Therapeutics Flashcards
Describe the stages of the cascade in food producing animals.
- Veterinary medicine with a Marketing Authorisation indicated species and condition
- Veterinary medicine with a Marketing Authorisation valid in NI for indicated species and condition
- Veterinary medicine with a Marketing Authorisation valid in GB, NI or UK wide for a different species or condition. For products not authorised in GB or UK wide a Special Import Certificate from the VMD is required
- Human medicine with a Marketing Authorisation valid in GB, NI or UK wide OR an authorised veterinary medicine from outside of the UK. For products not authorised in GB or UK wide a Special Import Certificate from the VMD is required for food producing animals
- Extemporaneous preparation prepared by a vet, pharmacist or person with Manufacturer’s Authorisation in UK
- Exception – in exceptional circumstances, a human medicine may be imported from outside of the UK
Define withdrawal period.
The length of time that must lapse between the final administration of the medicine and the point that the treated animal can be slaughtered to enter the food chain or when produce is taken from the treated animal
What is the withdrawal period for eggs calculated?
Longest withdrawal period provided in the SPC x 1.5
14 days, if the product is not authorised for animals producing eggs for human consumption
What is the withdrawal period for milk calculated?
Longest withdrawal period in SPC x 1.5
- 7 days, if the product is not authorised
- 1 day, if the product has a zero-hour withdrawal period
What is the withdrawal period for meat and offal calculated?
Longest withdrawal period provided in the SPC x 1.5
- 28 days, if the product is not authorised
- 1 day, if the product has a zero-day withdrawal period
What is the withdrawal period for fish calculated?
Longest withdrawal period for any of the aquatic species in the SPC x 1.5 and expressed as degree-days
25 degree days if zero period withdrawal drug
What are the treatment associated risks of the cascade?
Protect the food chain
Protect the environment
Protect the public – AMR risk
Which antimicrobials are considered critically important by the WHO?
Cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides + some other things
Which categories should vets be prescribing from for antimicrobials?
Prescribe from D and C, not from B
What are the side effects of penicillins and cephalosporins?
Vomiting, diarrhoea, immune-mediated conditions
What are the side effects of doxycycline and clindamycin?
Oesophagitis causing stricture
What are the side effects of aminoglycosides?
Nephrotoxic, ototoxic, neuro-muscular blockade
What are the side effects of metronidazole?
Vestibular signs, CNS toxicity
What are the side effects of fluoroquinolones?
Articular cartilage damage, retinal injury in cats
What are the side effects of TMPS?
Immune-mediated conditions
What are the side effects of tetracyclines?
Stain dental enamel
What are the side effects of erythromycin?
Vomiting
What are the main antibiotics used for gram positive aerobes in small animals?
Cephalosporins
What are the main antibiotics used for gram negative aerobes in small animals?
1st gen cephalosporins
Amoxicillin-clavulanate
TMPS
Tetracyclines
What are the main antibiotics used in penicillinase producing staphylococcus in small animals?
Amoxicillin-clavulanate
1st and 2nd gen cephalosporins (including cofovecin)
Which antibiotics are chosen for the urogenital tract?
Amoxicillin-clavulanate
TMPS
What are the main antibiotics used in obligate anaerobes in small animals?
Amoxicillin-clavulanate
Clindamycin
Metronidazole
What does PROTECT stand for in AMR in practice?
Practice policy on antibiotic use
Reduce prophylactic use
Other options for treatment
Types of bacteria are being targeted
Employing the correct antibacterial
Cytology and culture
Treat effectively
Which antibiotics are chosen for the respiratory tract?
Doxycycline
Amoxicillin-clavulanate
Which antibiotics are chosen for the skin?
1st gen cephalosporins
Amoxicillin-clavulanate
Clindamycin
Which antibiotics are chosen for bite wounds?
Amoxicillin-clavulanate with/without metronidazole
Clindamycin
Which antibiotics are chosen for the gastrointestinal tract?
Giardia - fenbendazole or metronidazole
Coccidia - TMPS
Campylobacter - C&S
Translocation - IV amoxicillin-clavulanate and metronidazole
