W2_lec3 Flashcards
Describe Double Dissociations
the process of checking if the functions of two independent brain regions are associated w/ each other or not.
What does double dissociations proove?
It proves that there are distinct neural systems that are totally independent wrt their fxns to each other
Describe the significance of encephalitis wrt lesions
its a virus that causes a natural lesion by eating away brain tissue w/in only a certain region
What are the 3 types of neuroimaging?
- psychophysiology = studying the relationship b/w the body and the mind
- electroencephalograph (EEG/ERP) = scalp electrodes that measure the electrical potentials
- functional magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) = indirectly measures changes in blood oxygenation w/in neural tissue
Describe the following techniques used in Psychophysiology
a) Electrocardiography (ECG)
b) Skin Conductance (SCR)
c) Facial Electromyography (fEMG)
d) Pupillometry
a) links changes in cardiovascular fxns to behaviour by measuring the electrical activity of the heart\
b) using electrical conductivity modulated by skin sweat to measure autonomic arousal
c) Used to detect subtle changes in facial expression by measuring changes in facial muscle activity
d) Used to measure mental effort by measuring changes in pupil size under certain conductions
Draw a flow chart of the PNS
T or F - Psychophysiology is only involved w/ the PNS
T - however EEG which is associated w/ the CNS is sometimes incorporated
There was an experiment that used facial EMG to find out if patients w/ disorders of consciousness (ei ppl in a vegetative state) can perceive humor.
a) What were the results w/ regards to the Zygomatic muscles?
b) What were the results w/ regards to the Corrugator muscles?
c) What is the major fault wrt this experiment?
a) smile = INC
b) frown = DEC
c) only done on one person but patients that suffer from disorder of consciousness can vary greatly
Describe how one can use skin conductance responses to measure how phobias develop
By training a subject to associate a certain non-painful stim w/ a painful stim (such as a colour w/ a shock) then see their response (sweat) when presented w/ the associated non-painful stim compared to another stim.
Match the following terms to the different parts of the brain
a) Frontal lobe
b) Cerebellum
c) Brain stem
d) Occipital lobe
e) Central Sulcus
f) Parietal lobe
g) Temporal lobe
Which of the following has high temporal resolution? Spatial Resolution? Describe each
a) EEG
b) fMRI
a) temporal resolution = can provide the exact time of brain activity
b) spatial resolution = can provide the exact location of brain activity
Describe Event-related Potentials (ERP)? What is their significance? Provide an example
a) EEG signals (potentials) that are time locked to a specific stim (event)
b) signals that react to certain events are linked to cognitive processing which allows researchers to predict the responses of subjects to certain stim
c) Such as when remembering faces. The faces that results in more mental activity = more likely to remember that face
Which of the 4 faces are subsequently remembered? Subsequently forgotten
a) S1
b) S2
c) S3
d) S4
remembered = a + c
forgotten = b + d
T or F - fMRI is a non-invasive imaging technique that measure metabolic activity related to neural fxning
T - metabolic activity = blood flow
They say that fMRI measures changes in BOLD signal marks active brain regions. What does BOLD stand for? How does it signify activity in the brain?
a) blood-oxygen level dependent
b) active neurons w/in the brain will use up for oxygen thus they will require oxygen compared to non-active neurons
Why does fMRI have low temporal resolution yet high spatial resolution?
BOLD (oxygen dep neurons) responses are rather sluggish = low temporal resolution of the brain activity. However fMRI is a dynamic brain imaging technique that allows for researchers to actively visual the brain thus allowing for high spatial resolution
How can fMRI be used to communication w/ non-responsive patients
Using imagery = when the patient imagine playing tennis one brain region is activated while another brain region is activated when thinking about spatial navigation. Having the patient think of one of these two scenarios and correlating each type of imagery to an ANS such as yes = tennis and no = navigate around your house allows for basic communication
Describe the 2 limitations to using fMRI
- it emphasizes too much on single brain regions
- its very expensive thus having a lack of replication studies due to lack of use
