DIET&METAB Flashcards
What 10 types of cancers are linked to diet?
- Breast - Colon - Stomach - Pancreas - Mouth and throat - Liver - Gallbladder - Uterus - Ovary - Prostate
What diseases are have a strong relation to diet?
- Type II diabetes mellitus - Cancer - Cardiovascular disease - Obesity
What percent of the US adult population is obese? Children?
Adult: 38% Children 12-19: 21%.
What types of fat lower cholesterol? What types of fat increase it?
Polyunsaturated fats lower cholesterol. Saturated fat, Trans fats increases cholesterol.
High protein diets are related to what type of cancer?
Liver CA.
Are aflatoxins related to liver cancer development as well?
No. They do not have nearly the effect that a high protein diet has.
What type of protein is most closely related to liver cancer? What food products is this in?
Casein. This is the major protein in cheese, high proportion of cow’s protein.
High casein diet can also have an affect on females. What is this affect?
Early menarche and late menopause.
What are the effects of trans fats on the body?
They are unable to be converted within the body like saturated fats are. They lower HDL cholesterol, elevate levels of atherogenic lipoprotein, inhibit insulin binding, cause loss of omega 3 FAs, elevate levels of C-reactive protein (arterial inflammation), interfere with immune function, and block enzyme activities supported by saturated fats.
What is the “good” fat?
Polyunsaturated fat.-Cold water fish, plant based oils, poultry, and eggs.
What are the effects of polyunsaturated fats on the body?
- Increase insulin sensitivity - Lower triglyceride levels - Reduce platelet aggregation - Reduce HTN - Improve arthritis, lupus, Reynauds by conversion to prostaglandins. - Improve mood and depression - May help maintain healthy breast tissue in CA patients.
In the simplest terms, what are carbohydrates?
Simply glucose! **Therefore, promote insulin release —> drop in blood sugar —> hunger.
What does the Atkins diet promote? Is this good for you?
High fat, low fiber, high salt, and high alcohol. THIS IS ALL CANCER PROMOTING. BAD.
Diets that tend to lead to massive amounts of weight loss, do not tend to be…..
Sustainable! Likely to gain weight back.
What is the South Beach Diet?
Significant role for meats/protein sources and elimination of processed/simple carbs. Then reintroduce carbs in moderation later, and balance.
How many calories equal 1 pound of fat?
3600 calories.
If a patient makes daily lifestyle changes leading to 300 less calories per day, in how many days will they lose 1 pound?
12 days! **This is the key to long-term sustainable weight loss.
What is the idea behind a ketogenic diet?
To get your body to go into ketosis (a stored fat-burning metabolic process) by eating a ton of fat, moderate amount of protein, and low amount of carbohydrates.
Most vitamin supplements have actually been shown to cause harm to humans. What exceptions are there to this, and actually show benefit?
- Folic acid supplements in pregnancy. - Vitamin D and Calcium supplements for bone health.
In what form must carbohydrates be broken down into prior to absorption?
Monosaccharides, or single sugars.
How are carbohydrates broken down?
Amylase breaks down starch into disaccharides, then the brush border enzymes convert the disaccharides into monosaccharides.
What happens if the carbohydrates are not broken down into monosaccharides?
They remain osmotically active particles, causing diarrhea. **This is what happens with lactose intolerance. Deficiency in lactase —> lactose stays in the lumen —> osmotic diarrhea.
Describe the process of lipid digestion.
Begins with emulsification (aka breakdown of large globules into smaller sizes) via agitation in the stomach and duodenum via bile —> triglycerides are now exposed to lipase and broken down into free fatty acids and monoglycerides —> taken up into the intestinal villi to form new triglycerides.
Describe the process of protein absorption.
Pepsinogen is secreted by chief cells in the stomach —> begins breakdown of proteins —> travels to the duodenum where they are broken down further by pancreatic enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and elastase —> brush border enzymes break proteins into peptides 1-3 AAs long —> transported across the mucosal membrane.
