Valenick Carb Metabolism II Flashcards
What are the four things that pyruvate can turn into?
lactate
acetyl coa
oxaloacetate
alanine
How can pyruvate turn into lactate?
through reduction
How can pyruvate turn into acetyl CoA?
oxidative decarboxylation
How can pyruvate turn into oxaloacetate?
through carboxylation
How can pyruvate turn into alanine?
through transamination
How does glucose turn into pyruvate?
through glycolysis
Under what conditions does pyruvate dehydrogenase work?
aerobic conditions
What reaction does pyruvate dehydrogenase participate in?
Pyruvate + NAD+ + CoA-SH → Acetyl-CoA + NADH + CO2
C3-> C2 +CO2
The reoxidation of (blank) produces the bulk of ATP by OX-Phos.
coenzymes
What is the first step of turning pyruvate into acetyl coA?
moving it into the mitochondria
travels through pore of outter membrane and through pyruvate transporter of inner membrane to get to mito matrix.
Once pyruvate enters the mito matrix, what happens to it?
it is oxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl co-A
What links glycolysis to the TCA cycle?
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Where is pyruvate dehydrogenase and what is it essential for?
the mito matrix; for cellular respiration
What type of dehydrogenase is pyruvate dehydrogenase? Is it reversible?
an alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase
NOOOOOO
What makes up the PDH Complex?
3 catalytic enzymes and 5 coenzymes
What are the three catalytic enzymes that make up the PDH complex?
E1 = Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) E2 = Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (DLTA) E3 = Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DLDH)
What are the five coenzymes that make up the PDH complex?
TPP = Thiamine pyrophosphate CoA = Coenzyme A NAD+ = Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide FAD + = Flavin adenine dinucleotide Lipoamide
4 of the 5 coenzymes of the DHP complex need vitamins for synthesis; what are they? TPP? CoA? NAD? FAD? Lipoamide?
Thiamine B1 Panthothenic acid B5 Niacin B3 Riboflavin B2 none NOTE: a deficiency of any of these vitamins can impair the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction
In thiamin deficiency (Beriberi), what accumulate after eating lots of carbs and why is this bad?
pyruvate, lactate and alanine.
Most pyruvate turns into lactate which leads to lactic acidosis and impaired CNS Function (due to brains dependence on glucose)
What are the components of the coenzyme TPP?
pyrimidine ring
thiazole ring,
pyrophosphate (diphosphate) functional group.
Thiamine pyrophosphate is bound (blank) to the apoprotein.
noncovalently
TPP acts as a carrier of (blank) and of the hydroxyethyl group that is formed by pyruvate decarboxylation.
pyruvate
(blank) is required for E2
lipoamide
(blank) is bound covalently with an amide linkage to a lys residue. It participates as a redox system and carrier of the acetyl group.
lipoic acid
we synthesize (blank) directly onto the E2 Enzyme and no free lipoic acid is produced.
lipoate
What are the components of lipoamide?
lipoic acid, lys residue of E2 and polypeptide chain of E2
What is the prosthetic group of DLTA?
lipoamide
What is coenzyme A required for?
DLTA
What are the components of coenzyme A?
acetyl coA, panthothenic acid (vit B5) and 3 phosphoadenosine diphosphate
What 2 coenzymes are required for DLDH?
NAD and FAD
What does this describe?
A hydroxyl group of pantothenic acid is joined to a modified ADP moiety by a phosphate ester bond, and its carboxyl group is attached to β-mercaptoethylamine in amide linkage.
The hydroxyl group at the 3′ position of the ADP moiety has a phosphoryl group not present in free ADP.
The -SH group of the mercaptoethylamine moiety forms a thioester with acetate in Acetyl-CoA.
Coenzyme A
What participates in hydride transfers?
What participates in electron transfers?
NAD+
FAD
what are the components of NAD+?
adenine, di phosphate, Niacin (vit B3)
What are the components of FAD?
adenine, di phosphate, riboflavin (vit B2)
What are 2 enzymes found tethered to the PDH complex? What do these enzymes do? Phosphorylation causes what?
PDH kinase (4 isoforms) and PDH phosphatase (2 isoforms)
They regulate PDH activity through reversible covalent phosphorylation
inactivation of PDH
Complete glucose oxidation begins where and ends where?
begins in the cytoplasm
ends in the mitochondria
Describe the steps of complete glucose oxidation
D glucose->glycolysis->2 pyruvate -> PDH-> 2 acetyl CoA->TCA-> 4 CO2
Is there an 02 requirement for glycolysis?
Is there an O2 requirement for pyruvate dehydrenase plus TCA cycle activity?
no
yes
The catabolic pathways convert the carbon of substrates to (blank)
carbon dioxide
The hydrogen initially is transferrred to the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD. The reduced coenzymes then are reoxidized by the respiratory chain. Most of the ATP is produced in the process of (Blank), which couples the oxidation of the reduced coenzymes to ATP synthesis.
oxidative phosphorylation
(blank) is the gateway to oxidative metabolism of the food we eat.
acetyl coA
What four things can make acetyl coa?
AA, FA, Ketones, Pyruvate
explain how you can start with glucose and get to reduced coenzymes?
glucose->pyruvate->acetyl CoA-> TCA-> reduced coenzymes
For the generation of metabolic energy, all major nutrients are degraded to (blank). These include carbs, fats, protein and alchol.
acetyl CoA
What can Acetyl Co A become?
acetylated products, cholesterol, ketone bodies, fatty acids, into the TCA cycle
What is the final common pathway for the oxidation of all major nutrients.
TCA cycle
What are the irreversible steps of the TCA cycle?
isocitrate dehydrogenase
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
citrate synthase
What is the limiting step of the TCA cycle?
oxaloacetate
What two steps of the TCA cycle can leave the mitochondria?
citrate, malate
What step of the TCA cycle is bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane?
succinate dehydrogenase
What three steps of the TCA cycle give off NADH?
isocitrate dehydrogenase
alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
malate dehydrogenase
To balance the two carbons of acetyl-CoA that enter the TCA cycle, each turn of the cycle releases two carbons as (blank). THe hydrogen in the substrate does not form water, but is transferred to the coenzymes (blank) and (blank).
carbon dioxide
NAD+ and FAD
How many molecules of NADH and FADH2 are formed in each turn of the cycle?
3 of NADH
1 of FADH2
The energy yield of the TCA cycle is about (blank) ATP for NADH oxidation and (blank) ATP for FADH2 oxidation.
3
2
Therefore the overall energy yield from the oxidation of one acetyl residue is (blank) high-energy phosphate bonds: one from substrate-level phosphorylation and 11 by the reoxidation of the reduced coenzymes.
12
Where in the TCA cycle do you produce ATP (GTP)?
succinate dehydrogenase
The efficiency of glucose oxidation is close to (blank) percent.
40%.
What are the sources of blood glucose?
food
glycogen degredation (liver)
gluconeogenesis (liver and kidney)
What is the only source of glucose during prolonged fasting?
liver
How does the liver and kidney make glucose?
during gluconeogenesis using AAs, lactate and glycerol
(blank) is the net synthesis or formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates.
gluconeogenesis
gluconeogenesis produces glucose from (blank x 3)
amino acids, lactic acid, glycerol