W10 Case Study - T1D and T2D

Question 1

Insulin resistance is defined as:
A. insulin production stops
B. diminished sensitivity of cells to the action of insulin.
C. insulin production decreases
D. None of the above

Answer 1

B. diminished sensitivity of cells to the action of insulin.

Question 2

By the time diabetes develops, the individual has lost as much as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ percent of beta-cell function
A. 50%
B. 20%
C. 70%
D. 40%

Answer 2

A. 50%

Question 3

Prediabetes, also known as impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose, is the precursor to \_\_\_\_\_
A. heart disease
B. diabetes
C. stroke
D. eczema

Answer 3

B. diabetes

Question 4

Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes are characterized by both a progressive decrease in insulin production by the \_\_\_\_\_\_ and the development of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose cells, and the liver.
A. liver
B. stomach
C. pancreas
D. gallbladder

Answer 4

C. pancreas

Question 5

The effects of insulin resistance in muscle tissue are postprandial ________ and impaired glucose tolerance and in adipose cells an ______ in circulating free fatty acids.
A. Hypoglycemia/decrease
B. hyperglycemia/increase
C. None of the above

Answer 5

B. hyperglycemia/increase

Question 6

Normal values for fasting glucose are:
A. 60-80mg/dL
B. 70-80mg/dL
C. 70-99mg/dL
D.  None of the above

Answer 6

C. 70-99

*Walsh’s range I believe caps at 88mg/dL

Question 7

HgA1c is a measurement of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ hemoglobin over \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_days
A. elevated/60
B. decreased/90
C. glycated/90
D. none of the above

Answer 7

C. glycated/90

Question 8

Normal levels for HgA1c are\_\_\_\_\_
A. 3-4%
B. 9-10%
C. 7-8%
D.4-6%

Answer 8

D. 4-6%

Question 9

Fun Fact: The reasons for the development of insulin resistance are becoming better defined, and it is now apparent that genetics, diet, and the level of physical activity all play a vital role.

Answer 9

:)

Question 10

Type 1 diabetes develops after approximately \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ percent of the beta cells of the pancreas have been destroyed (usually as the result of an autoimmune inflammatory reaction involving primary insu- litis, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and secretion of interleukins and tumor necrosis factor alpha).
A. 80-90%
B. 30-40%
C. 100%
D. 50%

Answer 10

A. 80-90%

Question 11

True/False: The kidney threshold for glucose is about 180 to 220mg/dL. Above this plasma glucose level, osmotic diuresis begins.

Answer 11

Someone will excrete glucose in urine when plasma glucose has exceeded the reabsorption capacity of kidneys. As kidneys begin to filter more glucose, urinary volume and water loss increase.

Hyperglycemia results in polyuria (increased urinary volume and frequency) that in turn leads to hypovolemia (decreased volume of circulating plasma) and secondary polydipsia (**increased thirst prompting fluid intake)

Question 12

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is a process whereby certain amino acids, pyruvate, lactate, and intermediates of the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle are converted to glucose.
A. Glycolysis
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Glucagon
D. None of the above

Answer 12

B. Gluconeogenesis
Fasting: glycogen degradation and gluconeogenesis
Fed: carbohydrates to glucose
Starved: only gluconeogenesis

Question 13

Facts: Gluconeogenesis:
Stimulators:

-Fasting: high glucagon, low insulin

-Prolonged Exercise

-High Protein Diet
-Stress

Answer 13

Inhibitors:


• Pyruvate Kinase inhibited by ATP

• Phosphofructokinase inhibited by ATP
-high ATP