W7_lec2 Flashcards
a) describe memory distortions and illusions
b) how is it significant to the legal sys?
c) how is it significant to the medical sys?
a) the idea that memories are not 100% accurate as they can be distored
b) what a witness is saying on the witness stand may not be fully accurate
c) when getting a history from a patient they may not provide their symptoms w/ the most accuracy
Describe the following 2 types of memory errors wrt episodic memory
a) errors of omission
b) errors of commission
a) lack of availability of info due to poor encoding and/or forgetting it
b) false remembering of an event that either happened differently or never happened at all
There are two ways to describe how one retrieves memory. Theory A states that memory is a storage warehouse that contains many files each w/ a specific memory for a specific sit. While theory B states that it’s similar to detective work as it’s an active process of interference and reconstruction. Which theory is most accurate and why?
Theory B is most accurate as we tend to reconstruct the past using cues w/in our environment as a means of narrowing down the info that we are looking for. It is less likely to be A b/c even if we find this info we don’t remember it verbatim but instead, we just get the gist of the info
ANS the following wrt memory illusions
a) What are critical lures?
b) Are critical lures still effective if the subject is warned about them in advance?
c) What is the significance of critical lures?
a) the act of falsely remembering semantically associated words that were absent from a study. The intentionally omitted associated word from the study are called critical lures
b) yes as we rely automatically on our feeling of familiarity
c) it shows how easy disruptable episodic memory can be during re-construction
Things activated in ______ memory can sometimes bias the ______ memory
a) declarative, non-declarative
b) episodic, semantic
c) semantic, episodic
d) explicit, implicit
c
Describe the DRM paradigm
a study involved in testing episodic memory illusions where one is given a list of words that tend to be associated w/ a word that is purposefully ommited (critical lure). Then through a recognition test, the researcher provides that critical lure to see if they believe it is one the list or not.
a) What leads to false memories?
b) Why does false remembering occur in the DRM paradigm?
a) heuristics as we tend to use gist info and gut feelings (shortcuts) to dictate whether we remember something or not
b) b/c of our over-reliance on gist information. We look at a list of words that are associated, categorize them then assume any words that fit in that category must be on that list instead of remembering each word independently
If you were to ask someone if there were more words that had the letter c in the first position or in the third position most would say the first position pretty confidently despiting having any proof why?
B/c it is easier to recall words that start w/ c (cat, car, cage, etc) than in the third position (back, rack, recall, etc) thus they are using that as a rule of thumb (heuristic) to ANS the question
a) Describe the false fame study
b) What were the results found when tested immediately after encoding
c) what were the results found after a 24h delay?
d) What caused these results?
a)
- phase 1 = subject given a list of fictitious names
- phase 2 = later showed a list of names of famous ppl mixed w/ names from phase 1 (old) and other new names + were asked to identify which were famous names
b) famous score > new > old
c) famous score > old > new
d) while in both cases the number of correct ANS was higher than the number of old/new names chosen when tested immediately after being given the list of names ppl were able to explicitly remember the names on the list and reject those names. But for the 24h delay, they forgot the names given thus they had to rely more on a feeling o familiarity and since they were exposed to those names 24h earlier implicitly the names feel familiar even if its not b/c they are the names of a famous person
a) Describe this diagram/image
b) what results were found?
a) its is showing the role of heuristics via memory judgments through implicit familiarity. You are given a list of words then you are shown either an old word (word on the list) or a new word paired w/ a mask (in a way that makes it hard to see) for either 50 ms or 200 ms. followed by a word that is either old/new and may or may not match the masked word
b) it was found that when the masked word is only shown for 50ms (not enough time to explicitly remember) you were more likely to see the following word as old (if matched) even if it was a new word
What is fluency heuristics?
the act of you feeling like you recognize a certain item that is new due to misinterpreting that feeling of fluency for a feeling of familiarity for that item
a) what is fluency?
b) what causes a feeling of fluency?
a) judgments of familiarity as a result of easy processing
b) prior exposure to a piece of info
a feeling of ______ can lead to the illusion of _____
a) fluency, familiarity
b) familiarity, fluency
c) unfamiliarity, fluency
d) fluency, unfamiliarity
a
Put the following steps leading to a judgment of familiarity in order
a) stimulus registered as “special”
b) exposure to a stim
c) “familiarity”
d) practice in perceiving
e) attribution of fluency, perhaps attribution of a specific prior even
f) fluency
b -> d -> f -> a -> e -> c
Put the following steps to the creation of an illusion of familiarity in order
a) fluency
b) “familiarity”
c) attribution of fluency, perhaps attribution to a specific prior even
d) manipulation of stimulus presentation designed to make perceiving easier
e) stim registered as “special”
d -> a -> e -> c -> b
