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Block 3 Week 1 > Nourani GI intro > Flashcards

Nourani GI intro Flashcards

1
Q

What does the GI tract do?

A

breaks down carbs, proteins, and fats

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2
Q

What are the two components of the GI tract?

A

hollow organs and solid organs

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3
Q

What is the long twisting tube that connects your mouth to the anus?

A

the hollow organ

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4
Q

What is the hollow organ composed of?

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (includes rectum), anus

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5
Q

What are the four major solid organs that connect to the hollow organ?

A

salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gall bladder

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6
Q

What does digestion do?

A

breaks down carbs into simple sugars
proteins into AA
and Fats into FAs and glycerol

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7
Q

What are the five taste receptors?

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (savory)

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8
Q

Which AA are we sensing with umami?

A

glutamate

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9
Q

What does the mouth do?

A

mastication and saliv

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10
Q

(blank) begins to break down starch (inactivated in the stomach)

A

salivary amylase

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11
Q

(blank) begins fat digestion, but has minimal effectl

A

salivary lipase

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12
Q

What has lyzozymes to kill bacteria and lubricates food for easier swallowing?

A

saliva

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13
Q

There are two phases of swallowing, what are they and are they voluntary or autonomic?

A

oropharyngeal phase: voluntary control

Esophageal phase: autonomic control

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14
Q

What is a short tube (8-12 in) and connects the pharynx to the stomach?

A

the esophagus

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15
Q

What connects the esophagus to the stomach and sometimes results in heartburn if there are problems here?

A

LES (lower esophageal sphincter)

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16
Q

What are the three types of peristalsis?

A

Primary peristalisis-> first type of peristalisis when you first start to eat.
Secondary peristalsis-> if left over food is in esophagus, persistalsis will keep going
Tertiary persistalisis-> maintains directions

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17
Q

(blank) and (blank) control entry and exit from the stomach

A

LES and pyloric sphincter

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18
Q

What is the storage capacity of the stomach?

A

about 4 cups

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19
Q

What does the stomach produce and secrete?

A

HCL, enzymes (protease, gastric lipase), mucus, gastrin, intrinis factor B12

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20
Q

What are the four things that stomach acid do?

A

activates digestive enzymes
partially digests dietary protein
assists in calcium absorption
makes dietary minerals soluble for absorption

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21
Q

WHat is achlorhydria?

A

decreased or absent acid production

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22
Q

What does the diaphragm help with?

A

reflux

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23
Q

What are the 3 phases of gastric acid secretion?

A

cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinal phase

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24
Q

What phase of gastric acid secretion is this:
Mental process that results from sight, smell, and taste of food starts gastric secretion of pepsin and hydrochloric acid in anticipation of the food one is to eat.

A

cephalic phase

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25
Q

What phase of gastric acid secretion is this:
Driven by nutrients (amino acids) that directly stimulate the G cell to release Gastrin.
Gastrin stimulates the parietal cell which will then make acid.
Distention of the stomach will also lead to gastrin production.
Acid suppresses growth of bacteria, which can help prevent enteric infections and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

A

gastric phase

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26
Q

What cells release gastrin?

A

G cells

27
Q

What does gastrin stimulate?

A

parietal cells

28
Q

What do parietal cells make?

A

acid

29
Q

What will distention of the stomach lead to?

A

gastrin production

30
Q

Why is acid important?

A

it suppresses growth of bacteria, which can help prevent enteric infections and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

31
Q

What is the pH of the stomach?

A

1-4

32
Q

What does the pH of the stomach do to bacteria and microorganisms?

A

kills them

33
Q

Achlorhydria, gastrectomy, GI dysfunction or disease will increase the risk of (blank) in the intestines

A

bacterial overgrowth

34
Q

What are the three main cells of the stomach?

A

G cells-secrete gastrin
Parietal cells- secrete acid
Chief cells- secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

35
Q

What do chief cells secrete

A

pepsinogen and gastric lipase

36
Q

Protein digestion begins with (blank) which is converted to active pepsin in acidic stomach environments.

A

pepsinogen

37
Q

Most of a liquid meal exits in (blank) hours and most of a solid meal exits in (blank) hours

A

1-2

2-3

38
Q

The higher the (blank) and (blank) will increase transit time in the stomach

A

fat and solid

39
Q

Where does the formation of chyme take place?

A

the stomach

40
Q

A (blank) layer protects the stomach from digestion

A

mucus

41
Q

Does the stomach absorb a large amount of nutrients?

A

NO it has very little absorption of nutrients

42
Q

What phase of gastric acid secretion is this?
Mediated by luminal distention and nutrient assimilation.
Chyme stimulates the duodenum to release secretin and cholecystokinin that will stimulate the pancreas and gallbladder to release bicarbonate, proteases and bile to neutralize the acid and start formal protein and fat digestion.

A

Intestinal phase

43
Q

What is mediated by luminal distention and nutrient assimilation?

A

the intestinal phase

44
Q

Chyme stimulates the duodenum to release (blank) and (blank).

A

secretin and cholecystokinin

45
Q

Secretin and cholecystokinin will stimulate what 2 organs to produce something?

A

the pancrease and gallbladder

46
Q

When the pancrease and gallbladder are stimulated by secretin and CCK, what do they secrete?

A

bicarb, proteases and bile

47
Q

Where does most digestions and absorption happen?

A

in the small intestine

48
Q

WHat are the three parts of the small intestine?

What part is the longest?

A

duodenum
jejunum
illeum
Ileum>jejunum>duodenum

49
Q

What is the difference between a vitamin and a mineral?

A

a vitamin is organic while a mineral is inorganic

50
Q

What has folded walls with villi projects?

A

small intestine

51
Q

Where are absorptive cells locates on the small intestines?

A

on the villi

52
Q

Why is the small intestine awesome at absorption?

A

it has high cell turnover and a large surface area

53
Q

Is energy used to absorb nutrients in the small intestine?

A

yes

54
Q

Where does the absorbed nutrients from the small intestine go?

A

into the blood (water soluble) or into the lymph (fat soluble)

55
Q

Once nutrients enter the blood,where do they go?

A

to the liver and then to general circulation

56
Q

What detoxifies and repackages the nutrients of the blood?

A

the liver

57
Q

Does the large intestine have villi?
enzymes?
little digestion occuring here?
absorption of water, some minerals and vitamins?

A

no
no
yes, very little digestion occurs
yes

58
Q

Where does bacteria break down fiber and produce vitamin K?

A

the large intestine

59
Q

Where does the formation of feces for elimination occur?

A

large intestine

60
Q

What is the gastro-colic reflex?

A

a stretch in the stomach increases motility

61
Q

What is the gastro-colic reflex mediated by?

A

serotonin, neurotensin, CCK, and gastrin

62
Q

What is responsible for the urge to defecate following a meal?

A

gastro-colic reflex

63
Q

What is one of the mechanisms to explain IBS?

A

gastro-colic reflex

64
Q

Where is there stool and elimination is stimulated here. Muscle contraction also occurs here and there is an anal sphincter that is voluntarily controlled

A

rectum

Block 3 Week 1 (18 decks)

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