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SUMPHYS2 > VOP WBC immunity > Flashcards

VOP WBC immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Compare specific vs. non-specific immunity?

A

Specific: directed towards a specific target, nonspecific: innate immunity

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2
Q

What is Myelocytic lineages?

A

Red blood cells

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3
Q

What is lymphocytic/monocytic lineages?

A

Makes agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes

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4
Q

What 3 factors about WBC are clinically important

A

1] Leukocyte number, 2] Differential counts (by percentage), 3] Morphology via microscope

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5
Q

What is the use of blood count

A

used after complete H&P to confirm or eliminate a potential dx, as a guide to therapy or index of prognosis

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6
Q

What is the formation of WBCs

A

1] Granulocytes and monocytes formed in marrow only, 2] Majority of lymphocytes formed and matured in lymphoid tissues

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7
Q

Where are WBCs stored?

A

Significant storage in marrow and lymphoid organs

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8
Q

What is the life span of a WBC

A

1] 4-8 hr in blood, 2] Most enter tissue, immune “surveillance”, 3] Monocytes 10-20 hr in blood then months in tissues as macrophages

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9
Q

Why are Neutrophil/polymorph/PMN called neutrophils

A

neutral granules- these cells do not prefer acidic or basic dyes

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10
Q

What is chemotaxis

A

movement of a cell up a chemical gradient toward its source

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11
Q

What promotes chemotaxis?

A

“chemokines”, “lymphokines”, “cytokines”, which signal cells, Many are interleukin family

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12
Q

What is the selective process of phagocytosis

A

1] Smooth surfaces resist phagocytosis like our natural structure of tissues, 2] most natural substances in the body also have protective protein coats that repel the phagocytosis, foreign like bacteria have no protective coats, 3] Activates the complement cascade which opsonizes phagocytosis

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of phagocytosis

A

Destruction of target inside by lysosomal enzymes/molecules. OR they sequester the target

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14
Q

What is the shape of a monocyte

A

this is an agranular leukocyte, characterized by a kidney bean shaped nucleus, they get activated into macrophages

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15
Q

What is characteristics of monocytes

A

Reticuloendothelial lineage, Histiocytes, reside in Lymphoid organs or tissues, 400:1 tissue:blood and has a 100 day lifespan

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16
Q

What is inflammation

A

1] Non-specific process, 2] Dilution important, dilute pathogens and brings white cells to the area via vasodilation, 3] Also provides phagocytic cells, 4] Finally, allows encapsulation (“walling off”) by presence of clotting agents

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17
Q

What is the steps in inflammation

A

1] Vasodilation, 2] increased permeability of the capillaries, 3] clotting of fluid in the interstitial space due to leakage of fibrin, 4] migration of the neutrophils and monocytes to area via chemokines, 5] swelling of the tissues cells, some lyse

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18
Q

What prevents the clotting of the fluid during inflammation?

A

Immediate response release of histamines and heparin (usually) cause vasodilation & prevent clotting

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19
Q

What is the ideal environment for our immune response

A

Monocyte resist low pH better, but acute inflammation is alkaline and later becomes acidic

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20
Q

List the cardinal signs of inflammation

A

1] Calor, 2] Dolar, 3] Rubor, 4] Tumor, 5] Lost of function

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21
Q

What is Diapedesis

A

1] white cell is activated, it can put adhesion molecules on the blood vessel wall. White cell will start to stick,
2] it will roll along wall of blood vessel first, then come to a stop.
3] cytokines induce it to move, the white cell will squeeze through the cells of the blood vessel wall and go to source of chemokines

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22
Q

What is extavasation

A

moving through the vessel wall is extravasation

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23
Q

What is the dye used for eosinophils

A

eosinophils’ granules soak up the eosin dye to have red granular appearance. Eosin is acidic in nature

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24
Q

What is movement of Eosinophil

A

300-400x more in bone than blood, Attracted to tissue with histamine release. Common in tissues high in mast cells

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25
Q

What is the function of Eosinophil

A

Neutralize histamine (anti-inflammatory effect)

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26
Q

What can cause eosinopenia

A

Systemic gluccocorticoids (stress), steroids work in anti-inflammatory and in allergies.

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27
Q

What is leukopenia

A

1] Reduced production of WBCs, 2] Death often by massive infection, 3] Can be indicator of infection (early or late)

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28
Q

What is Leukemia

A

1] Uncontrolled production of white cells, 2] Lymphocytic or myelogenous, 3] Anemia, bleeding, infection (still), high metabolism

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29
Q

What is a cause of leukemia?

A

Radiation

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30
Q

What is L shift in bands

A

neutrophil nucleus is not lobulated, one continuously thick nucleus shaped like a band, they are immature and get released into the bloodstream

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31
Q

What is a normal lymphocyte

A

lymphocyte cytoplasm should be clear or agranular, consistent coloration, usually smaller, and the nucleus is a large percentage of the cytoplasm

32
Q

What is specific immunity

A

1] have to exposed to the targets before we can become immune, 2] acquired immunity, 3] mechanism through the production of binding proteins, 4] Self vs. “not self”

33
Q

What is nonspecific immunity

A

what we’re born with, does not require exposure, its innate

34
Q

What are the two forms of acquired immunity

A

Humoral (think “B cells”); Cell-mediated (think “T cells”)

35
Q

What are the similarities between the humoral and cell mediated immunity

A

1] Activation after exposure, 2] Both responsive to “antigens”, 3] Both based on lymphocytic (lineage) derivatives

36
Q

What is the Lymphocyte lineage

A

1] Basis of acquired immunity, 2] Contained within lymphoid structures, greatest volume in nodes, 3] Distributed to guard entry portals such as mouth, neck and groin, 4] Two general forms produced, T cells mature in thymus, B cells are formed in bone marrow

37
Q

What is preprocessing

A

refers to initial development of cells producing millions or unique binding proteins (antibodies)

38
Q

What is negative selection

A

cells that are self reactive will be destroyed

39
Q

What is T cells selection

A

1] Lever in the system, 2] Undergo second layer of “positive selection” for MHC recognition, 3] MHC used as control mechanism against an over active immune system

40
Q

What is antibodies

A

They are antigen binding proteins, has a constant portion and variable portion.

41
Q

What accounts for the variety of antibodies

A

from realignment of gene segments

42
Q

What does the binding of antigens causes

A

Cells activated by binding antigen induces “clonal expansion

43
Q

What is the activation of the lymphocytes

A

1] Macrophages and others (not neutrophils) present antigens to T (or B) cells, Presence of MHC necessary , 2] Cytokines enhance effect (IL-1) bigger response

44
Q

What is the structure of antibodies

A

1] Gamma globulins, 2] Large molecules, 3] Light and heavy chains

45
Q

What is a new infection

A

IgM first. IgG are the longer term persisting abs that form immune memory

46
Q

Which antibody is for allergic response?

A

IgE

47
Q

Which antibody is for secretions

A

IgA

48
Q

What is basophils

A

granular leukocytes, staining blue. Hematoxylin dye

49
Q

What is the direct actions of antibodies

A

1] Agglutination, 2] Precipitation, 3] Neutralization (endotoxins), 4] Lysis (rare)

50
Q

What is the activation of complement

A

1] Complement = protein cascade, 2] 11 proteins in classic pathway, 3] Antigen binding uncovers activation site, 4] Numerous products (intermediates) enhance immunity

51
Q

What is the effects of complement system

A

1] C3b - opsonization, 2] C5b, 6 & 7 in complex - lysis, 3] C5a - neutrophil chemotaxsis, 4] C3a, 4a, 5a basophil and Mast cell activation, 5] Agglutination, 6] Disruption of viral coats, 7] Inflammation

52
Q

What is Helper T cells (CD4+)

A

1] Most numerous, 2] Regulate all immune function, 3] Th1 effects (effects are mediated by IL 2), 4] Th2 effects (effects are mediated by IL4 and 5), 5] Co-stimulation with B7:CD28 binding

53
Q

What is Cytotoxic Ts (killer; CD8+)

A

1] Target cells without MHC 2] Use binding surface proteins and secretion of perforins

54
Q

WHat is rule of 8 and lymphocyte?

A

T cell CD4- MHC II, T cell CD8 MHC 1

55
Q

What is Suppressor T cells

A

limit immune function

56
Q

What is tolerance

A

distinguish self from not self.

57
Q

What are examples of where tolerance fails

A

1] Rheumatic fever, 2] MG auto-ab destruction of Ach receptors, 3] SLE, 4] Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

58
Q

How do some autoimmune results from failure of tolerance

A

Self antibodies get released into blood, example thyroid binding protein in the thyroid follicle is released into blood stream, body doesn’t recognize it as self –> mount immune response

59
Q

What is immunization

A

exposure to one organism can protect us from other organisms.

60
Q

What is an allergy

A

Delayed reaction hypersensitivity, nothing happens during the first exposure, which primes the immune system–> bigger response at next exposure

61
Q

What is the lab findings during an allergic reaction

A

Spiking on esinophils on CBC

62
Q

What is danger with an allergic reaction

A

Anaphylaxis

63
Q

What is the allergen load

A

allergies is a cumulative process which determine if we reach the threshold or not, and get sx

64
Q

What is antigen

A

anything that you will react to and create an immune response

65
Q

What is a cytokines

A

cytokines are used to activate other cells and encourage them to respond

66
Q

What is the function of B cells

A

B cells become plasma cells –> make antibodies, attack pathogens, stimulate the complement cascade, phagocytic response, preserve immunity, involved in long term and acute

67
Q

What is the longevity of T cells

A

no long term immunity from the T cells. Acute.

68
Q

What are the antigen presenting cells

A

1] B Cells, 2] Macrophages, 3] Dendritic cells

69
Q

What is the process of antigen presentation

A

a somatic cell when it gets infected or B cell when it has an ab to an ag, incorporates it into the cell via vesicle and putting pieces of that ag on the surface

70
Q

Can a somatic cell present antigens?

A

Yes, but not to T cells, only MHC II cells can present to T cells

71
Q

What is how antigen presentation is different in viral infections

A

somatic cell infected by a virus…viral protein is presented in combo w/ class I MHC.

72
Q

What interleukin is invovled in B & T cell activation?

A

IL-2 leads to clonal production

73
Q

What interleukin is invovled in macrophage and NK cells activation

A

IL-2 and interferon gamma

74
Q

What is mast cells

A

Release histamine, especially in a response to allergy

75
Q

What is mononeuclosis?

A

Elevatd lymphocyted d/t virus, NOT monocytes

SUMPHYS2 (27 decks)

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