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VOP WBC immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Compare specific vs. non-specific immunity?

A

Specific: directed towards a specific target, nonspecific: innate immunity

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2
Q

What is Myelocytic lineages?

A

Red blood cells

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3
Q

What is lymphocytic/monocytic lineages?

A

Makes agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes

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4
Q

What 3 factors about WBC are clinically important

A

1] Leukocyte number, 2] Differential counts (by percentage), 3] Morphology via microscope

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5
Q

What is the use of blood count

A

used after complete H&P to confirm or eliminate a potential dx, as a guide to therapy or index of prognosis

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6
Q

What is the formation of WBCs

A

1] Granulocytes and monocytes formed in marrow only, 2] Majority of lymphocytes formed and matured in lymphoid tissues

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7
Q

Where are WBCs stored?

A

Significant storage in marrow and lymphoid organs

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8
Q

What is the life span of a WBC

A

1] 4-8 hr in blood, 2] Most enter tissue, immune “surveillance”, 3] Monocytes 10-20 hr in blood then months in tissues as macrophages

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9
Q

Why are Neutrophil/polymorph/PMN called neutrophils

A

neutral granules- these cells do not prefer acidic or basic dyes

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10
Q

What is chemotaxis

A

movement of a cell up a chemical gradient toward its source

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11
Q

What promotes chemotaxis?

A

“chemokines”, “lymphokines”, “cytokines”, which signal cells, Many are interleukin family

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12
Q

What is the selective process of phagocytosis

A

1] Smooth surfaces resist phagocytosis like our natural structure of tissues, 2] most natural substances in the body also have protective protein coats that repel the phagocytosis, foreign like bacteria have no protective coats, 3] Activates the complement cascade which opsonizes phagocytosis

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of phagocytosis

A

Destruction of target inside by lysosomal enzymes/molecules. OR they sequester the target

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14
Q

What is the shape of a monocyte

A

this is an agranular leukocyte, characterized by a kidney bean shaped nucleus, they get activated into macrophages

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15
Q

What is characteristics of monocytes

A

Reticuloendothelial lineage, Histiocytes, reside in Lymphoid organs or tissues, 400:1 tissue:blood and has a 100 day lifespan

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16
Q

What is inflammation

A

1] Non-specific process, 2] Dilution important, dilute pathogens and brings white cells to the area via vasodilation, 3] Also provides phagocytic cells, 4] Finally, allows encapsulation (“walling off”) by presence of clotting agents

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17
Q

What is the steps in inflammation

A

1] Vasodilation, 2] increased permeability of the capillaries, 3] clotting of fluid in the interstitial space due to leakage of fibrin, 4] migration of the neutrophils and monocytes to area via chemokines, 5] swelling of the tissues cells, some lyse

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18
Q

What prevents the clotting of the fluid during inflammation?

A

Immediate response release of histamines and heparin (usually) cause vasodilation & prevent clotting

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19
Q

What is the ideal environment for our immune response

A

Monocyte resist low pH better, but acute inflammation is alkaline and later becomes acidic

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20
Q

List the cardinal signs of inflammation

A

1] Calor, 2] Dolar, 3] Rubor, 4] Tumor, 5] Lost of function

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21
Q

What is Diapedesis

A

1] white cell is activated, it can put adhesion molecules on the blood vessel wall. White cell will start to stick,
2] it will roll along wall of blood vessel first, then come to a stop.
3] cytokines induce it to move, the white cell will squeeze through the cells of the blood vessel wall and go to source of chemokines

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22
Q

What is extavasation

A

moving through the vessel wall is extravasation

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23
Q

What is the dye used for eosinophils

A

eosinophils’ granules soak up the eosin dye to have red granular appearance. Eosin is acidic in nature

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24
Q

What is movement of Eosinophil

A

300-400x more in bone than blood, Attracted to tissue with histamine release. Common in tissues high in mast cells

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25
What is the function of Eosinophil
Neutralize histamine (anti-inflammatory effect)
26
What can cause eosinopenia
Systemic gluccocorticoids (stress), steroids work in anti-inflammatory and in allergies.
27
What is leukopenia
1] Reduced production of WBCs, 2] Death often by massive infection, 3] Can be indicator of infection (early or late)
28
What is Leukemia
1] Uncontrolled production of white cells, 2] Lymphocytic or myelogenous, 3] Anemia, bleeding, infection (still), high metabolism
29
What is a cause of leukemia?
Radiation
30
What is L shift in bands
neutrophil nucleus is not lobulated, one continuously thick nucleus shaped like a band, they are immature and get released into the bloodstream
31
What is a normal lymphocyte
lymphocyte cytoplasm should be clear or agranular, consistent coloration, usually smaller, and the nucleus is a large percentage of the cytoplasm
32
What is specific immunity
1] have to exposed to the targets before we can become immune, 2] acquired immunity, 3] mechanism through the production of binding proteins, 4] Self vs. "not self"
33
What is nonspecific immunity
what we're born with, does not require exposure, its innate
34
What are the two forms of acquired immunity
Humoral (think "B cells"); Cell-mediated (think "T cells")
35
What are the similarities between the humoral and cell mediated immunity
1] Activation after exposure, 2] Both responsive to "antigens", 3] Both based on lymphocytic (lineage) derivatives
36
What is the Lymphocyte lineage
1] Basis of acquired immunity, 2] Contained within lymphoid structures, greatest volume in nodes, 3] Distributed to guard entry portals such as mouth, neck and groin, 4] Two general forms produced, T cells mature in thymus, B cells are formed in bone marrow
37
What is preprocessing
refers to initial development of cells producing millions or unique binding proteins (antibodies)
38
What is negative selection
cells that are self reactive will be destroyed
39
What is T cells selection
1] Lever in the system, 2] Undergo second layer of "positive selection" for MHC recognition, 3] MHC used as control mechanism against an over active immune system
40
What is antibodies
They are antigen binding proteins, has a constant portion and variable portion.
41
What accounts for the variety of antibodies
from realignment of gene segments
42
What does the binding of antigens causes
Cells activated by binding antigen induces "clonal expansion
43
What is the activation of the lymphocytes
1] Macrophages and others (not neutrophils) present antigens to T (or B) cells, Presence of MHC necessary , 2] Cytokines enhance effect (IL-1) bigger response
44
What is the structure of antibodies
1] Gamma globulins, 2] Large molecules, 3] Light and heavy chains
45
What is a new infection
IgM first. IgG are the longer term persisting abs that form immune memory
46
Which antibody is for allergic response?
IgE
47
Which antibody is for secretions
IgA
48
What is basophils
granular leukocytes, staining blue. Hematoxylin dye
49
What is the direct actions of antibodies
1] Agglutination, 2] Precipitation, 3] Neutralization (endotoxins), 4] Lysis (rare)
50
What is the activation of complement
1] Complement = protein cascade, 2] 11 proteins in classic pathway, 3] Antigen binding uncovers activation site, 4] Numerous products (intermediates) enhance immunity
51
What is the effects of complement system
1] C3b - opsonization, 2] C5b, 6 & 7 in complex - lysis, 3] C5a - neutrophil chemotaxsis, 4] C3a, 4a, 5a basophil and Mast cell activation, 5] Agglutination, 6] Disruption of viral coats, 7] Inflammation
52
What is Helper T cells (CD4+)
1] Most numerous, 2] Regulate all immune function, 3] Th1 effects (effects are mediated by IL 2), 4] Th2 effects (effects are mediated by IL4 and 5), 5] Co-stimulation with B7:CD28 binding
53
What is Cytotoxic Ts (killer; CD8+)
1] Target cells without MHC 2] Use binding surface proteins and secretion of perforins
54
WHat is rule of 8 and lymphocyte?
T cell CD4- MHC II, T cell CD8 MHC 1
55
What is Suppressor T cells
limit immune function
56
What is tolerance
distinguish self from not self.
57
What are examples of where tolerance fails
1] Rheumatic fever, 2] MG auto-ab destruction of Ach receptors, 3] SLE, 4] Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
58
How do some autoimmune results from failure of tolerance
Self antibodies get released into blood, example thyroid binding protein in the thyroid follicle is released into blood stream, body doesn't recognize it as self --> mount immune response
59
What is immunization
exposure to one organism can protect us from other organisms.
60
What is an allergy
Delayed reaction hypersensitivity, nothing happens during the first exposure, which primes the immune system--> bigger response at next exposure
61
What is the lab findings during an allergic reaction
Spiking on esinophils on CBC
62
What is danger with an allergic reaction
Anaphylaxis
63
What is the allergen load
allergies is a cumulative process which determine if we reach the threshold or not, and get sx
64
What is antigen
anything that you will react to and create an immune response
65
What is a cytokines
cytokines are used to activate other cells and encourage them to respond
66
What is the function of B cells
B cells become plasma cells --> make antibodies, attack pathogens, stimulate the complement cascade, phagocytic response, preserve immunity, involved in long term and acute
67
What is the longevity of T cells
no long term immunity from the T cells. Acute.
68
What are the antigen presenting cells
1] B Cells, 2] Macrophages, 3] Dendritic cells
69
What is the process of antigen presentation
a somatic cell when it gets infected or B cell when it has an ab to an ag, incorporates it into the cell via vesicle and putting pieces of that ag on the surface
70
Can a somatic cell present antigens?
Yes, but not to T cells, only MHC II cells can present to T cells
71
What is how antigen presentation is different in viral infections
somatic cell infected by a virus...viral protein is presented in combo w/ class I MHC.
72
What interleukin is invovled in B & T cell activation?
IL-2 leads to clonal production
73
What interleukin is invovled in macrophage and NK cells activation
IL-2 and interferon gamma
74
What is mast cells
Release histamine, especially in a response to allergy
75
What is mononeuclosis?
Elevatd lymphocyted d/t virus, NOT monocytes

SUMPHYS2 (27 decks)

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