DIET&METAB

Question 1

What 10 types of cancers are linked to diet?

Answer 1

• Breast - Colon - Stomach - Pancreas - Mouth and throat - Liver - Gallbladder - Uterus - Ovary - Prostate

Question 2

What diseases are have a strong relation to diet?

Answer 2

• Type II diabetes mellitus - Cancer - Cardiovascular disease - Obesity

Question 3

What percent of the US adult population is obese? Children?

Answer 3

Adult: 38% Children 12-19: 21%.

Question 4

What types of fat lower cholesterol? What types of fat increase it?

Answer 4

Polyunsaturated fats lower cholesterol. Saturated fat, Trans fats increases cholesterol.

Question 5

High protein diets are related to what type of cancer?

Answer 5

Liver CA.

Question 6

Are aflatoxins related to liver cancer development as well?

Answer 6

No. They do not have nearly the effect that a high protein diet has.

Question 7

What type of protein is most closely related to liver cancer? What food products is this in?

Answer 7

Casein. This is the major protein in cheese, high proportion of cow’s protein.

Question 8

High casein diet can also have an affect on females. What is this affect?

Answer 8

Early menarche and late menopause.

Question 9

What are the effects of trans fats on the body?

Answer 9

They are unable to be converted within the body like saturated fats are. They lower HDL cholesterol, elevate levels of atherogenic lipoprotein, inhibit insulin binding, cause loss of omega 3 FAs, elevate levels of C-reactive protein (arterial inflammation), interfere with immune function, and block enzyme activities supported by saturated fats.

Question 10

What is the “good” fat?

Answer 10

Polyunsaturated fat.-Cold water fish, plant based oils, poultry, and eggs.

Question 11

What are the effects of polyunsaturated fats on the body?

Answer 11

• Increase insulin sensitivity - Lower triglyceride levels - Reduce platelet aggregation - Reduce HTN - Improve arthritis, lupus, Reynauds by conversion to prostaglandins. - Improve mood and depression - May help maintain healthy breast tissue in CA patients.

Question 12

In the simplest terms, what are carbohydrates?

Answer 12

Simply glucose! **Therefore, promote insulin release —> drop in blood sugar —> hunger.

Question 13

What does the Atkins diet promote? Is this good for you?

Answer 13

High fat, low fiber, high salt, and high alcohol. THIS IS ALL CANCER PROMOTING. BAD.

Question 14

Diets that tend to lead to massive amounts of weight loss, do not tend to be…..

Answer 14

Sustainable! Likely to gain weight back.

Question 15

What is the South Beach Diet?

Answer 15

Significant role for meats/protein sources and elimination of processed/simple carbs. Then reintroduce carbs in moderation later, and balance.

Question 16

How many calories equal 1 pound of fat?

Answer 16

3600 calories.

Question 17

If a patient makes daily lifestyle changes leading to 300 less calories per day, in how many days will they lose 1 pound?

Answer 17

12 days! **This is the key to long-term sustainable weight loss.

Question 18

What is the idea behind a ketogenic diet?

Answer 18

To get your body to go into ketosis (a stored fat-burning metabolic process) by eating a ton of fat, moderate amount of protein, and low amount of carbohydrates.

Question 19

Most vitamin supplements have actually been shown to cause harm to humans. What exceptions are there to this, and actually show benefit?

Answer 19

• Folic acid supplements in pregnancy. - Vitamin D and Calcium supplements for bone health.

Question 20

In what form must carbohydrates be broken down into prior to absorption?

Answer 20

Monosaccharides, or single sugars.

Question 21

How are carbohydrates broken down?

Answer 21

Amylase breaks down starch into disaccharides, then the brush border enzymes convert the disaccharides into monosaccharides.

Question 22

What happens if the carbohydrates are not broken down into monosaccharides?

Answer 22

They remain osmotically active particles, causing diarrhea. **This is what happens with lactose intolerance. Deficiency in lactase —> lactose stays in the lumen —> osmotic diarrhea.

Question 23

Describe the process of lipid digestion.

Answer 23

Begins with emulsification (aka breakdown of large globules into smaller sizes) via agitation in the stomach and duodenum via bile —> triglycerides are now exposed to lipase and broken down into free fatty acids and monoglycerides —> taken up into the intestinal villi to form new triglycerides.

Question 24

Describe the process of protein absorption.

Answer 24

Pepsinogen is secreted by chief cells in the stomach —> begins breakdown of proteins —> travels to the duodenum where they are broken down further by pancreatic enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and elastase —> brush border enzymes break proteins into peptides 1-3 AAs long —> transported across the mucosal membrane.