Life Cycles Flashcards
Some nutrients requirements are greater during lactation than during pregnancy; however, the requirements are the same for:
calcium and iron
When are energy and protein needs the greatest during pregnancy?
3rd trimester
Primer, p. 131
On average, how many extra kcal per day are needed during pregnancy? How many extra kcal per day are needed per trimester?
Average = 300-400 kcal/day
By trimester:
- T1 = +0 (normal adult needs)
- T2 = +340 kcal/day
- T3 = +452 kcal/day
On average, how many extra grams of protein per day are needed during pregnancy? How many total grams of protein per day are needed per trimester?
Average = 6 g/day
By trimester
- T1 = normal adult needs (~46g/day)
- T2 + T3: = 71g/day
Blood volume doubles from ___ to ___ age
From 4 to 12 months of age
What is the most rapid period of growth in life?
0-6 months
The fetus acquires most of its calcium during ____:
the 3rd trimester
The most serious consequence of feeding ‘double-strength’ formula to an infant is likely to be
dehydration
What are the major growth phases in life?
Infancy - Toddlerhood (0-2 years)
Childhood (2-10 years)
Puberty (11-12 years)
Primer, p. 129
Increased focus on weight / body image in adolescent girls may be associated with the following weight loss tactics:
Appetite suppressants, exogenous thyroid hormones, cathartics, laxatives, tobacco use, unsupervised exercise programs, fad diets lacking adequate nutrients
Primer, p. 130
Increased focus on weight / body image in adolescent girls can cause inadequate intake of which key nutrients for this life stage?
Calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, vit A, vit B6
Primer p. 130
The main psychosocial changes during adolescence include:
- Emotional - development of ego identity
- Cognitive - comprehension of abstract concepts
Primer, p. 129
List the 5 main nutritional implications of the psychosocial changes during adolescence:
- Shift away from family as food source & influence of food choices –> eating/influenced by peers
- Meal patterns become more erratic / meals may be skipped - snacking is more common
- Increased awareness of wt, body image & sexuality - increased focus on wt loss (esp. females)
- Pursuit of physical fitness - can increase nutrient needs / lead to unproven nutritional strategies to improve performance
- Lack of success in coping with developmental changes may lead to life-threatening eating disorders
Primer, p. 129-130
The shift towards more snacking in adolescence can be associated with excessive amounts of __, __, __ and __?
fat (saturated, cholesterol), added sugar, sodium, protein
Primer, p. 130
List the main changes of puberty:
Sexual maturation Increases in height/weight Increases in lean body mass Increases in body fat Increases in skeletal mass
What life stage has the greatest energy & nutrient requirements?
Puberty (adolescence) - due to increases in lean body mass, skeletal mass & body fat
Adolescent acne may be exacerbated by deficiency of _____:
zinc
Primer, p. 130
High intakes of sucrose in adolescence may contribute to the beginnings of ________ disease
periodontal
Primer, p. 130
What factors can be increased in adolescence and young adulthood (before age 25) to reduce the risk of osteoporosis later in life?
increased calcium intake and increased physical activity - via enhancing bone mineralization
Primer, p. 130
The best predictor of energy needs during adolescence is:
Increase in height
In men between the ages of 25 and 75, average daily iron needs generally:
stay the same
Risk factors for nutrient deficiencies in adults include:
- inadequate / unbalanced food intake
- following food fads
- medication, drug & alcohol use
- disease states that create secondary nutrient deficiencies
- enteral or parental nutrition support
- renal dialysis
- behavioral disorders affecting food intake
- protein-energy malnutrition
Aging is associated with several changes in metabolism, including:
decreased basal metabolic rate, reduced muscle mass, increased fat deposition
Elderly have a high prevalence of risk of deficiency for the following 11 nutrients:
calories calcium iron magnesium folate thiamin riboflavin vitamin B6 vitamin B12 vitamin C vitamin D
Primer, p. 131
List key determinants of nutritional status in the elderly: __, __, __, __, __, __
- Psychosocial changes (i.e. loss of spouse, retirement)
- Physical disabilities that interfere w/ shopping & meal prep
- Economic status
- Concomitant medical conditions (esp chronic diseases)
- Medication-induced nutritional deficiencies
- Oral status - i.e. edentia (no teeth), hypogeusia (loss of taste), periodontitis
Primer, p. 131
Which two serum markers are important to evaluate in the elderly? What causes these markers to be low in these populations?
Hemoglobin – often due to age-related reductions in hematopoiesis, chronic inflammation, low serum folate concentrations, or iron deficiency anemia
Albumin – often due to lower set point for albumin synthesis aging
Primer, p. 132
True or false: dietary protein is usually effective in increasing serum albumin in the elderly
False
Primer, p. 132
Serum albumin concentration less than __ g/dL is indicative of malnutrition in an elderly person
< 3.5 g/dL
Primer, p. 132
Age-related changes in body composition include:
Loss of lean body mass and bone density
Increase in body fat
Redistribution of adipose tissue
Primer, p. 132
Changes in ____ can be used to reflect the nutritional status of elderly individuals
Weight
Primer, p. 132
Clinical signs of malnutrition in the elderly are less applicable than in younger adults because _____ ?
Signs of aging can mimic malnutrition (i.e. flaking skin, sparse hair, fissured tongue, friable gums
Primer, p. 132
What is the difference between the dietary restrictions of lacto-ovo vegetarian, lacto-vegetarian, ovo-vegetarian and macrobiotic vegetarian diets?
Lacto-ovo vegetarian diets allows consumption of dairy + eggs
Lacto-vegetarian diets excludes eggs but allow dairy
Ovo-vegetarian diets exclude dairy but allow eggs
Macrobiotic vegetarian diets allow seafood and limits nuts, seeds & fruit
*All of these diets exclude meat, poultry, fish, seafood
Primer, p. 133
An approximate ___% to ___% increase in the recommended daily protein intake (to approx. __g/kg of body weight) should be used to account for the lower digestibility of protein in strict vegetarian/vegan diets
15% to 25% increase in daily protein
protein should account for 1g/kg of body weight
Primer p. 133
What three food groups are important to emphasize to vegetarians as good sources of protein? How many servings per day is recommended?
- Dairy (low-fat) - 2-3 servings per day
- Legumes, seeds & nuts - 1-2 servings per day
- Grains - at least 6 servings per day
Dairy is an excellent source of ___, ___, ___, and ___ for vegetarians
protein, calcium, riboflavin, vit B12
Primer, p. 134
Because absorption of calcium in vegetarian diets may be about ___% less efficient than calcium in animal-based diets, vegetarian diets should ____ the current calcium recommendations
20% less
Exceed
Primer p. 134
Good food sources of calcium for vegetarians include:
Nuts, leafy greens, tofu, fortified soy milk, fortified orange juice, (and dairy, if permitted)
Primer, p. 134
What nutrients are particularly important to pay attention to in vegans?
protein, calcium, zinc, iron, long chain omega 3s, vits D, B6, B12
Avoidance of foods of animal origin requires dietary proteins to be:
balanced in their essential amino acid composition
For athletes / physically active individuals, protein requirements are only increased in which circumstance?
Only during times of true gain in actual muscle mass (not during “body shaping” or weight loss regimens)
Primer, p. 135
Cow’s milk is unsuitable for infants less than a year of age due to:
a. Large amounts of whey protein
b. Inadequate fat content
c. High cholesterol level
d. High renal solute load
D - Cow’s milk is unsuitable for infants less than a year of age due to its high renal solute load, which stresses the infant’s kidneys. Cow’s milk contains casein protein, which is less digestible than whey, and its percentages of fat and cholesterol are not significantly different from that of breast milk.
Practicequiz.com question of the day
For children under 2 years of age, the CDC and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends using the:
a. WHO growth charts
b. CDC growth charts
a. WHO growth charts
The WHO growth charts were created with longitudinal length and weight data measured at frequent intervals among breastfed children up to 2 years of age and cross-sectional data up to 5 years of age (60 months old), using data from six countries (Brazil, Ghana, India, Norway, Oman, and the United States). For these young children, growth assessment should also include measuring head circumference.
Hark, p. 147
True or false? During puberty, lean body mass (LBM) increases, approximately tripling in boys and doubling in girls.
True
Hark, p. 151
