Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CVSOH 4 > Ears > Flashcards

Ears Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of factor to consider with otitis externa?

A

Primary
Secondary
Predisposing
Perpetuating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some common primary factors that directly induce otitis externa?

A
  • Allergic skin is the most common cause of chronic otitis
  • Atopic dermatitis most common
  • Cutaneous adverse food reaction
  • Contact dermatitis – topicals
  • Ectoparasites
  • Foreign bodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some uncommon primary factors that directly induce otitis externa?

A

Tumours
Hypothyroidism
Keratinisation disorders (including endocrine)
Autoimmune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some secondary factors that aggravate otitis externa?

A
  • The ear microclimate supports a complex resident population of microorganisms - easily upset, for instance with inappropriate topical medications
  • Microbial overgrowth – staphylococci species and Malassezia can be isolated from normal ear canals
  • Opportunistic infection, such as pseudomonas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the predisposing factors of otitis externa?

A
  • Conformation of the ear
  • Humidity in the ear canal
  • Inappropriate over cleaning
  • Hypertrichosis
  • Predisposition to keratinisation disorders
  • Trauma
  • Neoplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some perpetuating factors of otitis externa?

A
  • Specialised sebaceous glands which produce cerumen
  • Altered components of the cerumen encourages microbial overgrowth
  • Excessive cleaning or use of irritant or inappropriate medication
  • Glandular tissues undergo inflammatory and hyperplastic changes – increases stenosis
  • Involvement of the middle ear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do glands that produce cerumen perpetuate otitis externa?

A

 Sensitive to inflammation and will up-regulate their synthetic activity with minimal stimulus
 Excessive production and accumulation of cerumen and ear canal discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is chronic proliferative otitis externa characterised by?

A
  • Excessive granulation tissue
  • Scarring, stenosis and deformity of the ear canal
  • Calcification of the cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the neurological signs of otitis externa?

A
  • Facial nerve paralysis
  • Horner’s syndrome
  • Hearing loss
  • Vestibular signs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the clinical signs of otitis externa?

A
  • Head shaking
  • Scratching or rubbing ears
  • Yelping when handled
  • Vertical canal may be obstructed by moderate to severe hyperplasia
  • Ear canal may be firm on palpation due to hyperplasia, fibrosis and calcification
  • Discharge
  • Pain on opening the mouth of eating or on palpating the ears
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How and what is otitis externa assessed at physical examination?

A
  1. Whole body and skin surface
  2. Pinnae
  3. Pain on palpation of the base of the ear due to fibrosis/calcification
  4. Entrance to the vertical ear canal
  5. Integrity of both ear canals and the tympanic membranes
  6. Otoscopy
  7. Open the mouth - pain in the temporo-mandibular with otitis media
  8. Diagnostic tests
  9. Clean the ears to fully asses the canals and tympanic membranes – under sedation, GA, if there is any doubt about TM integrity, use sterile saline to flush
  10. Reverse stenosis?
  11. If the middle ear disease is suspected, radiography/CT scan of the tympanic bullae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What diagnostic tests can be used to investigate otitis?

A
  • Cytology of ear discharge – take impressions of skin folds, such as pinnae
  • Culture and susceptibility of ear discharge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When is auricular discharge culture and susceptibility tested?

A
  • Already treated with multiple antibiotic/antiseptic treatments
  • Risk of antimicrobial resistance
  • Rods on cytology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is challenging about diagnostic tests into otitis?

A

Normal ears contain Malassezia, Streptococci, Staphylococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can be seen on CT and MRI that could indicate otitis media?

A
  • Thickened or mineralised external ear canal
  • Stenosis/occlusion of external canal
  • Sclerosis of petrous temporal bone
  • Thickening, sclerosis of tympanic bullae
  • Lysis of tympanic bullae
  • Soft tissues opacity within bullae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a feline specific aspect of the middle ear?

A

Cats have a bone that separates their middle ear into almost 2 compartments

15
Q

How are allergic skin disease and chronic ear disease linked?

A
  • In early stages of allergic skin disease, the degree of pruritis of the pinnal area exceeds the involvement of the ear canals
  • Inflammation can lead to increased cerumen production - not necessarily mean secondary infection present
16
Q

Do you need to use antimicrobial ear drops in chronic ear disease?

A

Could exacerbate the problem either by disturbing the microflora or causing contact reaction

17
Q

How is chronic ear disease managed?

A
  • Judicious use of ear cleaner and topical anti-inflammatory preparations may help to control head shaking and scratching
  • In some cases, systemic glucocorticoids may be the only means of controlling clinical signs
  • With repeated episodes, consider performing an elimination diet trial to investigate for CAFR
18
Q

What are some underlying causes of recurrent otitis externa with keratinisation?

A

Hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism and sex hormone imbalances

19
Q

What are the aims of therapy with ear disease?

A
  • Kill microorganisms in ear canal and middle ear
  • Keep ear canal open so topical solutions can reach deeper tissues and air can circulate
  • Reduce inflammation, discomfort and cerumen production
20
Q

What is applied to the ears after cleaning in otitis?

A

Topical medication – combinations of steroid, antibiotic and antifungal agents (NSAIDs are not helpful for otitis)

21
Q

Is systemic antibiotics used for otitis?

A

Little benefit in otitis externa

22
Q

Which antibiotics are used to treat pseudomonas otitis?

A

Marbofloxacin
Orbiflaxacin
Gentamycin
Polymyxin B

Tris-EDTA may help make antibiotic more effective

23
Q

How is inflammation decreased in pseudomonas otitis?

A

Oral and topical glucocorticoids to open the canal, reduce discomfort, facilitate topical therapy (infection is a secondary factor)

24
Q

How are biofilms used to treat pseudomonas?

A
  • Physically clean the ear to remove debris and biofilm
  • Use cleaner that can help to disrupt biofilm formation, for example n acetylcysteine and/or flush under general anaesthesia
25
Q

What is otodectes?

A

Ear mites - contagious and zoonotic

26
Q

What are the clinical signs of otodectes?

A
  • Acute signs of irritation
  • Some cats may develop a profound hypersensitivity reaction to the feeding mites
  • Others show little to no clinical signs
27
Q

What are polyps in cats?

A

Benign inflammatory lesion. Polyp may regrow after removal

28
Q

What are the clinical signs of polyps in cats?

A

Persistent aural discharge, otitis, head shaking, scratching, a head tilt and nystagmus

29
Q

How is polyps in cats diagnosed?

A
  • Otoscopy, bulla radiography and examining the nasopharynx may detect the polyp
  • CT/MRI scan can be useful
30
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute ear foreign bodies?

A

Acute signs of pain, discomfort, head shaking and scratching

31
Q

How is ear foreign bodies treated?

A

Topical antibacterial and anti-inflammatory therapy

32
Q

How is aural haematoma treated?

A
  • Various surgical methods used
  • Glucocorticoids are often used to control inflammation
  • Recurrent haematomas should be carefully evaluated for primary underlying diseases
33
Q

Which of these is not a primary cause of otitis externa?

A

Pseudomonas

34
Q

Which of these factors are predisposing for otitis?

A

Over-cleaning, ear canal conformation

CVSOH 4 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions