VPH and Abattoir Welfare Flashcards

Question

Why is this the ideal position for captive bolt in cattle?

Answer 1

Only a thin layer of skin over the skull at the position so is not slowed down, very little sinuses that could absorb energy, good position to direct bolt to the midbrain (stun is impact, penetration is to prevent recovery), don’t go through nuchal ligament (which will absorb lots of energy), don’t point too far downwards as it will go down spinal cord and will die from asphyxia.

Answer 2

Place the gun of the highest point of the head and aim towards the angle of the jaw

Answer 3

Must be bled quickly as they can recover quickly – will likely get hit in the head from uncontrolled kicking

Answer 4

Only things we can shoot in the back of the head due to huge sinuses at the front of the head that are meant for shock absorption. Must bleed or kill it within 15 seconds as it is not as good a stun.

Answer 5

Pigs up to about 100-110kg, it is 1inch or 2.5cm drawn between the eyes on the midline. Very effective but still simple stunning so could recover. As pigs get older, skill development changes and have large sinus with plate of bone in the middle, so boars and sows must be 5cm.

Answer 6

White meat so fast twitch muscle fibre, reacts aggressively to electricity and to captive bolt. Start kicking violently and immediately, goes on for minutes. Kicks so violently it damages the carcass. Kicking reflex does not occur with gas (affects brain and spinal cord at the same time so better quality).

Answer 7

- Loss of posture - Tonic/clonic activity - No rhythmic breathing - No corneal reflex - A fixed, glazed expression to the eyes – if they are rolled and can see the whites of the eyes, they will shoot again

Answer 8

By law if first method doesn’t work, have to use a second method in case there is something wrong with the first method/instrument.

Answer 9

Water buffalo – the average distance between the outer skull and brain is 7cm of shock absorbing sinuses. Captive bolt will not work – use free bullet Horses – the opposite, the skull is too thin for impact = no stun. Use free bullet, kill immediately

Answer 10

Electrical head only stunning will definitely recover if you do not bleed them after

Answer 11

- The action of an applied high voltage waveform on neural tissue will disrupt normal membrane activity and produce brain dysfunction - Brain dysfunction within 1 wave of electricity - The neurophysiology condition that is also produced by effective electrical stunning is tonic/colic epilepsy, which in humans and animals is associated with unconsciousness - Epilepsy will end and they will recover if they do not bleed

Answer 12

Chain reaction of NT surges at synapses in the brain, happening 10x faster than they can feel pain

Answer 13

Brain dysfunction occurs 15-20 ms swinging voltage disrupts normal brain activity 200ms, over generation of aspartate and glutamate produces overstimulation of synapses – global epilepsy

Answer 14

First thing that comes back is rhythmic breathing, then will be able to respond to pain, then consciousness returns, but not responding to visual threat

Answer 15

- Tonic phase – stiff muscled, is characterised by front legs extended, hind legs flexed into the body - Clonic phase is characterised by uncontrolled physical activity - No rhythmic breathing in either phase – during this time we must bleed animal to death for brain death

Answer 16

Best place is between eyes are electricity will take the path of least resistance which means not through bone. Here, will go through optic nerve and auditory canal to get to the brain

Answer 17

If tongs in exactly the right place in pigs, only need 0.4A, but often put behind ears as they are oddly shaped so need 1.3A in this position so minimum is 1.3A for pigs

Answer 18

Despite the stun being immediate and epilepsy developing at 200ms, the tongs are held on for 3 seconds to allow the spreading electric field to depolarise the spine, reducing the post stun clonic activity = kick less

Answer 19

- Electrical stun/killing methods involve induction of cardiac ventricular fibrillation (rapid and irregular beating of the heart), by passing an electric current across the heart in unconscious animals that have been stunned by a head-only application. - Electrical stun/kill with simultaneous induction of unconsciousness and cardiac ventricular fibrillation prevents recovery. - It is not the cardiac arrest that kills it is the fact the heart is not pumping blood to the brain – epilepsy uses up a lot of oxygen and if this supply is cut off they die very quickly - Targets more of the spinal cord so kick less - Cannot be used for halal as it is non-recoverable

Answer 20

Stun to stick interval does not affect pig welfare as exsanguination simply voids the carcass of blood

Answer 21

High concentration CO2 – pigs, mustelids, poultry except geese and ducks due to diving reflex CO2 and insert gas – less CO2 so less horrible Inert gas

Answer 22

Most welfare friendly, argon or nitrogen. Argon as it is easy to control. Most friendly as you cannot detect lowering O2, only rising CO2 But it effects the brain and start kicking. But takes 4-8 minutes with anoxia but high CO2 takes 10-15s

Answer 23

- CO2 is a heavy gas (1.5 x air) - CO2 is an acidic gas, it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid – this is what kills not suffocation The one gas we can detect physiologically so body tries to stop you inhaling it as soon as you detect it

Answer 24

- Inhalation of carbon dioxide induces respiratory and metabolic acidosis and hence, reduces the pH of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neurons thereby exerting its neuronal inhibitory and anaesthetic effects - The normal pH of CSF is 7.4 and a state of analgesia and anaesthesia are induced at 7.1 and 6.8, respectively - Affects brain and spinal cord at the same time due to CSF so do not kick or damage carcass

Answer 25

Anaesthetic Anticonvulsive

Answer 26

Handling before hand is good and can be done in groups which is less stressful for pigs. But they panic. Only done with pigs as cattle panic destroys machines and sheep absorb too much in their wool and not take enough in

Answer 27

No person may cause or permit any further dressing procedure or any electrical stimulation to be performed on the animal before the bleeding has ended - In the case of bovine animals, a period of not less than 30 seconds - In the case of sheep, goats, pigs and deer, a period of not less than 20 seconds

Answer 28

Loss of oxygenated blood due to loss of blood pressure causes cortical brain death

Answer 29

No – blood is lost through gravity

Answer 30

In sheep – cut both jugulars and both carotids, brain dead in 14s. if they only cut 1 side, it takes 70s to die, if only jugulars it takes 5 minutes

Answer 31

In pigs cuts major vessels around the heart releasing large volume of blood. Blood pressure falls quickly starting the process of brain death. Cuts heart, brachiocephalic trunk, subclavian artery. Want to make this cut as big as possible as pigs can squeeze and close up the hole and recover, so must shoot it immediately and cut again in this case. Thoracic stick in 18s. Thoracic stick in cattle too – 17s for brain death

Answer 32

Thoracic stick in cows = 17s Thoracic stick in pigs = 18s Ventral neck stick = 14s

Answer 33

- These methods shall not be used as routine methods but only where there are no other methods available for stunning - No person can kill more than 70 birds a day by breaking their necks - Will see flapping – pivot neck around the thumb, white muscle fibres so will flap for ages

Answer 34

Kill the bird through asphyxiation or haemorrhagic shock so is not immediate – about 100s for brain to die once neck is broken, may not be conscious for all bit for a lot of that

Answer 35

Removing the head does not kill the bird, brain dies 130s after you cut the head off

Answer 36

Acceleration of the head sufficient to produce a stun and then bolt crushes all the frontal bones which emulsifies the brain and kills it Will flap again but this time will mean the brain is destroyed, don’t flap as much as neck dislocation as pressure waves goes down through the spine

Answer 37

Head only stunning passes electricity through the brain to achieve brain dysfunction, just across the head but problem his having a bird with no control over the spinal cord with random signals so damages carcass as it flaps lots, have to place probes by hand so takes time, incompatible with sheer amount of birds in abattoirs a day. On farms, have to turn bird upside down to hold the wings so it doesn’t flap as much and bleeds while undergoing a fit, so is slow.

Answer 38

- Inversion of the bird – birds hate this, no diaphragm so all internal organs move forward and crush the heart and air sacs so struggles to breathe - Speed of application – slow, takes time to place and do, so not used commercially - Post stun flapping (enhanced spinal reflexes) – so not done commercially as there is too much carcass damage

Answer 39

Water in the bath contains live electrode, bar above in earthed. When bird in shackle goes into the water, it is the switch and current runs through the water, the bird and to the earth to stun it.

Answer 40

Need to apply enough voltage for enough current to ensure all get stunned, passed through entire bird, which makes every muscle contract. Huge muscles, weak tendons and bones, muscles contracts and it breaks the bones, which makes chickens hard to sell.

Answer 41

Stun to stun (High Frequency) Stun to kill for ducks to stun and stop the heart (Low frequency – 50Hz producing cardiac fibrillation). Hardly used as this produces carcass damage due to direct muscle stimulation at 50Hz. Most dangerous frequency as this is the range the heart reacts to.

Answer 42

- Bird inversion is stressful - Shackling is painful – tapered and gets tighter and tighter - Prestun shocks are painful - Variation in current received - Difficult (impossible?) to assess stunned state in commercial setting - Conflict between welfare and carcass quality

Answer 43

Gets more stressed the more they hang upside down, so are only allowed by law to be hung upside down consciously for 1 min and 2 mins for ducks, geese and turkeys.

Answer 44

A system in contact with the breast of the birds shall be built from the point of shackling until the birds enter the waterbath stunner in order to calm them down. The bottom of the breast comforter should be below the head of the largest bird to reduce the visual field by half

Answer 45

- These occur when part of the bird (other than the head) touches the live water will get an electrical shock. Should go in and contract once so if more than 1 contraction, they are getting an electric shock. Bad for welfare and damage to meat - But if you invert a bird, generally the wings hang lower than the head

Answer 46

- Ohms law – V= IR - However, the current through individual birds is variable due to the varied resistance through individual birds. Uses average resistance but there is a range from 1000 to 2500 ohms in birds - So ohms law, is 156V across a bar, current to each will vary based on resistance. So need more voltage meaning more contracture and damage to carcass and so less quality - Cannot control how much current each bird gets and won’t happen in abattoirs as they would lose 75% of their product

Answer 47

Birds brains are different and different structures so react differently to electricity. Very hard to tell a stunned chicken from a non-stunned chicken

Answer 48

We are passing electricity through the entire bird – possible electro-immobilisation, might be freezing the bird electrically so paralysed or stunned? Tonic immobility – stress response in birds it freezes

Answer 49

Red met – no rhythmic breathing, no corneal reflex, if these are present the animal is not stunned Poultry – a stunned bird can breathe, a stunned bird can gave a corneal reflex. If these are present the bird is alive. Maybe or may not be stunned

Answer 50

- No breathing movements (for >8 s from waterbath exit) - Wings held close to the body - Rigidly extended legs and constant body tremors

Answer 51

Increasing the current produces more damage through direct muscle stimulation. Supracoracoideus muscle beneath the pectoral muscles. Tendon at top of muscle goes in here. Electrical stunning causes haemorrhage here due to contracture being so quick and powerful, will get more haemorrhaging. Same in breast muscles.

Answer 52

As the stun is not immediate, the birds must be killed in the stunner.

Answer 53

Biphasic CO2 not allowed in pigs bit in poultry is good. If you put a chicken straight into 40% CO2, will react the same as a pig and panic. But slowly raise this level then chicken slowly adapts and doesn’t panic and then loses consciousness and dies. No one is handling the birds until dead. No damage.

Answer 54

If you put chickens into argon, they will continue to breathe it but low oxygen affects the brain so will flap. In a group flapping and kicking each other will have bad quality.

Answer 55

Carbon dioxide – no convulsions Anoxia – just affects the brain so there will be spinal reflex activity when unconscious - anoxic convulsions, which will produce wing damage

Answer 56

- Inhalation of carbon dioxide induces respiratory and metabolic acidosis and hence, reduce the pH of cerebrospinal fluid and neurones thereby exerting its neuronal inhibitory and anaesthetic effects - The normal pH of CSF is 7.4 and a state of analgesia and anaesthesia are induced at 7.1 and 6.8 respectively - Therefore, CO2 is both an anaesthetic and an anticonvulsive gas as it affects the CNS in the brain and the spinal cord

Answer 57

There are welfare concerns during induction of unconsciousness There are no welfare concerns after induction of unconsciousness

Answer 58

Problem is building the pit to put the chamber in, gas pipe must be 5m underground. So they lower the entire crate of birds in and slowly lower them down as CO2 is heavier than air so will be strongest at the bottom.

Answer 59

Level 2 – 2.5% carbon dioxide – 54s Level 3 – 16% carbon dioxide – 83s Level 4 – 26% carbon dioxide – 108s Level 5 – 35% carbon dioxide – 125s Level 6 – 40% carbon dioxide – 132s All the birds appeared to be unconscious before exposure to the more aversive 40% carbon dioxide concentration

Answer 60

- Not shackled - Not inverted - No pre-stun shocks - No problems with birds missing the stunner - No problems with birds receiving varied current - Improved product quality

Answer 61

Must be bled properly before they go into water or they would be conscious for drowning. Must be bled as quickly as possible and is not allowed to recover. If simple stunned, must cut both carotids and both jugulars, want to drop blood pressure as quickly as possible.

Answer 62

Bike wheel on equipment. Head caught between 2 rollers and wheel stretches neck out as it goes over the blade to cut both carotids and both jugulars. Cuts so deep that bird opens mouth as it cuts into the spinal cord. Has water sprayed on blade for hygiene. Must be a slaughterman there to make sure every bird is cut. Old systems with 2 blades spin birds heads and only 1 side cut.

Answer 63

Takes 15s if both are cut and 35 seconds if 1 cut Must cut carotids, if you cut these then the jugulars will be cut

Answer 64

Chicken 90s, turkeys or geese 2 minutes, cannot touch or do anything to make sure the birds are bleeding and brain dead.

Answer 65

To ensure the animal is brain dead before it can recover from the stunned state and before any other processes are carried out that may have painful stimuli

Answer 66

Legislation Education Communication Research Subsidies Control/supervision/inspection Enforcing legislation

Answer 67

Regulations sent to every department for the to see what issues it would cause for their sector

Answer 68

1. Agenda setting - politics, science, society, media, lobby groups 2. Analysis 3. Policy development - writing regulations 4. Implementation - legislation, education, extension, communication, subsidies, research, control, upholding 5. Evaluation/monitoring - every 5 years to check if regulation worked and agenda get to be reset if not

Answer 69

For food safety, the Codex Alimentarius Commission For animal health and zoonoses, WOAH For plant health, the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)

Answer 70

A disease, infection or infestation listed in the Terrestrial and Aquatic Codes based on the criteria detailed in the Terrestrial Code and the Aquatic Code

Answer 71

The World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) is an internet-based computer system that processes data on animal diseases in real time and shares these data with the international community

Answer 72

International food safety authorities' network

Answer 73

- Pathogenic to humans – septicaemia, toxaemia, systemic disturbance, parasites, zoonoses - Aesthetic – foetal flesh, scarring, bruising, pigmentation, parasites - Legal requirement – no ante mortem, SRM, Identification issues, age of animal, residues

Answer 74

We can only reject what we can see

Answer 75

Abattoirs responsibility for offal to remain correlated to carcass in case of a problem. Every set of offal from every animal is inspected. Standard inspection and then OV or inspector is suspicious is extra inspections

Answer 76

Liver Hepatic and pancreatic LNs Spleen Pericardium Tongue Lungs Diaphragm Heart

Answer 77

Not routine, when OV or MHI has suspicion of disease spread, generally the kidneys in pigs

Answer 78

Incise kidneys so that vet or HI can see them, it is their hob to inspect these. Either ascending infection or blood borne. Both kidneys must be removed from their fatty covering. In the case of bovine and porcine animals, and solipeds, the peri-renal capsule must also be removed.

Answer 79

- Inspect joints and symmetry - Iliac lymph nodes - Inspect tail for tail bite and other lesions – if tail bite, must look down the spine - Inspect peritoneum - Inspect kidneys - Inspect pleura - Inspect submaxillary L.N. for enlargement – TB very common in pig heads - Inspect skin for lesions and contamination

Answer 80

Reject carcass and offal Category 2 Animal By-Product Pathogenic to humans or animals Multiple or malignant neoplasia warrant total rejection and Category 2 due to tradition

Answer 81

Milk spot livers, chronic focal interstitial hepatitis is scarring of migration of parascaris suum. Reject affected part Category 3

Answer 82

Category 3 of affected parts - aesthetics

Answer 83

Total rejection of carcass and offal under category 2 - pathogenic to humans or animals

Answer 84

Apical/cardiac lobes of the lung, hepatised, feels like liver as there is no air in there. Stays in the lungs so category 2

Answer 85

Reject affected parts under category 2 - don't know cause but tends to stay in thoracic cavity

Answer 86

Raised plaques, cut just above to remove lungworm. Metastrongylus apri rejected part affected by category 3 - can't get, so aesthetic

Answer 87

Black pigmentation – no change to flavour or colour. Category 3 part affected – aesthetic. Unless melanoma, then this is category 2.

Answer 88

Reject affected part. Check carcass for signs of systemic infection Category 2 Animal By-Product Pathogenic to humans or animals

Answer 89

Incise heart, done because seen infarcts in the heart. If valvular endocarditis and infarcts in the kidneys it is a systemic issue and whole organism is unfit for consumption. Category 2. Reject affected part Check carcass for signs of systemic infection – check kidneys. If associated with infarction Category 2 Animal By-Product Pathogenic to humans or animals = total rejection

Answer 90

SPINPATCH: Stones Petechiae Infarcts Nephrosis/nephritis Pyelonephritis Abscesses TB, tumours Congenital cysts Hydronephrosis

Answer 91

Autosomal defect in landrace kids. Reject affected part under category 3 - aesthetic

Answer 92

pyramidal wedges. Reject kidney category 2 and go look at the heart. If associated with valvular endocarditis, reject whole carcass

Answer 93

Just the kidneys or primary source somewhere else, must go look for this. Reject affected part on category 2

Answer 94

Reject affected part, check for systemic infection. Category 2

Answer 95

Just the spleen = category 3. If septicaemia = systemic so category 2

Answer 96

Reject affected part under category 3. Category 2 if a secondary infection because of it. If coming from the same farm, inspect farm

Answer 97

Reject head at category 2

Answer 98

Common in pigs from umbilical infections. Reject affected parts and then look at other joints, should this animal have been transported? Category 2 rejection of affected parts

Answer 99

Carcass and offal are rejected as category 2 as don’t know what caused it

Answer 100

Only skin rejected for something zoonotic. Reject whole thing as zoonotic. Tradition is that only if there are cardiac signs or arthritis

Answer 101

Bones and teeth go brown – humans an cattle get photosensitisation and anaemia, not seen in pigs. Aesthetic so category 3. Systemic condition but not infectious but congenital

Answer 102

Reject carcass and offal immediately. Category 2. Bright red so easily identified

Answer 103

Abdominal fat looks like poppy seeds. Affected part rejected under category 3. Happen normally near teats, don’t know why

Answer 104

Pale soft exudative pork – causes it from stress if the last 4 minutes before death. So if seen, can tell that if someone hasn’t done job right. Welfare indicator. Category 3 rejection of affected part. Can convince abattoirs to get welfare right in order to sell more meat

Answer 105

Dog sitting due to abscess in the spine following tail bite. Must split if got tail bite. Crushes spinal cord so rear end paralysis. Category 2 whole carcass unfit

Answer 106

- 2 incisions in the external masseter muscles, parallel to the plane of the mandible - 1 incision of the internal pterygoid muscles - Check for lump jaw. Incise = multiple cuts. Cut into cheek muscles to look for cystericercus and abscesses

Answer 107

Examine and incise retropharyngeal LN, as all LN in the head drain here – this will tell us f there is an infection in the head. But if we find something here, must examine the parotid and submaxillary LN, which is done in the UK for every animal as there is TB in the UK.

Answer 108

- Examine mandibular symmetry - Incise submaxillary LN - Incise parotid LN - Incise masseter muscle parallel to plane of mandible - Second incision of masseter derogated by FSA - Repeat for other side - Incise internal pterygoid muscles - Push down on hyoid bone to raise retropharyngeal LN - Incise retropharyngeal LN

Answer 109

MISSMAXFACTOR: Malignant catarrhal fever Infectious keratoconjunctivitis Stomatitis Sarcocysts Melanosis Actinobacillosis,actinomycosis Xanthosis Foot and mouth Abscesses Cysticercus bovis Tuberculosis, tumours Osteohaematochromatosis Ringworm

Answer 110

- Bovine head must be removed after 30s of bleeding must be skinned by the abattoir - Must be inspected by government inspector - Head is specified risk material due to brain category 1 - SRM category 1 and unfit for human consumption

Answer 111

- Faecal contamination - Trauma (fractures at base of tail common if producers twist the tail of the animal)

Answer 112

- Contamination - Actinobacillosis /wooden tongue - Vesicles - Trauma - Tonsillar material must be removed from the tongue as it is SRM

Answer 113

- Visual check of surfaces and of hepatic and pancreatic lymph nodes - Palpation hepatic and pancreatic lymph nodes - Incision of gastric surface - Incision at base of caudate lobe to examine the bile ducts

Answer 114

Get cholangitis as they irritate the bile ducts and feed in the serum released and then it gets so bad the ducts die off. Reject affects part under category 3 - aesthetic

Answer 115

In older cattle and steers, peripheral nerve excitement from mounting. Reject affected part under category 3 - aesthetic

Answer 116

A visual inspection of the pericardium and heart, the latter being incised lengthways so as to open the ventricles and cut through the interventricular septum. Check heart valves for vegetative endocarditis. Check cut surface for C.bovis.

Answer 117

Reject affected part under category 2. Check kidneys, if spread, then sign of systemic disease so reject whole carcass

Answer 118

Tend to be associated with eosinophilic myositis so kind of green. Elongated and follow muscle fibres. Reject affect parts unless generalised, then reject whole carcass and offal under category 2

Answer 119

An inspection of the trachea and oesophagus, visual inspection and palpation of the lungs, incision and examination of the bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes, looking for TB as it will show in these LN before the lungs. If going for human consumption, lengthways opening of the trachea and the main branches of the bronchi. The lungs shall be incised in the posterior third, perpendicular to their main axes, these incisions are not necessary where the lungs are excluded from human consumption. Mediastinal LN in the middle of lungs so fat incised a lot.

Answer 120

Reject affected part under category 2 and check for signs of systemic disease

Answer 121

Can block bronchi and trachea. Reject affected part only under category 3 - aesthetic

Answer 122

Reject affected part under category 2 and check for signs of systemic disease

Answer 123

Can get congenital cysts, which can be cut around as they are lobulated – in pigs, reject whole. So reject only affected lobules under category 3 - aesthetic

Answer 124

Reject affected part under category 3 - aesthetic. Worth a lot of money for traditional oriental medicine

Answer 125

A visual inspection of the gastrointestinal tract, the mesentery, the gastric and mesenteric lymph nodes, palpation of the gastric and mesenteric lymph nodes. An incision of the gastric and mesenteric lymph nodes.

Answer 126

- A visual inspection of the pleura and the peritoneum - A visual inspection of the genital organs (except for the penis, if already discarded) - A visual inspection of the udder and its lymph nodes - Checked for signs of pathology - Checked for signs of visible contamination – E.coli - Checked for signs of SRM – offence to present a carcass for inspection with SRM still contained such as a small piece of spinal cord - Health marked if considered fit for human consumption - Symmetry of carcass and joints - Check pleura, diaphragm, peritoneum, spinal channel, neck and joints - Check joints, lymph nodes, pelvic channel

Answer 127

A small piece is sometimes found at the base of the carcass where it breaks during removal. This can flick under the neck and this is enough to be prosecuted. Risk of BSE is reducing over time so happy to just warn but if keeps happening, prosecute.

Answer 128

occurs when put in housed over winter and feed outside of bars and push against the bars and get pressure necrosis in the fat. Reject affected parts under category 3 – aesthetic, can go for pet food

Answer 129

Bovine TB Contagious Equine Metritis Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis BSE Avian influenza

Answer 130

Over 1 year old, or have one or more permanent incisor erupted, to allow SRM to be removed from the carcass. Sheep heads for consumption must be under a year of age.

Answer 131

The skull including the brain and eyes, the tonsils and the spinal cord of animals aged over 12 months or which have a permanent incisor erupted through the gum

Answer 132

Migratory scarring from canine tapeworm larvae. Category 3 reject of liver only – aesthetic reject. When the cysts forms, this is infective to dogs and becomes category 2

Answer 133

Form inside the substance of organs. 70% of sheep rejected in Wales for these. Reject affected part only under category 2 – can’t go into pet food

Answer 134

Only affected areas under category 2

Answer 135

Affects the cardiac lobes at the top. Reject affected part only under category 2

Answer 136

Fibrinous pneumonia where it will resolve into an abscess, sticking the lung to the ribcage. Category 2 rejection of affected part only

Answer 137

Only cut into heart if we see infarcts in the kidneys. Rejected affected part under category 2 but reject whole carcass if infarction in kidneys

Answer 138

Infections in the kidneys are either ascending infections from the urogenital system or bloodborne, if the latter there is indication of haematogenous spread.

Answer 139

Reject affected parts under category 2, reject whole carcass if signs of systemic infection

Answer 140

Reject affected part under category 2. Check carcass for signs of systemic disease

Answer 141

Reject affected part under category 2, unless multiple organs or malignant

Answer 142

LASTRASH: Leukaemia Anthrax Septicaemia Torsion - only in pigs where the spleen can twist Redwater fever/babesia Abscesses Slaughter spleen - caused by pithing Haematoma

Answer 143

Any septicaemia = spleen enlarges. Very enlarged with dark tarry blood, could be anthrax. Reject affected part under category 2, check for systemic infection

Answer 144

Caseous lymphadenitis – goats is cottage cheese like, in sheep is like an onion with lamina layers in the abscess. LN and kidneys. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis wants to be taken by BWC to LN and get walled off by body system in abscess. Zoonotic but is only category 2 (Andy says chuck whole thing) so reject affected part but if find another, reject whole carcass

Answer 145

Enteritis don’t know cause so have to reject this part under category 2, if systemic then reject whole carcass

Answer 146

Not very pathogenic to sheep, cattle and deer and are really common. Intermediate stage is a grass mite so tends to be a farm problem. But doesn’t cause issues. Will be extruded from intestines during any further processing with intestinal contents for category 3.

Answer 147

Signs of a systemic problem with that animal, so generally will reject entire carcass for oedema under category 2.

Answer 148

- Check for contamination in pelvic channel with faecal pellets as sheep not bunged - Check lymph nodes for signs of infection - Palpate for signs of C.ovis, peritonitis - Check for signs of pleuritis and contamination - Inspect kidneys - Check neck for signs of contamination and C.ovis - Check kidneys – if need to look at heart and has lost correlation, can reject carcass immediately - Check carcass for signs of swelling, abnormal joints and contamination - visual inspection of genitals except from penis

Answer 149

Can be opened as sheep and pigs can do ankylosis where infection can be replaced by bone, so have to open to see if infected. Reject this part under category 2 and also question how was brought in without pain and inspection needed.

Answer 150

Can’t cut into spinal lumbar region where these normally are so can get a lot of these as you can only reject wat you can see. Reject affected parts under category 2 and check carcass for signs of generalised infection

Answer 151

Every LN enlarged = systemic infection = reject whole carcass under category 2

Answer 152

Emaciated animal with oedema s didn’t undergo rigamortis – systemic disease so unfit for human consumption under category 2

Answer 153

Grabbed fleece, monitored in abattoirs, not like a normal bruise as it is capillary tearing rather than rupture so does not change colour over time so cannot age. Painful for sheep and must be trimmed in abattoir to remove and quality goes done and down due to petechial haemorrhaging throughout, so have to cut a cut hole in the side of the carcass. Reject affected part under category 3 - aesthetic

Answer 154

1. No veterinary treatment 2. Consumer expectations different in what constitutes fit to eat 3. Antemortem not by veterinarian but trained hunter 4. Gralloching and ABP disposal 5. Game larder does not have to chilled 6. You may not see the offal 7. Pathogenic conditions in wild game are Cat 1

Answer 155

Contains foreign bodies, except, in the case of wild game, material used to hunt the animal

Answer 156

Deer species Wild boar Rabbits, hares Pheasants, partridge, grouse, pigeon, duck Park game - if they are there and the meat is a byproduct, they are wild. If they are bred for meat, they are farmed

Answer 157

- Killed by hunting (by legal means in the allocated season) - The mammals or birds are from a disease free area - not subject to Animal Health Restrictions - The meat is prepared and handled in a hygienic manner

Answer 158

- Antemortem by trained hunter not by vet - Gralloched – removal of green offal. Makes it lighter and easier to cool

Answer 159

1 member of a hunting team should have sufficient knowledge and training to undertake an initial on-the spot examination. This person is referred to as the Trained Person If the hunter is not trained, communicated to the trained person. The carcass with offal must then be presented to the trained person

Answer 160

In an abattoir, animal by-products must be categorised and stained and have permitted disposal routes for each category. But for wild game, can be left out for scavengers to each and parasites and diseases to spread.

Answer 161

Hygienic, vermin and fly-proof conditions and allow initial cooling. Carcasses still have fur on

Answer 162

- Where OV is - vet may not see the offal - Meat of large wild game must be transported to a GHE as soon as possible after the examination by the hunter - Large wild game may be transported to the GHE unskinned and with the head and viscera removed if it is accompanied by the declaration provided by the hunter

Answer 163

All cervids lack a gall bladder

Answer 164

Tuberculosis - unfit Yersinosis - unfit Contamination Trauma Ectoparasites Endoparasites Brain abscesses

Answer 165

Often extensive spread throughout the body as they do not have treatment

Answer 166

- Gross contamination warrants rejection of the carcass - Slight contamination should be trimmed never washed off - Most commonly due to rupture/puncture of the alimentary tract during evisceration by poor technique or poor shot position

Answer 167

To get the heart. Want to keep heads and chest stays still as head moves up and down from prey species checking surroundings constantly, hydrostatic blood pressure that ruptures vessels in the heart with pressure. Exit shot always bigger than entry, this are must be rejected for human consumption

Answer 168

RTA are not killed by hunting so are illegal

Answer 169

Transmits lyme disease, tick pyaemia, tick paralysis and babesiosis At GHE, all deer in chiller will have fur on. Ticks react to CO2, heat and movement. If you go into the chiller, you are the only thing that provides these things so will move very quickly to you (eject anaesthetics so won’t find them until later).

Answer 170

When host deer found wings drop off and becomes permanent ectoparasite

Answer 171

Lungworm: - Muellerius capillaris – shot like nodules in the lungs. Very common in sheep lungs - Dictyocaulus viviparus areas of pneumonia Canine tapeworm cysts: - Cysticercus tenuicollis – forms on abdominal organs and forms fluid filled clear cysts with 1mm diameter white head - Hydatid Trematode: -Fasciola hepatica – liver fluke - Paramphistomum cervi – rumen fluke (deer have rumen)

Answer 172

Deer, common in males, tends to be seasonal, coinciding with antler shedding and rutting season. Injury near pedicles leading to extended infection

Answer 173

1. Slaughter without pre-slaughter stunning for religious reasons 2. Slaughter without pre-slaughter stunning for technical or economic reasons 3. Slaughter with pre-slaughter stunning

Answer 174

Muslim slaughterman bleeds the animal whilst reciting a prayer Some are not stunned in halal but legally they are allowed to do this

Answer 175

- Takes 5 years to train and 3 years of this is how to keep the knife insanely sharp, make sure there are no knicks between each animal - A kosher species must be slaughtered by a schochet, a ritual slaughter, since Jewish law prohibits causing any pain to animals, the slaughtering has to be effected in such a way that unconsciousness is instantaneous and death occurs almost instantly - If pleurisy, don't strip it out and pass carcass, but reject whole thing

Answer 176

Trief – the Yiddish word for any form of non-kosher food Terefah – a member of a kosher species of mammal or bird , disqualified from being considered kosher, due to pre existing mortal injuries or physical defects Porging – it is forbidden to consume certain parts of the animal, such as certain fats and the sciatic nerves from the legs

Answer 177

- Pork or pork by products - Animals that were dead prior to slaughtering - Animals not slaughtered properly or not slaughtered in the name of Allah - Blood and blood by products - Alcohol - Carnivorous animals - Birds of prey - Land animals without external ears

Answer 178

Captive bolt used on halal cartilage in UK Head only electrical stunning in sheep

Answer 179

To make sure what is being done is being done accurately and for health and safety of staff. With non-stun slaughter of cattle, neck restraint so as to no put head down when bleeding to rub cut parts together

Answer 180

- Injurious or stressful - How long is the animal restrained before either stunning and/or slaughter? - Where the animal is not stunned, does any physical activity of the animal whilst conscious cause pain, fear or distress

Answer 181

EU legislation allows inversion and UK do not allow inversion of cattle. UK require someone to bleed animal as soon as possible, as the longer it is in the box, the more stressful it will be. Plate touching the belly of the animal, start to fight this and get stressed. If any animal is not losing consciousness quick enough, will shoot

Answer 182

- Cattle cannot be inverted - Operator must be ready to make the cut immediately - Must have a belly plate to support the animal - Animal must not be released until unconscious - Cattle – minimum 30 seconds post cut (may (may not be long enough) - Sheep/goats – minimum 20 seconds post cut

Answer 183

Slaughter by ventral neck incision, without stunning, is painful In cattle, this can be as long as 60 seconds or more

Answer 184

Thoracic stick = 17s Ventral neck cut = 14s In religious slaughter: Thoracic stick is 17s But beck stick has an average of 55s

Answer 185

Takes so long in cattle due to vertebral arteries, as these continue up into the brain to the circle of willis in cattle, so blood flow changes and goes up through vertebral arteries to supply the brain for longer, neck holder to prevent blood going up to the brain by keeping head up. If they put head down, sheath can clot and continue to allow blood flow upwards

Answer 186

Vertebral arteries are not cut with neck sticking because they are protected by the vertebrae