lyzozymes to kill bacteria and lubricates food for easier swallowing?

Answer 12

saliva

Question 13

There are two phases of swallowing, what are they and are they voluntary or autonomic?

Answer 13

oropharyngeal phase: voluntary control

Esophageal phase: autonomic control

Question 14

What is a short tube (8-12 in) and connects the pharynx to the stomach?

Answer 14

the esophagus

Question 15

What connects the esophagus to the stomach and sometimes results in heartburn if there are problems here?

Answer 15

LES (lower esophageal sphincter)

Question 16

What are the three types of peristalsis?

Answer 16

Primary peristalisis-> first type of peristalisis when you first start to eat.
Secondary peristalsis-> if left over food is in esophagus, persistalsis will keep going
Tertiary persistalisis-> maintains directions

Question 17

(blank) and (blank) control entry and exit from the stomach

Answer 17

LES and pyloric sphincter

Question 18

What is the storage capacity of the stomach?

Answer 18

about 4 cups

Question 19

What does the stomach produce and secrete?

Answer 19

HCL, enzymes (protease, gastric lipase), mucus, gastrin, intrinis factor B12

Question 20

What are the four things that stomach acid do?

Answer 20

activates digestive enzymes
partially digests dietary protein
assists in calcium absorption
makes dietary minerals soluble for absorption

Question 21

WHat is achlorhydria?

Answer 21

decreased or absent acid production

Question 22

What does the diaphragm help with?

Answer 22

reflux

Question 23

What are the 3 phases of gastric acid secretion?

Answer 23

cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinal phase

Question 24

What phase of gastric acid secretion is this:
Mental process that results from sight, smell, and taste of food starts gastric secretion of pepsin and hydrochloric acid in anticipation of the food one is to eat.

Answer 24

cephalic phase

Question 25

What phase of gastric acid secretion is this: Driven by nutrients (amino acids) that directly stimulate the G cell to release Gastrin. Gastrin stimulates the parietal cell which will then make acid. Distention of the stomach will also lead to gastrin production. Acid suppresses growth of bacteria, which can help prevent enteric infections and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

Answer 25

gastric phase

Question 26

What cells release gastrin?

Answer 26

G cells

Question 27

What does gastrin stimulate?

Answer 27

parietal cells

Question 28

What do parietal cells make?

Answer 28

acid

Question 29

What will distention of the stomach lead to?

Answer 29

gastrin production

Question 30

Why is acid important?

Answer 30

it suppresses growth of bacteria, which can help prevent enteric infections and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

Question 31

What is the pH of the stomach?

Answer 31

1-4

Question 32

What does the pH of the stomach do to bacteria and microorganisms?

Answer 32

kills them

Question 33

Achlorhydria, gastrectomy, GI dysfunction or disease will increase the risk of (blank) in the intestines

Answer 33

bacterial overgrowth

Question 34

What are the three main cells of the stomach?

Answer 34

G cells-secrete gastrin Parietal cells- secrete acid Chief cells- secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

Question 35

What do chief cells secrete

Answer 35

pepsinogen and gastric lipase

Question 36

Protein digestion begins with (blank) which is converted to active pepsin in acidic stomach environments.

Answer 36

pepsinogen

Question 37

Most of a liquid meal exits in (blank) hours and most of a solid meal exits in (blank) hours

Answer 37

1-2 | 2-3

Question 38

The higher the (blank) and (blank) will increase transit time in the stomach

Answer 38

fat and solid

Question 39

Where does the formation of chyme take place?

Answer 39

the stomach

Question 40

A (blank) layer protects the stomach from digestion

Answer 40

mucus

Question 41

Does the stomach absorb a large amount of nutrients?

Answer 41

NO it has very little absorption of nutrients

Question 42

What phase of gastric acid secretion is this? Mediated by luminal distention and nutrient assimilation. Chyme stimulates the duodenum to release secretin and cholecystokinin that will stimulate the pancreas and gallbladder to release bicarbonate, proteases and bile to neutralize the acid and start formal protein and fat digestion.

Answer 42

Intestinal phase

Question 43

What is mediated by luminal distention and nutrient assimilation?

Answer 43

the intestinal phase

Question 44

Chyme stimulates the duodenum to release (blank) and (blank).

Answer 44

secretin and cholecystokinin

Question 45

Secretin and cholecystokinin will stimulate what 2 organs to produce something?

Answer 45

the pancrease and gallbladder

Question 46

When the pancrease and gallbladder are stimulated by secretin and CCK, what do they secrete?

Answer 46

bicarb, proteases and bile

Question 47

Where does most digestions and absorption happen?

Answer 47

in the small intestine

Question 48

WHat are the three parts of the small intestine? | What part is the longest?

Answer 48

duodenum jejunum illeum Ileum>jejunum>duodenum

Question 49

What is the difference between a vitamin and a mineral?

Answer 49

a vitamin is organic while a mineral is inorganic

Question 50

What has folded walls with villi projects?

Answer 50

small intestine

Question 51

Where are absorptive cells locates on the small intestines?

Answer 51

on the villi

Question 52

Why is the small intestine awesome at absorption?

Answer 52

it has high cell turnover and a large surface area

Question 53

Is energy used to absorb nutrients in the small intestine?

Answer 53

yes

Question 54

Where does the absorbed nutrients from the small intestine go?

Answer 54

into the blood (water soluble) or into the lymph (fat soluble)

Question 55

Once nutrients enter the blood,where do they go?

Answer 55

to the liver and then to general circulation

Question 56

What detoxifies and repackages the nutrients of the blood?

Answer 56

the liver

Question 57

Does the large intestine have villi? enzymes? little digestion occuring here? absorption of water, some minerals and vitamins?

Answer 57

no no yes, very little digestion occurs yes

Question 58

Where does bacteria break down fiber and produce vitamin K?

Answer 58

the large intestine

Question 59

Where does the formation of feces for elimination occur?

Answer 59

large intestine

Question 60

What is the gastro-colic reflex?

Answer 60

a stretch in the stomach increases motility

Question 61

What is the gastro-colic reflex mediated by?

Answer 61

serotonin, neurotensin, CCK, and gastrin

Question 62

What is responsible for the urge to defecate following a meal?

Answer 62

gastro-colic reflex

Question 63

What is one of the mechanisms to explain IBS?

Answer 63

gastro-colic reflex

Question 64

Where is there stool and elimination is stimulated here. Muscle contraction also occurs here and there is an anal sphincter that is voluntarily controlled

Answer 64

rectum