W8_lec1 Flashcards
Which part of the brain is critical for long-term declarative memory?
the hippocampus
Describe the following terms
a) anterograde amnesia
b) retrograde amnesia
a) inability to gorm new memories
b) inability to remember events that occurred prior to injury
T or F - if someone has injured brains regions that influence memory they can either have anterograde or retrograde memory but never both as they are distinct
F - HM had both
Describe memory consolidation
the subconscious process where memories are cemented in place
are all forms of memory impaired in amnesia?
they can be but not always as it depends on the site of injury as well as the internal repair that has occurred as a direct result of that injury
Describe the significance of this graph wrt patients w/ AD
It shows impaired declarative memory as the direct tests that are used to test this type of memory (free recall + cued recall) appear to be much lower. While the non-declarative memory is normal/somewhat better than the control as the indirect test that tests this type of memory (stem completion) shows. Thus proving that someone w/ amnesia will not necessarily be impaired in all forms of memory
What is the only way to formally diagnose a person as having AD?
post-mortem (after death)
ANS the following wrt AD
a) Where in the brain does it usually begin?
b) What is its main symptom?
c) What are the two pathological changes that occur?
d) When is the onset of pathological change?
e) What type of memory is typically affected first?
a) Medial temporal lobe (MTL) –> entorhinal cortex
b) memory loss
c ) amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
d) 10 to 20 years before symptoms appear
e) LTM - declarative - episodic memory
Describe a delusional misidentification
a belief that a well-known person/place/thing has changed in identity
Describe the 3 delusional beliefs
- unsubstantiated by reality (believing things that have no evidence)
- not shared by others
- resistance to counterevidence
Describe the relationship b/w someone w/ Capgras syndrome (CS) and delusional misidentification
delusional misidentification is when someone believes that someone/thing/where that used to be familiar to them has now changed its identify. Therefore, a CS patient has this same misidentified delusion but specifically w/ a person that they are close to
This is an example of a patient w/ what?
a) Alzheimer’s
b) semantic dementia
c) capgras syndrome (CS)
d) fronto-temporal dementia
e) all of the above
e - this is an example of delusional misidentification (CS) which can be observed in patients w/ a, b, and/or d thus all of the above could apply
A disconnection b/w the brain centers ________ and __________ impairs the feeling of familiarity
a) lateral fusiform, amygdala/insula
b) superior temporal sulcus, anterior temporal
c) lateral fusiform gyrus, auditory cortex
d) superior temporal sulcus, intraparietal sulcus
e) lateral fusiform gyrus, anterior temporal
a
What goes wrong in Capgras Syndrom?
impaired feelings of familiarity with loved ones (disconnect b/w visual of face and feelings of face)
What are the 3 autonomic responses associated w/ recognizing loved ones
- Skin conductance response
- facial muscle activity (smiling)
c) heart rate
a) Describe Semantic dementia (SD)
b) This is typically associated w/ what?
a) loss of semantic memory
b) FTD = frontotemporal dementia
Describe the 3 following ways used to determine whether a patient has semantic dementia, AD, or neither
a) category fluency
b) naming
c) WPM
a) naming as many members from a given category as possible
b) identify a given picture
c) word picture matching = choose the correct word that describes the given picture
Semantic dementia is associated w/ atrophy in the ________ temporal lobe. While AD is associated w/ _______ temporal lobe.
a) anterior, posterior
b) anterior, medial
c) posterior, medial
d) posterior, anterior
e) medial, anterior
b
T or F - HIV can cause semantic memory impairments
F - Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE) not HIV
Describe Sensory/Functional Theory
The idea that the identification of living things depends heavily on perceptual info while identifying non-living things depends more on knowledge of fxn or use
