Minerals - Ca, Mg, P, Na Flashcards
99% of the calcium in the body is stored in ____________.
The remaining 1% is found in the ____________________.
- The skeleton, including bones and teeth.
- Blood, muscles, and tissues.
Calcium exists in the serum in 3 forms (name them and give percentages).
- Protein bound (albumin or globulin) - 40%
- Chelated - 9%
- Free (Ionized) - 51% (able to be used)
Calcium in the blood, muscle, and other tissues is used for (3 things)_____________________________________.
Enzyme activation, blood clotting, and muscle contraction.
Normal range for serum total calcium on a lab is: __ - __
8.5-10.5 mg/dL
(Normal range in serum for ionized calcium = 4.5-5.5 mg/dL
Calcium levels in the body are regulated by _____ (4 answers)
Parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, phosphorus, and calcitonin
Calcium is regulated in (3 locations)______
Kidney, bone, and GI tract
__________ stimulates calcium absorption in the GI tract, while ____________ inhibits it.
vitamin D, phosphorus
Ionized calcium is affected by _______.
Ph levels. As serum pH rises calcium binds with protein.
What are the 6 functions of calcium?
- Bone mineralization (calcium levels change constantly throughout the day - moving 250-1000mg in and out of bone tissue)
- Maintenance of cell membrane permeability
- Muscle contraction
- Blood clotting
- Nerve impulse conduction
- Blood pressure regulation
Magnesium competes with _______ for absorption.
Calcium.
Vitamin D enhances Mg absorption
Magnesium is found in _________(4 places).
Intracellular and extracellular fluid, bone, and muscle.
The _________is the principal modulator of Mg homeostasis.
The kidney. Through filtration and reabsorption.
Only _____% of the bodys Mg pool is found in the blood.
1%.
And Mg is a co-factor for more than 300 enzymatic reactions
Mg is absorbed in the ________ (2 places).
Distal jejunum, and ileum.
Mg is more efficiently absorbed when intake is _______.
Low
Magnesium functions (list 6).
- Suppresses PTH secretion (though Calcium is better at this).
- Protein synthesis
- Cell replication
- Neural impulse transmission (along with calcium, sodium, and potassium).
- Component in bones and teeth.
- In ATP requiring reactions for metabolism and active transport (chelates ATP and ADP molecules).
Mg deficiency is _____, though average intake of magnesium is ______.
rare (due to presence in wide variety of foods).
lower than what it should be (on average 100mg less than RDA for men and 80mg less for women).
What is some of the main mechanisms and role of sulfur?
integral part of glutathione, insulin, keratan and other glycosaminoglycans in skin, cartilage, and connective tissue, serves as a site for attachment and transfer of single carbon methyl groups, is a component of many coenzymes
Mg deficiency can occur in people with _______ or _______ problems.
Absorption, excretion. Including: intestinal malabsorption, surgical removal of lower part of intestine, diuretic medications, vomiting, kidney disease, chronic alcohol abuse, hyperparathyroidism, and liver cirrhosis.
Symptoms of Mg deficiency (list 10).
Fatigue, lethargy, weakness, poor appetite, impaired speech, anemia, irregular heartbeat, tremors, and failure to thrive.
(Clinical signs = rapid heart rate, cardiac fibrillation, and convulsions).
Low levels of calcium and potassium in the blood can indicate a ____________ deficiency.
Magnesium.
Magnesium toxicity is most common in __________.
Renal failure. Also - watch for high doses of magnesium supplements.
Symptoms of magnesium toxicity include (6):
diarrhea, muscle weakness, nausea, extremely low blood pressure, difficulty breathing, irregular heartbeat.
Magnesium is required for normal _____ functioning.
PTH. Therefore mg levels may alter calcium and phosphorous homeostasis (PTH raises calcium in blood by pulling it from bone and increasing absorption in the GI tract.
Food sources of magnesium
Whole grains, leafy greens, nuts & seeds (especially pumpkin seeds, cashews, almonds, and flaxseeds), legumes, and dark chocolate.
(tip - foods high in fiber are high in Mg. When you think Mg, think fiber!)
The tolerable upper limit for magnesium has been established at ______mg/day for adults and adolescents.
350mg/day
Clinical uses for Mg.
Bowel preparation (for medical procedures), constipation, indigestion, seizures in women with eclampsia, pre-eclampsia preventative for eclampsia, asthma, diabetes/pre-diabetes, chronically low levels of potassium or calcium, malabsorptive diseases (such as celiac), pts taking diuretics, and elderly, mild hypertension, migraine headaches.
When taken with _____ and ______, Mg supplementation can improve insomnia in older individuals.
Zinc, melatonin.
Normal lab values for Mg are ___________.
1.5-2.3 mg/dl mg/dL.
Magnesium can decrease the absorption and effectiveness of numerous medications, including:
Some antibiotics (ie: cipro, minocycline, doxycyline), statins such as resuvastatin (crestor), and atorvastatin (lipitor), gabapentin, and levothyroxine.
Low magnesium intake has been correlated with __________________(5 conditions).
Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes.
What are some food sources of sulfur?
beef, dried beans and peas, peanut butter and wheat germ
What is the role of tin?
a component of the respiratory electron transport chain and can interfere with porphyrin biosynthesis and enhance heme breakdown
What is the main role of cobalt?
intrinsic part of the active site of vitamin B12 (hence the alternative name, cobalamin).
Adenosylcobalamin (the activated form of the vitamin) is required for the conversion of methionine from homocysteine and of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA.
Food sources of cobalt include?
meats and animal foods.
Chronic exposure of ___________ (mineral) can lead to toxicity, causing diminished tissue respiration, inhibited glycolytic utilization of glucose by
erythrocytes, mottled teeth and skeletal deformations.
Fluorine
What are foods sources of fluorine?
seafood, tea leaves, water in some areas, meats, poultry and whole grains
What is the main roles of fluorine?
- prevents anemia of pregnancy
- reduces the formation of acid in the mouth caused by carbohydrates- —
- contributes hardening to tooth enamel
- contributes to stability of bone matrix
- is required for growth and fertility
What foods give us exposure to tin?
contamination from tin cans and other food packaging
Intake of chromium below 30 μg/day has been associated with decreased
skeletal mass
Primer Q #80
The daily calcium requirements of postmenopausal women who are not receiving estrogen replacement therapy are approximately:
1,500 mg of calcium as calcium carbonate
Primer Q #81
The daily calcium requirements of postmenopausal women who are not receiving estrogen replacement therapy can be met by the daily consumption of how many cups of skim milk?
5 cups
Primer Q #82
Reduced consumption of salt and salty foods may
reduce blood volume and blood pressure
Primer Q #83
What is the second most abundant mineral in the body?
Phosphorus
Phosphorous is present in the body mostly in ___ and ___
85% of phosphorus exists in BONES and TEETH as hydroxyapatite
Phosphorous is absorbed in the form of _____ mostly in the ____ _____
Absorbed as phosphate, mostly in the small intestine
Hark, p. 73
______-______ antacids can reduce phosphate absorption
aluminum-containing antacids (forms aluminum-phosphate complex and can’t be absorbed)
Hark, p. 73