W5_lec3 Flashcards
Describe the following wrt episodic autobiographical memory
a) infantile amnesia
b) the reminiscence bump
c) period of recency
a) our lack of memory before the age of 4 probably due to lack of brain development wrt language and memory integration
b) a time period around the age of 20 that is the most remembered later in life due to an INC amount of change occurring
c) the idea that you will remember things that have recently happened to you
a) What is semantic memory
b) Describe how spreading activation relates to this type of memory
a) network of general knowledge that we have about the world
b) spreading activation is the idea that the activation of one concept primes the activity of related concepts. Thus information w/in semantic memory must be integrated.
Describe semantic priming wrt the Lexical decision task (LDT). Provide an example
the idea that the RT to target words is faster when preceded by a related prime word. For instance, you will have an easier determining that butter is a word if it follows the word bread than if it followed the word nurse. As bread is more related to butter than nurse
Describe the Lexical decision Task (LDT). What does it test
a study in which a participant has presented some words and they must identify if they are existing words or just a bunch of letters strung together. This tests semantic memory specifically spreading activation as one they are asked one word the brain will activated other related words and if the next word fits one of those related words your RT for identification will be much faster than if it was an unrelated word
What are the two things that are influenced by semantic priming?
- automatic spreading of activation
- controlled expectations
Describe the following term wrt Lexical Decision task (LDT)
a) facilitation
b) inhibition
a) When you have a faster RT in identifying a word when its followed by a related word vs if just seen the word by itself
b) when you have a slower RT in identifying a word when its followed by an unrelated word vs if just seen the word by itself
Describe the results for the following sits wrt the Lexical decision Task (LDT) [faucilitation or inhibition]
a) the first word is Body and the second word is heart
b) the first word is body and the second word is door
c) the first word is Body and the second word is heart, but you are told the second word will be a part of a building (short SOA)
d) the first word is Body and the second word is heart, but you are told the second word will be a part of a building (long SOA)
e) the first word is body and the second word is door, but you are told the second word will be a part of a building (short SOA)
f) he first word is body and the second word is door, but you are told the second word will be a part of a building (long SOA)
a) faucilitation
b) inhibition
c) faucilitation
d) inhibition
e) inhibiiton
f) faucilitation
Describe the 4 types of implicit memory
- procedural memory = the act of knowing how to do a skill w/out thinking about it (walking, autopilot)
- priming = changes in one perception caused by prev experience (avoiding a certain food w/out thinking about it)
- Perceptual learning = recalibration of perceptual sys as a result of exp (accidentally eating a food that you normally avoid and realizing its actually good)
- Classical conditioning = learning about associating among stim (Pavlov’s dog)
Describe the two ways to test memory. Provide an example for each (indicate which type of memory each is testing)
- direct tests = a measure of explicit memory that directly tells the participant to refer back to a prior exp, which is needed in order to answer the question.
- Indirect tests = a measure of implicit memory that does not tell the participant to refer back to prior exp, thus that prior exp is not needed to answer the question
Example = provide a list of words for the participants to encode then you can either tell them to look back on that list and do a recognition test asking if they had seen this word before (direct). Or you can ask them to complete a word that contains a blank (_at) in which they don’t need to use the list shown as reference (indirect)
For an indirect test if the participant chose to use the list provided to answer the question consciously what type of memory would this be? Why?
explicit b/c even if the researcher did not tell them to directly refer back to that list they still did consciously
a) Describe the sequence learning study
b) how does this test implicit memory?
c) What were the results?
a) a participant is asked to press the button that corresponds to the box when the moving circle enters it.
b) researchers can have the circle cycle through the boxes in a pattern that is too complex to recognize explicitly and see if the person will be able to subconsciously recognize and thus predict where the circle will move next
c) It was found that RT was faster for the group that had the complex pattern than for the group that had no pattern
For the following sit describe what the results would be wrt recognition memory
a) no context group = shown XXXX followed by the word cold
b) context group = shown the word hot followed by the word cold
c) generate group = shown the word hot and asked to generate an antonym
a) poor
b) good
c) best
For the following sit describe what the results would be wrt perceptual identification
a) no context group = shown XXXX followed by the word cold
b) context group = shown the word hot followed by the word cold
c) generate group = shown the word hot and asked to generate an antonym
a) best
b) good
c) worse
Tachistoscopic identification also stands for?
perceptural identification
If you were to flash a word on a screen and put a mask on it. They are told to identify the word.
a) What type of test is this? How do you know?
b) In which case are you more likely to recognize the word?
a) indirect test (implicit) b/c the participant is not asked to reflect back keeping it below awareness
c) if its a more familiar word
In Jacoby’s method of opposition, it was stated that while indirect tests are meant to measure implicit memory there are cases in which the participant may purposefully use explicit memory.
a) what are the 3 conditions that can ensure implicit memory is being used? Explain each
b) the results were shown according to the graph what does the difference in each bar represent?
a)
1. baseline = how often participants complete the word stem w/ one of the words on the list despite not being shown the list
2. inclusion = after showing the list of words tell them they can choose to either use a word that comes to mind or one on the list to complete the stem
3. exclusion = after showing the list of words tell them they are not allowed to use any words from the list to complete the stem
b)
- blue-green = contribution of explicit memory (showing controlled inhibition to not choose a word on the list)
- green-yellow = contribution of implicit memory (showing the impact of exposure on memory that we are unaware of)
