Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DS4101 > W3 - Soft Tissue Calcifications - Amar > Flashcards

W3 - Soft Tissue Calcifications - Amar Flashcards

1
Q

What is heterotopic calcification?

A

When deposition of calcium salts occurs in an unorganised fashion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is heterotopic ossification?

A

When deposition of calcium salts occurs in an organised fashion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 Types of heterotopic Calcification

A

Dystrophic calcification

Idiopathic calcification

Metastatic calcification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is dystrophic calcification?

A

Calcification that forms in degenerating, diseased and dead tissue, despite normal serum and phosphate levels

ex. calcified lymph nodes, atherosclerotic plaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is idiopathic calciification?

A

Results from deposition of calcium in normal tissue, despite normal serum and phosphate levels

Ex. Sialoliths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is metastatic calcification + examples

A

When minerals precipitate into normal tissue as a result of higher than normal serum levels of calcium

Ex. Hyperparathyroidism, chronic renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Radiographic features of dystrophic calcifications (site, size, appearance)

A

Common sites - long standing chronically inflamed cysts

Size - rarely more than 0.5 cm in diameter

Appearance - varies from fine radiopacity grains to larger irregular radiopacities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why/where are calcified lymph nodes found?

A

Found in lymph nodes that have been chronically inflamed because of various granulomatous disorders

Such as pts with TB, cat-scratch disease, lymphoma treated by radiation therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
A

Calcified lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Clinical features of calcified lymph nodes (4)

A
  • No significant signs or symptoms
  • Most commonly in the submandibular region but can be anywhere on OPG
  • Detected as incidental finding during OPG
  • Upon palpation - may be single/multiple, mobile, hard, round, well-defined
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
A

calcified lymph node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
A

calcified lymph node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the periphery of calcified lymph nodes look like?

A

Well-defined, irregular and lobulated

“cauliflower-like”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Management of calcified lymph nodes

A

Usually does not require tx.. BUT

Underlying cause should be determined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are tonsilloliths and how are they formed?

A

Tonsillolith - incomplete resolution of dead bacteria and pus serve as the nidus for dystrophic calcification

Formed when repeated bouts of inflammation enlarge tonsillar crypts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
A

Tonsillolith

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Clinical features of tonsillolith

A
  • Wide age group (20-68), more common in older age group
  • Usually hard, white and yellow
  • Asymptomatic if small

If large,

  • Pain
  • Swelling
  • Halitosis
  • Feeling of foreign body when swallowing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
A

Tonsillolith

19
Q
A

Tonsillolith

20
Q

Periphery, shape and size of tonsillolith

A
  • Clusters of multiple, small, ill-deined radiopacities
  • Size varies from 5 - 15 mm
21
Q
A

Multiple tonsilloliths on both sides

22
Q

Managment of tonsillolith

A

Small - no tx

Large - refer to ENT for removal

23
Q

2 patterns of arterial calcifications that can be identified radiographically

A
  • Monckerberg’s medial calcinosis (arteriosclerosis)
  • Calcified atherosclerotic plaque
24
Q
A

Monckerberg’s medial calcinosis

  • Calcific deposits in walls of artery, outline the artery
  • Appears as a parallel pair of thin radiopaque lines
  • “pipe stem” or “tram-track” appearance
  • Extremely rare
25
Q

Management of Monkerberg’s medial calcinosis and atherosclerotic plaque

A

Refer to GP or cardio-vascular surgeon for evaluation of arterial and vascular disease

26
Q

Largest concern with calcified atherosclerotic plaque

A

If dislodges, can travel to brain and cause stroke

27
Q

Where are the calcified atherosclerotic plaque most frequently found?

A

Found in the carotid vasculature (common carotid, external/internal carotid)

28
Q

Close to which anatomical landmarks are you most likely to find calcified atherosclerotic plaque?

A

Between C3 and C4 is the birfurcation of the common carotid (most likely to see plaque)

Adjacent to the greater cornu of hyoid bone

29
Q
A

Calcified atherosclerotic plaque

30
Q

Describe the Periphery, shape and size of atherosclerotic plaque

A

Multiple and irregular in shape

Sharply defined

Vertical linear distribution

Heterogenous internal radiopacity

31
Q

Why are Sialoliths common in submandibular glands?

A
  1. Gland and suct system lie in a dependent position
  2. Wharton duct is long and has an irregular tortuous course
  3. Duct runs upwards in an uphill flow
  4. Salivary secretion is more viscous and has higher mineral content
32
Q

Clinical features of sialolith (4)

A
  1. History of pain and swelling of floor of mouth and involved gland
  2. May be asymptomatic at the time (saliva has drained, and no longer has pressure)
  3. Discomfort may increase around meal-times due to increase in salivation
  4. Duct orifice may be inflamed, tender, pus or ulcerated
33
Q

What has more severe symptoms - intra or extra glandular types of sialolith

A

Extraglandular type

34
Q
A

Sialolith

35
Q
A

sialolith

36
Q
A

sialolith

37
Q

How do sialoliths appear radiographically?

A

Cylindrical

Cigar-shaped

homogenous radiopacity

38
Q

Why must you reduce the exposure to visualise sialoliths?

A

Most sialoliths are radiolucent due to low mineral content

39
Q
A

Sialolith

40
Q
A

Sialolith

41
Q
A

Sialolith in right submandibular gland

Differential dx: calcified lymph node (however its not cauliflower shaped or heterogenous radiopaque)

will require signs, symptoms and history to actually distinguish from differential dx

42
Q
A

Sialolith in right parotid gland and duct

*extremely rare

Diff dx: tonsillolith, enostosis

43
Q

Describe the radiography technique of observing sialoliths in the parotid gland duct

A

Film placed in the buccal vestibule, with reduced exposure and time

Central ray directed through the cheek

DS4101 (43 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions