Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CNS Exam > Life Cycles > Flashcards

Life Cycles Flashcards

1
Q

Some nutrients requirements are greater during lactation than during pregnancy; however, the requirements are the same for:

A

calcium and iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When are energy and protein needs the greatest during pregnancy?

A

3rd trimester

Primer, p. 131

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

On average, how many extra kcal per day are needed during pregnancy? How many extra kcal per day are needed per trimester?

A

Average = 300-400 kcal/day

By trimester:

  • T1 = +0 (normal adult needs)
  • T2 = +340 kcal/day
  • T3 = +452 kcal/day
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

On average, how many extra grams of protein per day are needed during pregnancy? How many total grams of protein per day are needed per trimester?

A

Average = 6 g/day

By trimester

  • T1 = normal adult needs (~46g/day)
  • T2 + T3: = 71g/day
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Blood volume doubles from ___ to ___ age

A

From 4 to 12 months of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most rapid period of growth in life?

A

0-6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The fetus acquires most of its calcium during ____:

A

the 3rd trimester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The most serious consequence of feeding ‘double-strength’ formula to an infant is likely to be

A

dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the major growth phases in life?

A

Infancy - Toddlerhood (0-2 years)
Childhood (2-10 years)
Puberty (11-12 years)

Primer, p. 129

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Increased focus on weight / body image in adolescent girls may be associated with the following weight loss tactics:

A

Appetite suppressants, exogenous thyroid hormones, cathartics, laxatives, tobacco use, unsupervised exercise programs, fad diets lacking adequate nutrients

Primer, p. 130

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Increased focus on weight / body image in adolescent girls can cause inadequate intake of which key nutrients for this life stage?

A

Calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, vit A, vit B6

Primer p. 130

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The main psychosocial changes during adolescence include:

A
  1. Emotional - development of ego identity
  2. Cognitive - comprehension of abstract concepts

Primer, p. 129

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List the 5 main nutritional implications of the psychosocial changes during adolescence:

A
  1. Shift away from family as food source & influence of food choices –> eating/influenced by peers
  2. Meal patterns become more erratic / meals may be skipped - snacking is more common
  3. Increased awareness of wt, body image & sexuality - increased focus on wt loss (esp. females)
  4. Pursuit of physical fitness - can increase nutrient needs / lead to unproven nutritional strategies to improve performance
  5. Lack of success in coping with developmental changes may lead to life-threatening eating disorders

Primer, p. 129-130

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The shift towards more snacking in adolescence can be associated with excessive amounts of __, __, __ and __?

A

fat (saturated, cholesterol), added sugar, sodium, protein

Primer, p. 130

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List the main changes of puberty:

A 
Sexual maturation
Increases in height/weight 
Increases in lean body mass
Increases in body fat 
Increases in skeletal mass
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What life stage has the greatest energy & nutrient requirements?

A

Puberty (adolescence) - due to increases in lean body mass, skeletal mass & body fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Adolescent acne may be exacerbated by deficiency of _____:

A

zinc

Primer, p. 130

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

High intakes of sucrose in adolescence may contribute to the beginnings of ________ disease

A

periodontal

Primer, p. 130

19
Q

What factors can be increased in adolescence and young adulthood (before age 25) to reduce the risk of osteoporosis later in life?

A

increased calcium intake and increased physical activity - via enhancing bone mineralization

Primer, p. 130

20
Q

The best predictor of energy needs during adolescence is:

A

Increase in height

21
Q

In men between the ages of 25 and 75, average daily iron needs generally:

A

stay the same

22
Q

Risk factors for nutrient deficiencies in adults include:

A
  • inadequate / unbalanced food intake
  • following food fads
  • medication, drug & alcohol use
  • disease states that create secondary nutrient deficiencies
  • enteral or parental nutrition support
  • renal dialysis
  • behavioral disorders affecting food intake
  • protein-energy malnutrition
23
Q

Aging is associated with several changes in metabolism, including:

A

decreased basal metabolic rate, reduced muscle mass, increased fat deposition

24
Q

Elderly have a high prevalence of risk of deficiency for the following 11 nutrients:

A 
calories
calcium
iron
magnesium
folate
thiamin
riboflavin
vitamin B6
vitamin B12
vitamin C
vitamin D

Primer, p. 131

25
Q

List key determinants of nutritional status in the elderly: __, __, __, __, __, __

A
  • Psychosocial changes (i.e. loss of spouse, retirement)
  • Physical disabilities that interfere w/ shopping & meal prep
  • Economic status
  • Concomitant medical conditions (esp chronic diseases)
  • Medication-induced nutritional deficiencies
  • Oral status - i.e. edentia (no teeth), hypogeusia (loss of taste), periodontitis

Primer, p. 131

26
Q

Which two serum markers are important to evaluate in the elderly? What causes these markers to be low in these populations?

A

Hemoglobin – often due to age-related reductions in hematopoiesis, chronic inflammation, low serum folate concentrations, or iron deficiency anemia

Albumin – often due to lower set point for albumin synthesis aging

Primer, p. 132

27
Q

True or false: dietary protein is usually effective in increasing serum albumin in the elderly

A

False

Primer, p. 132

28
Q

Serum albumin concentration less than __ g/dL is indicative of malnutrition in an elderly person

A

< 3.5 g/dL

Primer, p. 132

29
Q

Age-related changes in body composition include:

A

Loss of lean body mass and bone density
Increase in body fat
Redistribution of adipose tissue

Primer, p. 132

30
Q

Changes in ____ can be used to reflect the nutritional status of elderly individuals

A

Weight

Primer, p. 132

31
Q

Clinical signs of malnutrition in the elderly are less applicable than in younger adults because _____ ?

A

Signs of aging can mimic malnutrition (i.e. flaking skin, sparse hair, fissured tongue, friable gums

Primer, p. 132

32
Q

What is the difference between the dietary restrictions of lacto-ovo vegetarian, lacto-vegetarian, ovo-vegetarian and macrobiotic vegetarian diets?

A

Lacto-ovo vegetarian diets allows consumption of dairy + eggs

Lacto-vegetarian diets excludes eggs but allow dairy

Ovo-vegetarian diets exclude dairy but allow eggs

Macrobiotic vegetarian diets allow seafood and limits nuts, seeds & fruit

*All of these diets exclude meat, poultry, fish, seafood

Primer, p. 133

33
Q

An approximate ___% to ___% increase in the recommended daily protein intake (to approx. __g/kg of body weight) should be used to account for the lower digestibility of protein in strict vegetarian/vegan diets

A

15% to 25% increase in daily protein

protein should account for 1g/kg of body weight

Primer p. 133

34
Q

What three food groups are important to emphasize to vegetarians as good sources of protein? How many servings per day is recommended?

A
  • Dairy (low-fat) - 2-3 servings per day
  • Legumes, seeds & nuts - 1-2 servings per day
  • Grains - at least 6 servings per day
35
Q

Dairy is an excellent source of ___, ___, ___, and ___ for vegetarians

A

protein, calcium, riboflavin, vit B12

Primer, p. 134

36
Q

Because absorption of calcium in vegetarian diets may be about ___% less efficient than calcium in animal-based diets, vegetarian diets should ____ the current calcium recommendations

A

20% less

Exceed

Primer p. 134

37
Q

Good food sources of calcium for vegetarians include:

A

Nuts, leafy greens, tofu, fortified soy milk, fortified orange juice, (and dairy, if permitted)

Primer, p. 134

38
Q

What nutrients are particularly important to pay attention to in vegans?

A

protein, calcium, zinc, iron, long chain omega 3s, vits D, B6, B12

39
Q

Avoidance of foods of animal origin requires dietary proteins to be:

A

balanced in their essential amino acid composition

40
Q

For athletes / physically active individuals, protein requirements are only increased in which circumstance?

A

Only during times of true gain in actual muscle mass (not during “body shaping” or weight loss regimens)

Primer, p. 135

41
Q

Cow’s milk is unsuitable for infants less than a year of age due to:

a. Large amounts of whey protein
b. Inadequate fat content
c. High cholesterol level
d. High renal solute load

A

D - Cow’s milk is unsuitable for infants less than a year of age due to its high renal solute load, which stresses the infant’s kidneys. Cow’s milk contains casein protein, which is less digestible than whey, and its percentages of fat and cholesterol are not significantly different from that of breast milk.

Practicequiz.com question of the day

42
Q

For children under 2 years of age, the CDC and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends using the:

a. WHO growth charts
b. CDC growth charts

A

a. WHO growth charts

The WHO growth charts were created with longitudinal length and weight data measured at frequent intervals among breastfed children up to 2 years of age and cross-sectional data up to 5 years of age (60 months old), using data from six countries (Brazil, Ghana, India, Norway, Oman, and the United States). For these young children, growth assessment should also include measuring head circumference.

Hark, p. 147

43
Q

True or false? During puberty, lean body mass (LBM) increases, approximately tripling in boys and doubling in girls.

A

True

Hark, p. 151

CNS Exam (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions