W3 Primer Questions - Metabolism, Carbs, Protein, Lipids

Question 1

Ketones result from the metabolism of:

a. fatty acids
b. simple sugars
c. amino acids
d. complex carbohydrates

Answer 1

a. fatty acids

Ketone bodies are produced using acetyl-CoA derived from fatty acid β-oxidation in the liver under specific metabolic conditions. The two ketone bodies are acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate. Ketone body biosynthesis occurs in mitochondria

Question 2

The plasmalemma does not incorporate:

a. vitamin A
b. vitamin E
c. phospholipids
d. cholesterol

Answer 2

a. vitamin A

Question 3

The failure of a tissue or organ to develop properly is called:

a. neoplasia
b. aplasia
c. hyperplasia
d. atrophy

Answer 3

b. Aplasia

* this is usually obvious at birth

Question 4

Glutamine is the primary energy source for:

a. liver
b. heart
c. small intestine
d. brain

Answer 4

c. small intestine

* any food that is high in protein will be high in glutamine

Question 5

The metabolic effects of insulin include the stimulation of:

a. adipocyte secretion of non-esterified fatty acids.
b. myocyte amino acid uptake.
c. hepatocyte gluconeogenesis.
d. myocyte glycogenesis.

Answer 5

b. myocyte amino acid uptake

Question 6

The most common skeletal complication of chronic renal failure is:

a. hyperostosis
b. osteoporosis
c. rickets
d. secondary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 6

d. secondary hyperparathyroidism

Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs when the parathyroid glands become enlarged and release too much PTH, causing a high blood level of PTH. This occurs in patients with kidney disease due to:
Higher blood phosphorus levels
The kidneys cannot make active vitamin D (needed to absorb calcium)
Lower blood calcium levels
Secondary hyperparathyroidism can cause bone disease. It can also cause calcium to build up in tissues and organs such as the heart and blood vessels.

Question 7

Most circulating cholesterol is eliminated from the body after metabolism to:

a. lipoproteins
b. phospholipids
c. fecal fat
d. bile acids

Answer 7

d. bile acids

Question 8

Vitamin B12 is a required cofactor in the biochemical pathway through which glucose is produced from the amino acid…

a. alanine
b. valine
c. methionine
d. tyrosine

Answer 8

b. valine

Question 9

Copper is a component of:

a. Alkaline phosphatase
b. Glycosyl transferase
c. ceruloplasmin
d. glucose tolerance factor

Answer 9

c. ceruloplasmin

Ceruloplasmin is a protein that is made in the liver. It stores and carries copper from the liver into the bloodstream and to the parts of your body that need it. Copper is a mineral that is found in several foods, including nuts, chocolate, mushrooms, shellfish, and liver.

Question 10

The decarboxylation of pyruvate involves a sequence of reactions that require, as coenzymes, the four vitamins:

a. thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and vitamin B12.
b. thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin B12
c. thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and niacin.
d. biotin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin B12

Answer 10

c. thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and niacin

Pyruvate decarboxylation is an oxidative decarboxylation reaction, or an oxidation reaction where a carboxylate group is removed. This reaction converts pyruvate which was produced through glycolysis to acetyl CoA to be used in the Citric Acid Cycle.

Question 11

The size of the free amino acid pool in the human body is regulated by the rate of:

a. Oxidation of amino acids.
b. Synthesis of nonessential amino acids
c. Urinary excretion of amino acids
d. Skeletal collagen metabolism

Answer 11

a. oxidation of amino acids

Question 12

During maximal aerobic exercise, the primary energy source is:

a. fatty acids
b. lactate
c. glycogen
d. glucose

Answer 12

a. fatty acids

During exercise, triacylglycerols, an energy reservoir in adipose tissue, are hydrolyzed to free fatty acids (FAs) which are then released to the circulation, providing a fuel for working muscles. Thus, regular physical activity leads to a reduction of adipose tissue mass and improves metabolism.

Question 13

Hydrolysis of glycogen in the liver and muscle to glucose monomers is also known as ________.

a. Glycolysis
b. Glycogenesis
c. Glycogenolysis

Answer 13

c. Glycogenolysis

Question 14

Glycogenesis is the pathway during which glycogen polymers are created from ________.

a. Glucose monomers
b. Glycogen monomers
c. Pyruvate

Answer 14

a. Glucose monomers

Question 15

Conversion of 6-carbon glucose to 3-carbon pyruvate to produce energy without oxygen involved is known as:

a. Glycolysis
b. Glucose modulation
c. Hexichloric deamylase

Answer 15

a. Glycolysis