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CVSOH 4 > Pig Health > Flashcards

Pig Health Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the reproductive cycle in sows.

A
  • Heat 4-6 days after weaning
  • Piglets weaned at 21-28 days
  • 21 day cycle length
  • 115 days pregnancy – 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days
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2
Q

Name 3 feeding system and what each one allows.

A

Individual sow feeders decrease competition for feed and bullying and they are not confined in these

Electronic sow feeders have transponders in their ears and get fed the amount to correspond to their stage of pregnancy

Trickle feeders more like routine behaviour

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3
Q

How can group dynamics be identified by positioning in housing?

A

Sows like to lie against things to more dominant sows will be seen against walls and less dominant further away. So can reduce bullying behaviour by having more walls in housing

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4
Q

What is the average wean to service interval?

A

5.5 days

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5
Q

How are boars used in servicing sows?

A

Boar needs to be max 1.0m away from sows – consider using a V boar

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6
Q

What are the considerations for weaning to service?

A
  • The body condition of the sow/gilt
  • Length of lactation
  • Number and weight of piglets
  • Feed intake
  • Management at weaning
  • Requirement for nurse or foster sows
  • Parity
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7
Q

Why might weaning to service interval be increased?

A
  • Excessive weight loss during lactation
  • Suckling period
  • Litter size
  • Piglet size
  • Discharge/MMA in farrowing house
  • Poor weaning management
  • Endemic disease
  • Poor oestrus expression
  • Poor boar exposure
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8
Q

What age are piglets weaned?

A

No earlier than 28 days

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9
Q

What does lactation length depend on?

A
  • Length of service pattern
  • Sow condition and feeding
  • Size and weight of weaners
  • Future farrowing space requirements
  • Culling policy
  • Fostering techniques
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10
Q

Why might there be a lack of oestrous in weaned sows?

A
  • Low BCS
  • Poor appetite
  • Cold environment
  • Insufficient lighting
  • Inadequate boar exposure
  • Heat during suckling
  • ‘Silent’ heat
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11
Q

What are the signs of heat in sows?

A

Ears prick
Sharp grunt
Enlarged red and moist vulva
Mounting activity
If applied back pressure and is not moving, she is on heat

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12
Q

Why is habituation avoided in sows?

A

Continual boar exposure can be bad, especially for prepubertal gilts

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13
Q

When is AI done

A
  • Ovulation occurs 2/3rd of way through oestrous (36-44 hrs after onset of heat)
  • Need to AI before ovulation
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14
Q

Name 2 pig zoonoses.

A

Brucellosis (metritis)
Chlamydia

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15
Q

What happens in the first 30 days of pregnancy?

A
  • Day 4 – move to uterus
  • Day 7-10 – migrate along uterus
  • Day 12-14 – placenta elongates and attaches to uterine wall
  • Day 28-30 – pregnancy is reasonably firmly established - PD scan from 24 days
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16
Q

Why might reproduction fail in sows?

A

Parvovirus
PRRS
Leptospirosis
Erysipelas
Cystitis and pyelonephritis
Influenza
CSF/ASF/Brucellosis/Aujezsky’s Disease
Nutritional deficiencies
Mycotoxins
Lameness
Management

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17
Q

What is done 21 days before farrowing?

A

Increase feed in 21 day before with fibre

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18
Q

What is maximised prior to farrowing?

A
  • Piglet birth weight
  • Vigour of piglets
  • Improve condition for lactation
  • Maintain and support dam
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19
Q

What are sows vaccinated against 3-4 weeks before farrowing?

A

E. coli
Clostridia spp
Salmonella spp
PRRS
Autogenous vaccines

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20
Q

What are the non-infectious and infectious causes of infertility?

A

Non-infectious causes – failure to conceive, management, stress, nutrition, failure to identify NIP

Infectious causes – PRRS, erysipelas, parvovirus, leptospirosis, SIV, PCV 2

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21
Q

What is PRRS?

A

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

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22
Q

What are the herd level indications of PRRS?

A
  • Anorexia
  • Abortion/early farrowings
  • Irregular returns to service
  • Increased stillbirths and mummified piglets
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23
Q

What are the clinical signs of PRRS?

A
  • Transient pyrexia
  • Laboured breathing
  • Poor piglet quality and higher pre weaning mortality
  • Agalactia
  • Decreased appetite in lactation
  • Anoestrus
24
Q

What are the causes of abortions in pigs?

A

Pyrexia
PRRS
Parvovirus
Circovirus
Mycotoxins
Erysipelas
Leptospirosis
Notifiables
Management factors
Environmental factors

25
Q

What causes of abortion can be investigated using serology?

A
  • PRRS
  • Leptospirosis
  • Parvovirus/Erysipelas serology may be less useful due to widespread vaccination
26
Q

What are the features are gilts selected for?

A
  • Good feet and legs
  • At least 14 functional teats
  • Mature vulva
  • Good temperament – handling
  • Avoid deformity
  • Increased back fat
27
Q

What are the causes of anoestrous in gilts?

A

Age – immature
Poor environment
Bullying/stress
Disease
Lameness
No boar presence
Poor light
Nutrition
Sunburn
Already pregnant

28
Q

What is the best option for frequency of boar contact?

A

Best for 2x a day

29
Q

How can gilts be synchronised?

A

Feed progesterone for 18 days

30
Q

Why might a boar be bleeding after service?

A

Torn penile frenulum
Blood reduces semen fertility
Rest boar for 6-8 weeks

31
Q

What is bush foot?

A

White line lesion

32
Q

What are the causes of bush foot?

A
  • Wet floors
  • Rough abrasive concrete
  • Sudden turns and aggression, beside ESF, mixing sows, fighting
  • Biotin deficiency
33
Q

How is bush foot treated?

A
  • Antibiotic cover – penicillin/lincomycin
  • NSAID’s
  • Consider flooring during recovery
  • Address poor flooring
34
Q

When do the epiphyseal plates in pigs close?

A

Distal humerus – 12m
Proximal femur 1-3 yrs
Tuber ischii 2-7 yrs so detachment of teh tuber ischii is more common

35
Q

What are the causes of upper leg lesions in pigs?

A
  • Femoral neck fractures seen in young boars
  • OCD/osteochondrosis – erosion of articular cartilage
  • Slippery floors in service area
  • Excess mounting
  • Over crowding
  • Gilts reared on finishing rations – lower dietary Ca (to keep P low)
  • Mixing sows with gilts at weaning
  • Excess weight loss in lactation
  • Inadequate dietary mineralisation
  • Inadequate exercise during rearing, leading to immature skeleton
36
Q

Why is observation needed to diagnose leg injuries?

A

Not good at standing on 3 legs

37
Q

How are leg injuries treated?

A
  • Move to firm floor straw based pen
  • Easy access to food and water
  • NSAID’s
    -Wait – may take 1-2 months to fully recover
  • Consider welfare – if prolonged recovery or significant lameness euthanasia may be the appropriate option
38
Q

What are the causes of post weaning mastitis?

A
  • Sows running milk
  • Wet, dirty floors – best to clean out daily
  • Slippery floors
  • Failure to clean out daily
  • Over crowded
  • Mouldy straw bedding
39
Q

What are the causes of vulva biting?

A
  • Over crowded
  • Continual mixing of sows in dynamic groups
  • Uncomfortable housing
  • Inadequate feeding or drinker space
  • Rogue sow, temperament
  • Overfat/pregnant
40
Q

What is the parasite of mange in pigs?

A

Sarcoptes scabei var suis

41
Q

How is mange diagnosed?

A
  • Thickening of skin around neck
  • White crusts in ear – black discharge is normal
  • Red scabs on inside of boar legs
  • Skin scrape and microscopy
42
Q

What are the consequences of mange?

A
  • Reduced weight gain
  • Rubbing/itching sows damages buildings
  • Reduced carcase value if skin has to be removed
43
Q

How is mange treated?

A
  • Ivermectin – injection 2 doses 2 weeks apart, as eggs persist for 2 weeks in the environment, may not penetrate certain presentations
  • Boars and older sows may need repeated doses if badly affected
  • Ivermectin in feed for whole herd for 10-14 days
44
Q

Where are haemtopinus suis lice common on pigs?

A

Neck

45
Q

How are haemtopinus suis lice treaed?

A

Ivermectin by injection

46
Q

What are the most common pelvic organ prolapses in pigs?

A

Cervical most common over vaginal

47
Q

How are pelvic organ prolapses managed in sows?

A
  • Get sow out of crate and walk her around
  • Generally leave well alone – poor response to epidural and replacement with purse string suture
  • Care if sow is to be culled – be aware of transport welfare regulations
48
Q

How are uterine and rectal prolapses managed?

A

Separate sow to allow slow healing
Other pigs will traumatise the prolapse

49
Q

What are the causes of sudden death in sows?

A

Gastric torsion
Clostridial infections
Pyelonephritis with/without cystitis
Stomach ulcers
Endocarditis (erysipelas lesions)
Heat stroke
Notifiable diseases

50
Q

What happens in gastric torsion in pigs?

A
  • Massively bloated carcase
  • Gross dilation of stomach
  • Commonly twisted at the mesenteric axis
51
Q

How is gastric torsion prevented?

A

Check feed availability/frequency of feeding

52
Q

When might gastric torsion be in combination with splenic torsion?

A
  • Irregular feeding intervals
  • Excess excitement
  • Usually lactating sows
53
Q

What can predispose clostridium novyi/oedematiens?

A

Straw bedded systems, dirty straw or soil

54
Q

What are the post mortem findings of clostridium novyi/oedematiens?

A
  • Typical ‘aero chocolate’ liver
  • Blood throughout carcase
  • Haemorrhages in heart and muscle
55
Q

How is clostridium novyi/oedematiens controlled?

A
  • Will takes minimum of 5 weeks to get all sows covered
  • Need to give all at risk sows long acting penicillin during the risk period
56
Q

What are the characteristics of cystitis and pyelonephritis in pigs?

A
  • Haemorrhage on bladder wall
  • The bladder valve becomes eroded, can get ascending infection to kidney
  • Blood in urine is cystitis/pyelonephritis
  • Pus is more likely to be vaginitis

CVSOH 4 (25 decks)

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