W9 - Insomnia, Liver diseases, Parkinson's, SIBO Flashcards
Which of the below falls into the definition of insomnia?
a. Difficulty falling asleep
b. Frequent/early wakening
c. Non-restorative sleep
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Sleep onset/latency insomnia = difficulty falling asleep
Maintenance insomnia = frequent/early wakening or non-restorative sleep
Which type of insomnia is associated with excess fatigue?
a. Sleep onset insomnia
b. Maintenance insomnia
b. Maintenance insomnia (frequent/early wakening or non-restorative sleep)
Select the characterizations of insomnia:
a. Primary insomnia
b. Secondary insomnia
c. Tertiary insomnia
d. All of the above
Primary insomnia = no medical, psychiatric, environmental cause
Secondary insomnia = due to medical / psychiatric disorder that will resolve when the disorder is adequately treated/addressed
Which type of insomnia is most strongly associated with blood sugar dysregulation?
a. Sleep onset insomnia
b. Maintenance insomnia
b. Maintenance insomnia
Select the different types of insomnia that can exist:
a. acute insomnia
b. transient insomnia
c. short term insomnia
d. chronic insomnia
Transient Insomnia: lasts up to 1 week, likely caused by an acute situational stress
Short term insomnia: Lasts up to 6 months, associated to more persistent stress
Chronic insomnia: lasts more than 6 months, may manifest from health conditions.
What contributes to fatty liver?
a. rise in triglycerides
b. rise in LDL
c. rise in HDL
a. rise in triglycerides
The increased ratio of NADH to NAD+ in the presence of excess alcohol, called an altered redox state, drives pyruvate to lactate instead of to acetyl CoA. High levels of lactate generated from pyruvate suggest an abnormality in the recycling of NADH to NAD+ caused by excessive alcohol ingestion. In addition, instead of entering the TCA cycle, where more NADH is produced, acetyl CoA is converted to ketone bodies and fatty acids. As a result, a ketoacidotic state develops and fatty acids are converted to triglycerides. In turn, a significant rise in triglyceride levels can lead to fatty liver.
Hark, p. 310
True or false: decreased albumin accurately reflects protein status in those with severe liver disease.
False - Decreased albumin, may not accurately reflect protein status in patients with severe liver disease because albumin is synthesized in the liver and is also influenced by hydration status. Usually, the liver retains its capacity to produce albumin until end-stage liver disease.
Hark, p. 312
_____ is when fat accumulates in liver cells and causes inflammation.
a. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
b. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
c. Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD)
a. Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)
(If just have fat but no damage to liver = nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). If fat in liver plus signs of inflammation and liver cell damage = nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)).
Referred to as “silent” liver disease because people with NASH
often feel well and do not realize they have any liver problems. However, left untreated, NASH can eventually lead to cirrhosis, permanent damage and scarring of tissue that can
lead to liver cancer or liver failure.
Associated w/ MetS - Excess triglycerides in the diet and hyperinsulinemia caused by insulin resistance can change the way fatty acids are metabolized and cause a build-up of fat in liver cells. This causes mitochondrial dysfunction and makes the liver more susceptible to inflammation and oxidative stress.
Hepatitis ___ is the most common cause of ____ hepatitis in the U.S. (50-75% of hepatitis cases).
a. A; chronic
b. C; chronic
c. A; acute
d. C; acute
b. C; chronic
Hepatitis = ‘inflammation of the liver’. Can be further classified into acute or chronic hepatitis (the latter being present for 6+ months) or into viral or alcoholic hepatitis. The inflammation can lead to fibrosis, and, over time, to cirrhosis (which then confers an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma). Hepatitis tends to develop slowly and without any apparent or obvious symptoms or signs and is often not detected until cirrhosis has set in.
What is thought to contribute to Parkinson’s disease?
a. deficiency of dopamine
b. insufficient epi/norepi conversion
c. inherited disorder
a. A deficiency in the chemical dopamine can cause symptoms of Parkinson’s disease
Parkinson’s occurs when the nerve cells in the brain don’t produce enough dopamine, which can be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Huntington’s is an inherited disorder caused by a genetic abnormality.
